THE NATURE OF

MODULE 1 MATHEMATICS
TABLE OF CONTENTS Mathematics as an expression of the human mind
reflects the active will, the contemplative reason,
and the desire for aesthetic perfection. Its basic

01
elements are logic and intuition, analysis and
construction, generality and individuality.
— Richard Courant
INTRO TO THE MODULE
What's inside? Basically, this encapsulates
the entirety of the module by providing a
OVERVIEW
brief overview and the specific learning Mathematics in the modern world deals
objectives. with the nature of mathematics,
appreciation of its practical, intellectual
and aesthetic dimensions and

02 applications of mathematical tools in

daily life. The course begins with an
PATTERNS AND NUMBERS IN introduction to the nature of
NATURE AND THE WORLD mathematics as an exploration of
In this fast-pace society, how often have patterns (in nature and in the
you stopped to appreciate the beauty of environment) and as an application of
the things around you? inductive and deductive reasoning. By
exploring these topics, students are
encouraged to go beyond the typical

6 understanding of mathematics
merely a set of formulas but as a source
as

THE FIBONACCI SEQUENCE of aesthetics in patterns of nature, for

What are the properties of the most example, and a rich language in itself
fascninating Fibonacci Sequence? Let's (and of science) governed by logic and
explore the most famous sequence found reasoning. (CMO No. 20, series of 2013).
in nature!

LEARNING OUTCOMES
08 At the end of this module, you are
MATHEMATICS FOR OUR WORLD expected to:
Why is it important to learn mathematical
concepts? How do we apply them in 1. Identify patterns in nature and
solving societal problems? regularities in the world

2. Articulate the importance of

12 mathematics in one's life

SUMMARY & KEY POINTS 3. Argue about the nature of

What are the important points you need mathematics, what it is, how it is
to remember? Find the important expressed, represented, and used
concenpts listed here.
4. Express appreciation for
mathematics as a human
MARILEN CATLEYA V. ALCANCE endeavor
DcomC, College Instructor
INTRO TO THE MODULE | 01
 LEARNING EXPERIENCES AND SELF-
ASSESSMENT ACTIVITIES (SAA)

Lesson 1.1 Patterns and Numbers in Nature and the World

A pattern is a structure, form, or design that is regular,

consistent, or recurring. Patterns are visible regular forms
found in the nature. Because patterns are repetitive, their
underlying structure and regularities can be modeled
mathematically. Thus, an investigation of nature's pattern
is an investigation of nature's numbers. This means that
the relationships can be observed, that logical connections
can be established, generalization can be inferred, future
events can be predicted, and control is possible. Patterms
An abstract staircase pattern by include symmetries, trees, spirals, meanders, waves, foams,
nrey. VectorStock.com/5126286 tessellations, cracks and stripes.

TYPES OF PATTERNS FOUND IN NATURE

1. Symmetry
A figure that can be folded or
divided into two with both halves
having the same identical figure.

It is an object is invariant to any

various transformations (reflection,
rotation, or scaling).

It is easily indicated by drawing an

imaginary line across an object and
the resulting parts are mirror
images of each other

a. Bilateral or Mirror: also known as

line symmetry, is a symmetry in Animals often show mirror or bilateral symmetry.
which the left and right sides can be
divided into a mirror image of each
other along the mid-line.

b. Radial or Rotational: a symmetry

around a fixed point or the center
and it can be classified as either
cyclic or dihedral. Rotational still
Echinoderms like
looks the same after some rotation.
this starfish have
fivefold symmetry.
Plants and flowers often have radial
symmetry. Fivefold symmetry is
Snowflakes have
found in the echinoderms, such as
sixfold symmetry.
starfish, sea urchins, and sea lilies.
PAGE | 02
2. FRACTALS
The exact same shape is replicated in a
process called “self similarity.” The
pattern repeats itself over and over again
at different scales.

They are created by repeating a simple

process over and over in an ongoing
feedback loop. Geometrically, they exist
in between our familiar dimensions.
Infinite iteration is not possible in A tree grows by repetitive branching. This same kind of
branching can be seen in lightning bolts and the veins
nature so all ‘fractal’ patterns are only
in your body.
approximate. Nature is full of fractals.

3. SPIRALS
Spiral is a curved pattern that focuses
on a center point and a series of
circular shapes that revolve around it.

Spirals are common in plants and in

some animals, notably molluscs.

From a biological perspective,

arranging leaves as far apart as
possible in any given space is favoured
by natural selection as it maximises
access to resources, especially sunlight
for photosynthesis.

4. WAVES AND DUNES

Waves are disturbances that carry
energy as they move.

Wind waves are sea surface waves that

create the characteristic chaotic
pattern of any large body of water,
though their statistical behaviour can When
be predicted with wind wave models. winds blow
over large
Dunes may form a range of patterns bodies of
sand, they
including crescents, very long straight
create
lines, stars, domes, parabolas, and
dunes
longitudinal or sword shapes.
PAGE | 03
5. SPOTS AND STRIPES
Both patterns are created by wave-like
structures in the chemistry.

Alan Turing’s observations of embryo

development inspired him to come up
with a mathematical model that
described how chemicals moving across
embryo cells created patterns on the
skin, like spots and stripes.

Leopards and ladybirds are spotted;

angelfish and zebras are striped.

These patterns have an evolutionary

explanation: they have functions which
increase the chances that the offspring
of the patterned animal will survive to
reproduce.
Leopards and ladybirds
One function of animal patterns is are spotted; angelfish
camouflage; for instance, a leopard that and zebras are striped.
is harder to see catches more prey.

6. Tessellations
Tessellations are patterns formed by
repeating tiles all over a flat surface.

While common in art and design,

exactly repeating tilings are less easy to
find in living things. Honeycomb built by honey bees are well-known
examples of Tessellations.
7. Foam
A foam is a mass of bubbles; foams of
different materials occur in nature.
Foams composed of soap films obey
Plateau’s laws.

The Physics of Foams. It focuses on the

structure of foam and how it can be Most sources say that natural foam is most frequently
found in the structure of a wine cork to found in the morning and disappears as the air warms.
the froth on a cappuccino.
8. Cracks
Cracks are linear openings that form in
materials to relieve stress. The pattern of
cracks indicates whether the material is
elastic or not.
Cracks are overlooked because they are so common. It is often a pattern engineers want to
avoid, for example a crack in a bridge or a road or a glass. Engineers spend a lot of time
trying to determine when a crack can become a catastrophe.
PAGE | 04
 PARTICIPATION

What did you learn in this lesson? Can

you now identify different patterns
found in nature? What are they?
What is your favorite pattern
and why?
Answer based on what you learned from today's
lesson and share what you appreciate the most!

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES:
To expand your understanding and
appreciation of fractals, watch the
documentary "Fractals: Hunting The Hidden
Dimension" from Fractals TV. It highlights
filmmakers, fashion designers, physicians, and
researchers who are using fractal geometry to
innovate and inspire.

To explore nature's honeycombs and

tessellations, watch "Why Nature Loves Hexagons"
from It's Okay To Be Smart.

TASK 1:
Create a one page graphic organizer to
illustrate the different patterns found in
nature and their definitions.
Tips for creating a graphic organizer:
Be clear and concise. Use keywords
instead of long sentences.
Completeness. Include all the
patterns discuss.
Correct. Make sure the contents and
connections made are used correctly. What is a graphic organizer?
You may draw the organizer or use a
graphic organizer creator online. A graphic organizer is a visual and graphic
display that depicts the relationships between
Submit your works in our google classroom. facts, terms, and or ideas within a learning task.

PAGE | 05
Lesson 1.2 The Fibonacci Sequence

DEFINITION:
The Fibonacci Sequence is a set of numbers
whose terms are the sum of the previous two
terms.

1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, ...

In mathematical terms,

Fn = F(n-2) + F (n-1)
The first few terms are...
One if the most fascinating sequence is F1 = 1
the Fibonacci sequence. This sequence is F2 = 1
developed by Leonardo Fibonacci to F3 = 1 + 1 = 2
solve one practical problem. He wanted F4 = 1 + 2 = 3
to find out the rate rabbits reproduce.

EXAMPLES

1. Determine the 11th term of the Fibonacci sequence.

2. Determine the 12th term of the Fibonacci sequence.
3. Find the Fibonacci number when n = 5.

ANSWERS

The formula to calculate the Fibonacci Sequence is: Fn = F(n-2) + F (n-1)

Given the first ten Fibonacci numbers: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, ...

1. F11= F9 + F10 = 21 + 34 = 55
2. F12 = F10 + F11 = 34 + 55 = 89
3. F5 = F3 + F4 = 2 + 3 = 5

EXAMPLES
Find the terms using the Fibonacci sequence. Express your answers in 3 decimals.
F2 F4
1. = 3. =
F1 F3

F3 F11
2. = 4. =
F2 F10

ANSWERS
F2 1 F4 3
1. = =1 3. = = 1.5
F1 1 F3 2
F3 2 F11 144
2. = =2 4. = = 1.618...
F2 1 F10 89
PAGE | 06
 THE PERFECT ILLUSTRATION OF BEAUTY

Φ (PHI)
The Golden Ratio (Φ) is a the most famous irrational
number which is approximately equal to 1.618...

Given a line divided into two parts (a and b)...

Such that, a b
a a+b
=
b a a+b
The first known written
It is found to be the irrational number..
definition of the Golden Ratio
was by Euclid around 300 B.C,
in his collection of mathematic
Φ = 1.618033988...
works called Elements.

EXAMPLES
For your information, another way to write the nth term of the Fibonacci sequence: Fib(1)
= 1, Fib (2) = 1, Fib(3) = 2, and so on.

Evaluate:
a. Fib(5) + Fib(6) = b. Fib(1) + Fib(2) + Fib(3) + Fib(4) =

ANSWERS
Evaluate:
a. Fib(5) + Fib(6) = 5 + 8 = 13 b. Fib(1) + Fib(2) + Fib(3) + Fib(4) = 1 + 1 + 2 + 3 = 7

TASK 2: TASK 3:
Find the value and complete the table Why is the Golden Ratio considered
of the Fibonacci Sequence. the "The Most Beautiful Number in
the Universe?"
Fn F(n-2) + F(n-1) Fibonacci Number

5
7
8
10
12
Do your research. Cite sources.
13
Answer in 5-12 sentences.
15 Include 5 images of interesting examples.
18 Submit your works in our google classroom.

PAGE | 07
Lesson 1.3 Mathematics for our World

APPLICATION OF MATHEMATICS IN THE REAL WORLD

Unbeknownst to many, mathematics is To see the role of mathematics in the

often directly or indirectly in various fields. modern world, the content needs to be in a
The application of mathematical methods global context. Understanding situations
in different fields such as science, across the globe and realizing that these are
engineering, business, computer science interconnected, mathematics is the
and industry is combined with the science discipline that will help sort the
and applications of and various kind of interconnection of these situations using
specialized knowledge. One example using the right tool. Here are a few situations that
statistics, combinations, and graph theory will help understand that mathematics is an
are used by investigators to solve crimes. applied discipline, thus is an indispensable
Where can we find Mathematics? tool in almost every field.

"Mathematics is fast becoming one of the most

important techniques in crime detection. Where
once a Sherlock Holmes would have had to be
content with a magnifying glass, or a jury with
gut instinct and rational discussion, now a range
of methods from probability and statistics are
available to help. Today, mathematics lies behind
expert conclusions on a hundred forensic matters
from fingerprints to DNA."
— Schneps and Colmez (2013)

IN FORENSIC
What is Forensic? Forensic is any branch of Evidently, it is impossible without math.
science that use scientific methods to One important foraking the precise size
analyze crime scene evidence for a court of and measurements at a crime scene.
law. Forensic, akas criminalistics, is the Knowing the exact length of a shoe print
applied mainly on the criminal side as could later help rule out crime suspects
governed by the legal standards of whose shoes are the wrong size.
admissible evidences. (Wikipedia)
PAGE | 08
If a human leg bone is discovered in an
unmarked grave, for example, forensic
scientists use math equations to determine
what proportion, or percentage, of a
person’s overall height the leg bone would
be. Once they know that, they can
determine how tall the person was and
whether it was a child or adult.

For example, a forensic biologist who has

compared a suspect’s DNA to DNA from a
fluid sample found at a crime scene will tell
the jury the probability, or likelihood, that
the DNA samples are from the same
person: perhaps the probability the two
samples did not come from the same
person is 1 in 100 billion. Explaining
findings to juries using probabilities is a
common way math is applied to forensic
science.

IN MEDICAL FIELD
One of the unambigious applications of mathematics in medicine is the use of
probability and statistics in validating the effectiveness of new drugs, or procedures, or
estimating the survival rate of patients undergoing certain treatments.

Professionals in the field of medicine uses When doctors and medical professionals
mathematics to give prescriptions of conduct research, they use statistics to
medicines. Doctors prescribe medicine show trends to prevent chronic diseases.
according to the patient's body weight. Much of a function of a protein is
They also derive their prescription based determined by its shape and how the
on the weight of medicine prescribed, for pieces move. Many drugs are designed to
how long the patient continues to take change the shape or motions of a protein
medicines and how long these medicines by modeling using geometry and related
will stay in the patient's body. areas.

PAGE | 09
IN FLUID DYNAMICS
The math you studied in solid mechanics i.e applying Newton's laws which is it's
foundation is also applied in fluid mechanics. What I am trying to tell is that the laws of
physics(conservation of mass, momentum, energy) which you're already familiar with
will take up mathematical forms. This means a lot of differential equations, algebra,
vectors, trignometry and their advanced versions, the sequel of whatever you studied in
high school. As mentioned in one of the answers, multi variable calculus being one of the
part of the topics is encountered the most.

In Information Technology
Modern computer are invented through
the help of mathematics. An important
area of applications of mathematics in the
development of formal mathematical
theories related to the development of
computer science. Computer science
development includes logic, relations,
functions, basic set theory, counting
techniques, graph theory, combinations,
discrete probability, recursion, recurrence
relations and number theory, and
computer-oriented numerical analysis.
Computer programmers use variety of
mathematical concepts when doing codes.
They use algorithms and logic. They also
use cryptography, an area in mathematics,
to encrypt data. This is necessary in
television industries and the like where
systems are developed through
cryptography, privacy unbroken and only
paid costumers can watch certain
television shows. For example, video game
English mathematician and inventor Charles
development with it’s various physics
Babbage is credited with having conceived the first
simulations and intense graphics. Software
automatic digital computer. (www.britannica.com)
development in general uses math.

In Cryptography In archaeology
Cryptgraphy is a combination of both Archaeologists use a variety of
mathematics and computer science and is mathematical and statistical techniques to
affiliated closely with information theory, present the data from archaeological
computer security and engineering. It is surveys and try to find patterns to shed on
used in technologically advanced societies, past human behavior an in carbon dating
examples the security of ATM cards, artifacts.
passwords and electronic commerce. Archaeologic
al exca-
vations.
(left image)
from: public
-domain
-pictures

PAGE | 10
The objectives of mathematical social sciences include both ambitious and more modest goals. The goals are
prediction and the ability to control large and real social systems by design of structures which might
eliminate such evils as depressions. Modest goals include mathematical indices like power indices and
models of very specific social processes. (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2324119)

In Social Sciences In political Science

Social sciences can be defined as the group Political analysts study past election results
of fields that study human society and to see changes in voting patterns and the
social interactions. Economics, sociology, influence of various factors on voting
psychology and linguistics all now make behavior or switching of votes among
extensive use of mathematical models, political parties and mathematical models
using the tools of calculus, probability, for Conflict Resolution using Game
game theory, and network theory. Theory and Statistics.

Economist use graphs and quantitative In music and arts

data to express and represents theories The rhythm that we find in all music notes
regarding economic phenomena. Calculus is the result of innumerable permutations
are used to derive utility curves, maximize and combinations. Music theorists
profits curves and growth models. understand musical structure and
communicate new ways of hearing music
Mathematics such as matrices, probability by applying set theory, abstract algebra,
and statistics are used. The models may be and number theory.
stochastic or deterministic, linear or non-
linear, static or dynamic, continuous or IN THE FIELD OF SPORTS
discrete and all types of algebraic, Mathematics plays a vital role in the field
differential, difference and integral of sports. One of those is player statistics.
equations arise for the solution of these When a coach drafts a player, he considers
models. every statistics the player had for him to
perfectly fit in their team. In judging an
Joseph Schumpeter (1954, p. 955) asserted athlete, mathematics is also involved.
that in studying quantitative relationships, Probabilities are also used to determine
the knowledge of a handful of simple which team has better odds and these odds
concepts in calculus—variables, functions, are used for betting. Even concepts such as
limits, continuity, derivatives, differentials, the likelihood of a particular athlete or
maxima, minima, system of equations, team winning, a mere case of probability,
determinateness, and stability—change and maintain equipment are mathematical
one’s attitude to the problem. in nature.
PAGE | 11
TASK 4:
How will you teach real world math to your students? What classroom activity do
you plan to use? What
1. Create or research a classroom activity for your future students.
2. Explain the details or steps you plan to use to exercute the activity.
3. Explain why this activity will help students learn real world math application.

No word or paragraph limit. Make your answers clear and specific. Do not include ideas
and sentences that are irrelevant to this task.
Submit your works in our google classroom.

SUMMARY & KEY POINTS

TYPES OF PATTERNS IN NATURE WHAT IS MATHEMATICS?

1. SYMMETRY - easily indicated by drawing an - Mathematics is the study of pattern and

imaginary line across an object and the structure. Mathematics is fundamental to the
resulting parts are mirror images of each physical and biological sciences, engineering and
other. information technology, to economics and
increasingly to the social sciences.
2. FRACTALS - a never-ending pattern found - Mathematics is a useful way to think about
in nature. They are created by repeating a nature and our world.
simple process over and over in an ongoing - Mathematics is a tool to quantify, organize and
feedback loop. control our world, predict phenomena and make
life easier for us.
3. SPIRALS - is a curved pattern that focuses
on a center point and a series of circular WHERE IS MATHEMATICS?
shapes that revolve around it.
- Many patterns and occurrences exists in
4. WAVES AND DUNES - are disturbances nature, in our world, in our life. Mathematics
that carry energy as they move. helps make sense of these patterns and
occurrences.
5. SPOTS AND STRIPES - both patterns are
created by wave-like structures in the WHAT ROLE DOES MATHEMATICS PLAY IN
chemistry. OUR WORLD?

6. TESSELLATIONS - are patterns formed by - Mathematics helps organize patterns and

repeating tiles all over a flat surface. regularities in our world.
- Mathematics helps predict the behavior of
DEFITION OF THE FIBONACCI SEQUENCE: nature and phenomena in the world.
- Mathematics helps control nature and
The Fibonacci Sequence is a set of numbers occurrences in the world for our own ends.
whose terms are the sum of the previous two - Mathematics has numerous applications in the
terms. world making it indispensable.

PAGE | 12
 END OF MODULE ASSESSMENT
Self-Assessment Activity: What new ideas about mathematics did you learn? What ideas
changed your mind about mathematics? In your opinion, what is the most important
contribution of mathematics to humankind?

NEW IDEAS CHANGED PERSPECTIVE OWN OPINION

LOOKING FORWARD
What's on the next module? Recall the topic of
sets, subsets, union, and intersection. What
questions do you have about sets? If you
have questions, make a list and send them
in our google classroom. They will be
addressed in the next lesson.

SELF AND MODULE CHECK

HOW IS YOUR EXPERIENCE WITH THIS MODULE?
Draw a face on the space below to indicate your experience from this module.

I learned a lot. The module is learner-

friendly, comprehensive, and easy to
understand.

The module is helpful but it still lacks

important details and examples.

I still need guidance. Module has vague

points and requires more revision.

I don't understand anything. The

module does not cater to my learning
needs.

Submit your feedbacks and private comments in our google classroom.

PAGE | 13
REFERENCES
Book/s:

Aufman Richard, et. al., Mathematics in the Modern World, 14th Edition

Soriano & Soriano. Mathematics in the Modern World.

Online Resources:

https://www.scribd.com/document/413135891/mathematics-in-the-modern-world

https://fractalfoundation.org/resources/what-are-fractals/

https://www.scienceworld.ca/stories/observing-patterns-nature-spots-stripes-fingers-and-toes/

https://www.scribd.com/document/477926255/Ged-102-Mathematics-in-the-Modern-World-Module-pdf

https://mathematicsbehindforensics.weebly.com/#:~:text=Today%2C%20mathematics%20lies%20behi
nd%20expert,matters%20from%20fingerprints%20to%20DNA.%22&text=Mathematics%20will%20allo
w%20us%20to,an%20analysis%20of%20the%20bones.

https://legalbeagle.com/5166484-techniques-crime-scene-investigation.html

https://mathematicsbehindforensics.weebly.com/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2090123219300165

https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-mathematics-required-for-fluid-mechanics

https://www.quora.com/Discuss-the-major-role-of-mathematics-in-information-technology

http://what-when-how.com/social-sciences/mathematics-in-the-social-sciences/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facial_symmetry

https://www.scienceworld.ca/stories/observing-patterns-nature-spots-stripes-fingers-and-
toes/#:~:text=The%20size%20and%20shape%20of,the%20inhibitor%20prevents%20pigment%20prod
uction.

https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp18700/alan-mathison-turing

https://phylogenous.wordpress.com/2010/12/01/alan-turings-reaction-diffusion-model-simplification-of-
the-complex/

https://www.crg.eu/en/news/crg-researchers-confirm-mathematical-theory-first-proposed-alan-turing-
1952-can-explain-formation-fingers

https://curiodyssey.org/blog/mathematics-of-natures-patterns/

https://www.maa.org/frank-morgans-math-chat-hales-proves-hexagonal-honeycomb-conjecture

PAGE | 14