GCSE CS (2210) / IGCSE CS (0478) P1 NOTES BY AWAB AQIB
CHAPTER 1.2: Communication and Internet
1.2.3 Internet Principles
TERMS USED IN WEBSITES
Browser
-a web browser is a software application
-for accessing information on the World Wide Web
-each individual web page, image, and video is identified by a distinct URL
-enabling browsers to retrieve and display them on the user's device
-browsers contacts the Web server and requests information
-interprets/translates the HTML document
-interprets/translates embedded scripting, for example JavaScript
-provides functions, such as bookmarks and history
-identifies protocols, such as https, SSL
Internet Service Provider (ISP)
-is the company that provides connections to internet for business or personal use
-access is provided using dial-up (obsolete), Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), cellular internet
-provide internet by giving a direct connection from their network
-provides services including email, world wide web, hosting
-usually charge a monthly fee
-determines bandwidth
-provide security services
HTML
-HyperText Markup Language
-Isn’t a programming language but a mark-up language i.e. used in processing, definition of
the text shown on HTML documents
-uses both structure and presentation
-web-authoring language/software used to create websites/webpages
-uses tags to define e.g. color / font / graphics / layout
-HTML elements are the building blocks of HTML pages
-browsers do not display the HTML tags rather use them to render the content of page
DISTINGUISH BETWEEN HTML STRUCTURE AND PRESENTATION IN HTML
-Presentation is used to format color/style
-Structure is used to create layout and meaning of the document
-In a HTML document structure and presentation are often kept separate
-By keeping the presentation separate it is easier to update color/font
-Presentation is often stored in a file called a CSS (Cascade Style Sheet)
-The CSS is then linked to the HTML document to implement the presentation requirements
-Mark-up tags are used to define the structure of the document
-Presentation and formatting can also be included within the tags
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GCSE CS (2210) / IGCSE CS (0478) P1 NOTES BY AWAB AQIB
CHAPTER 1.2: Communication and Internet
1.2.3 Internet Principles
HTTP
-HyperText Transfer Protocol used by web browsers
-communication between client computers and web servers on the Internet
-is done by sending HTTP Requests
HTTPS
- HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure protocol used by web browsers
-tells us that a website is secured if it starts from https instead of http e.g.
https://www.google.com/
HOW THE INFORMATION STORED ON A WEBSITE IS REQUESTED BY THE USER,
SENT TO THE USER’S COMPUTER AND DISPLAYED ON HIS SCREEN USING HTTP
Requested
-A web browser is used
-User enters the URL / web address (into the address bar) clicks a link containing the web
address clicks an element of the webpage
-The URL / web address specifies the protocol
-Protocols used are Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) / Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
Secure (HTTPS)
Sent
-URL / web address contains the domain name
-The Internet Service Provider (ISP) looks up the IP address of the company
-Domain name is used to look up the IP address of the company
-Domain name server (DNS) stores an index of domain names and IP addresses
-Web browser sends a request to the web server / IP address
Received
-Data for the website is stored on the company’s web server
-Webserver sends the data for the website back to the web browser
-Web server uses the customer’s IP address to return the data
-The data is transferred into Hyper Text Mark-up Language (HTML)
-HTML is interpreted by the web browser to display the website
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GCSE CS (2210) / IGCSE CS (0478) P1 NOTES BY AWAB AQIB
CHAPTER 1.2: Communication and Internet
1.2.3 Internet Principles
MEDIA ACCESS CONTROL (MAC) ADDRESS
-is a hardware identification number that uniquely identifies each device on a network
-The MAC address is manufactured into every Network Interface Controller (NIC)
-such as an Ethernet card or Wi-Fi card, and therefore cannot be changed
-00-FF-22-01-23-45 (12 digit Hexadecimal number)
-First six digits represent manufacturer code/manufacturer ID
-Other six represent serial number/serial ID of device/product
INTERNET PROTOCOL (IP)
-IP address is used to identify a device on the Internet / network
-IP address is allocated by the network/ Internet Service Provider (ISP)
-Can be used in place of URL
-IP addresses can be IPv4 or IPv6
-IP address can be static (doesn’t change each time it is connected to the Internet)
-IP address can be dynamic (can change each time a device is connected to the Internet)
-Example: 192.168.200.105
COOKIES
Definition
-Data / files, stored in a text file
-Downloaded to a user’s computer when a website is visited
-Stored on a user’s computer
-Stored by a browser
-Detected by the website when it is visited again
Use
-To store personal information/data
-To store login details
-To save items in an online shopping basket
-To track/save internet surfing habits to track website traffic
-To carry out targeted advertising
-To store payment details
-To customize a webpage to store user preferences
-Store progress in online games/quizzes
awabaqibb@gmail.com https://www.youtube.com/c/awabaqib/
GCSE CS (2210) / IGCSE CS (0478) P1 NOTES BY AWAB AQIB
CHAPTER 1.2: Communication and Internet
1.2.3 Internet Principles
URL
-stands for Uniform Resource Locator
-A URL incorporates the domain name, along with other detailed information
-to create a complete web address to direct a browser to a specific page online
-every web page has a unique URL
-structure of URL includes: method to access protocol, DNS address, port information
-is a type of URI (Uniform Resource Identifier)
-http: //www.ironman.net/avengers/fingersnap.html
[A][ B ][ C ][ D ]
-A: Access protocol
-B: Web Server’s Name
-C: Webpage
-D: Filename
How web browsers use URL to access a webpage
-The web browser sends URL to Domain Name Server (DNS)
-DNS stores an index of URL and matching IP address
-DNS searches for URL to obtain the IP address
-IP address sent to web browser, if found
-Web browser sends request to IP of webserver
-Webserver sends web page to web browser
-Web browser interprets HTML to display web page
-If URL not found DNS returns error
FIBER OPTIC VS COPPER CABLES
-Fiber optic transmission is faster
-Fiber optic transmission results in less attenuation
-Fiber optic cables are impervious to electromagnetic interference
-Fiber optic cables do not break as easily
-Fiber optics can transmit signals over longer distances
-Copper is cheaper than fiber
-Copper is already setup at most places’ networks
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