Dela Rosa, Ramesey Christian L.
BSChE E1A
Thermochemistry Problem Solving Exercise 1
Determining the Change in Internal Energy of a System
6.1A. A sample of liquid absorbs 13.5 kJ of heat and does 1.8 kJ of work when it vaporizes.
Calculate ΔE (in J).
Given:
q = 13.5 kJ
w = -1.8 kJ
ΔE = ?
Since ΔE = q + w, then:
𝛥𝐸 = 13.5 𝑘𝐽 + (−1.8 𝑘𝐽)
𝛥𝐸 = 11.7 𝑘𝐽
To convert kJ to J:
1000 𝐽
𝛥𝐸 = 11.7 𝑘𝐽 ∗
1 𝑘𝐽
𝛥𝐸 = 11,700 𝐽
The change in energy (ΔE) of the sample of liquid is 11,700 J. This means that the system
(sample of liquid) absorbed 11,700 J of energy from the surroundings.
6.1B. In a reaction, gaseous reactants form a liquid product. The heat absorbed by the
surroundings is 26.0 kcal, and the work done on the system is 1.5 Btu. Calculate ΔE (in J).
Given:
q = -26.0 kcal
w = 1.5 Btu
ΔE = ?
To convert kcal to J:
1000 𝑐𝑎𝑙 4.184 𝐽
𝑞 = −26.0 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙 ∗ ∗
1 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙 1 𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝑞 = −108,784 𝐽
To convert Btu to J:
1055 𝐽
𝑤 = 1.5 𝐵𝑡𝑢 ∗
1 𝐵𝑡𝑢
W = 1,582.5 J
Since ΔE = q + w, then:
𝛥𝐸 = −108,784 𝐽 + 1,582.5 𝐽
𝛥𝐸 = −107, 201.5 𝐽
The change in energy (ΔE) of the reaction is -107,201.5 J. This means that the reaction gave off
107,201.5 J of energy to the surroundings.
Relating Quantity of Heat and Temperature Change
6.4A. Before baking a pie, you line the bottom of the oven with a 7.65 g piece of aluminum foil
and then raise the oven temperature from 18°C to 375°C. Use Table 6.2 to find the heat (in J)
absorbed by the foil.
Given:
c = 0.900 J/(g*K) (Aluminum)
m (mass) = 7.65 g
Ti = 18°C
Tf = 375°C
ΔT = ?
q=?
To calculate for ΔT, the formula ΔT = Tf – Ti is used:
𝛥𝑇 = 375°𝐶 − 18°𝐶
𝛥𝑇 = 357°𝐶 = 357 𝐾
Since q = c*mass* ΔT, then:
0.900 𝐽
𝑞= ∗ 7.65 𝑔 ∗ 357 𝐾
𝑔∗𝐾
𝑞 = 2457.945 𝐽
The heat absorbed by the aluminum foil lined on the bottom of the oven is 2457.945 J.
6.4B. The ethylene glycol (d = 1.11 g/ml; also see Table 6.2) in a car radiator cools from 37°C to
25°C by releasing 177 kJ of heat. What volume of ethylene glycol is in the radiator?
Given:
q = -177 kJ
c = 2.42 J/(g*K) (Ethylene Glycol)
Ti = 37°C
Tf = 25°C
d (density) = 1.11 g/ml
ΔT = ?
m (mass) = ?
V=?
To convert kJ to J:
1000 𝐽
𝑞 = −177 𝑘𝐽 ∗
1 𝑘𝐽
𝑞 = −177,000 𝐽 𝑜𝑟 − 1.77 𝑥 105 𝐽
To calculate ΔT, the formula ΔT = Tf – Ti is used:
𝛥𝑇 = 25°𝐶 − 37°𝐶
𝛥𝑇 = −12°𝐶 = −12 𝐾
𝑞
Since 𝑚 = , then:
𝑐∗𝛥𝑇
−1.77 𝑥 105 𝐽
𝑚=
2.42 𝐽
𝑔 ∗ 𝐾 ∗ −12 𝐾
𝑚 ≈ 6095.04 𝑔
Since d = m/V, then to get the volume (V) we use the formula V = m/d:
6095.04 𝑔
𝑉 = 1.11 𝑔
𝑚𝑙
𝑉 ≈ 5491.03 𝑚𝑙
There is approx. 5491.03 ml of ethylene glycol in the radiator.
Determining the Specific Heat Capacity of a Solid
6.5A. A 12.18 g sample of a shiny, orange-brown metal is heated to 65.00°C and then added to
25.00 g of water in a coffee-cup calorimeter. The water temperature changes from 25.55°C to
27.25°C. What is the unknown metal (see Table 6.2)?
Given:
cH2O = 4.184 J/(g*K)
masssolid = 12.18 g
massH2O = 25.00 g
Ti (solid) = 65.00 °C
Ti (H2O) = 25.55°C
Tf (solid and H2O) = 27.25°C
ΔTH2O = ?
ΔTsolid = ?
csolid = ?
To calculate ΔT of both the solid and H2O, the formula ΔT = Tf – Ti is used:
𝛥𝑇𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 = 27.25°𝐶 − 65.00°𝐶
𝛥𝑇𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 = −37.75°𝐶 = −37.75 𝐾
𝛥𝑇𝐻2𝑂 = 27.25°𝐶 − 25.55°𝐶
𝛥𝑇𝐻2𝑂 = 1.7°𝐶 = 1.7 𝐾
𝑐𝐻2𝑂 ∗ 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝐻2𝑂 ∗ 𝛥𝑇𝐻2𝑂
Since 𝑐𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 = − , then:
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 ∗ 𝛥𝑇𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑
4.184 𝐽
𝑔 ∗ 𝐾 ∗ 25.00𝑔 ∗ 1.7 𝐾
𝑐𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 = −
12.18 𝑔 ∗ −37.75 𝐾
𝑐𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 ≈ 0.387 𝐽/(𝑔 ∗ 𝐾)
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 6.2, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 (𝑐 ),
𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑏𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 (𝐶𝑢) 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 0.387 𝐽/(𝑔 ∗ 𝐾).
6.5B. A 33.2 g titanium bicycle part is added to 75.0 g of water in a coffee-cup calorimeter at
50.00°C, and the temperature drops to 49.30°C. What was the initial temperature (in °C) of the
metal part (c of titanium is 0.228 J/(g*K)?
Given:
cH2O = 4.184 J/(g*K)
cTi = 0.228 J/(g*K)
massH2O = 75.0 g
massTi = 33.2 g
Ti (H2O) = 50.00°C
Tf (H2O and Ti) = 49.30°C
ΔTH2O = ?
ΔTTi = ?
Ti (Ti) = ?
To calculate ΔT of H2O, the formula ΔT = Tf – Ti is used:
𝛥𝑇𝐻2𝑂 = 49.30°𝐶 − 50.00°𝐶
𝛥𝑇𝐻2𝑂 = −0.7°𝐶 = −0.7 𝐾
𝑐𝐻2𝑂 ∗ 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝐻2𝑂 ∗ 𝛥𝑇𝐻2𝑂
Since 𝛥𝑇𝑇𝑖 = − , then:
𝑐𝑇𝑖 ∗ 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑇𝑖
4.184 𝐽
𝑔 ∗ 𝐾 ∗ 75.0 𝑔 ∗ −0.7𝐾
𝛥𝑇𝑇𝑖 = −
0.228 𝐽
𝑔 ∗ 𝐾 ∗ 33.2 𝑔
𝛥𝑇𝑇𝑖 ≈ 29.019 𝐾 = 29.019°𝐶
To calculate Ti of Ti, the formula Ti = -ΔT + Tf is used:
𝑇𝑖 = −(29.019°𝐶) + 49.30°𝐶
𝑇𝑖 = 20.281°𝐶
The initial temperature of the titanium bicycle part before being put inside the calorimeter was
20.281°C.
Determining the Enthalpy Change of an Aqueous Reaction
6.6A. When 25.0 ml of 2.00 M HNO3 and 50.0 ml of 1.00 M KOH, both at 21.90°C, are mixed,
a reaction causes the temperature of the mixture to rise to 27.05°C.
(a). Write balanced molecular and net ionic equations for the reaction.
Since acid + base = salt + H2O, then:
HNO3(aq) + KOH(aq) KNO3(aq) + H2O(l)
(b). Calculate qrxn (in kJ). (Assume that the final volume is the sum of the volumes being mixed
and that the final solution has d = 1.00 g/ml and c = 4.184 J/(g*K).
Given:
csoln = 4.184 J/(g*K)
dsoln = 1.00 g/ml
VHNO3 = 25.0 ml
VKOH = 50.0 ml
Ti (soln) = 21.90°C
Tf (soln) = 27.05°C
masssoln = ?
ΔTsoln = ?
qsoln = ?
qrxn = ?
To calculate the total mass of the solution (masssoln), the formulas Vsoln = VHNO3 + VKOH and
masssoln = Vsoln * dsoln are used:
𝑉𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 = 25.0 𝑚𝑙 + 50.0 𝑚𝑙
𝑉𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 = 75.0 𝑚𝑙
1.00 𝑔
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 = 75.0 𝑚𝑙 ∗ 𝑚𝑙
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 = 75.0 𝑔
To calculate for ΔTsoln, the formula ΔTsoln = Tf (soln) – Ti (soln) is used:
𝛥𝑇𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 = 27.05°𝐶 − 21.90°𝐶
𝛥𝑇𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 = 5.15°𝐶 = 5.15 𝐾
Since qsoln = csoln * masssoln * ΔTsoln, then:
4.184 𝐽
𝑞𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 = ∗ 75.0 𝑔 ∗ 5.15 𝐾
𝑔∗𝐾
𝑞𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 = 1616.07 𝐽
To convert J to kJ:
1 𝑘𝐽
𝑞𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 = 1616.07 𝐽 ∗
1000 𝐽
𝑞𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑛 ≈ 1.62 𝑘𝐽
To convert qsoln to qrxn, the formula qsoln = -qrxn is used:
−𝑞𝑟𝑥𝑛 = 1.62 𝑘𝐽
𝑞𝑟𝑥𝑛 = −1.62 𝑘𝐽
The heat of the reaction is -1.62 kJ. This means that the reaction gave off 1.62 kJ of heat to the
mixture.
6.6B. After 50.0 ml of 0.500 M Ba(OH)2 and the same volume of HCl of the same concentration
react in a coffee-cup calorimeter, you find qsoln to be 1.386 kJ. Calculate ΔH in kJ/mol of H2O
formed.
Let Ba(OH)2 = a and HCl = b,
Given:
Va = 50.0 ml
Vb = 50.0 ml
Ma = 0.500 M
Mb = 0.500 M
qsoln = 1.386 kJ
mol Ba(OH)2 = ?
mol HCl = ?
mol H2O = ?
qrxn = ?
ΔH (kJ/mol H2O) = ?
Chemical Balancing:
Since acid + base = salt + H2O, then:
Ba(OH)2(aq) + 2HCl(aq) BaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
Finding the amounts (mol) of the reactants:
(Note that Molarity (M) = mol/L)
0.500 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 1𝐿
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 (𝑚𝑜𝑙) 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 = ∗ ∗ 50.0 𝑚𝑙
1𝐿 1000 𝑚𝑙
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 (𝑚𝑜𝑙) 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 = 0.025 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
0.500 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝑙 1𝐿
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 (𝑚𝑜𝑙) 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐶𝑙 = ∗ ∗ 50.0 𝑚𝑙
1𝐿 1000 𝑚𝑙
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 (𝑚𝑜𝑙) 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐶𝑙 = 0.025 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝑙
Finding the amount (mol) of the product:
Since the coefficients are not equal (ratio of 1:2) but have the same amount (mol), then the
reactant with the higher coefficient is the limiting reactant. This means that HCl is the limiting
reactant with 0.025 mol HCl/ 2 = 0.0125 mol per reaction, which is half the volume of Ba(OH)2
in the solution. Therefore, HCl is the limiting reactant because it yields less product: 0.0125 mol
of H2O.
To convert qsoln to qrxn, the formula qsoln = -qrxn is used:
−𝑞𝑟𝑥𝑛 = 1.386 𝑘𝐽
𝑞𝑟𝑥𝑛 = −1.386 𝑘𝐽
𝑞𝑟𝑥𝑛
To calculate ΔH (kJ/mol H2O), the formula 𝛥𝐻 = will be used:
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2 𝑂
𝑘𝐽 −1.386 𝑘𝐽
𝛥𝐻 ( )=
𝑚𝑜𝑙 0.0125 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2 𝑂
𝑘𝐽 −110.88 𝑘𝐽
𝛥𝐻 ( )=
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2 𝑂
The change in enthalpy (ΔH) of the reaction is -110.88 kJ/mol H2O. This means that the reaction
is exothermic.
Using the Enthalpy Change of a Reaction (ΔH) to Find the Amount of a Substance
6.8A. Hydrogenation reactions, in which H2 and an “unsaturated” organic compound combine,
are used in the food, fuel, and polymer industries. In the simplest case, ethene (C2H4) and H2
form ethane (C2H6). If 137 kJ is given off per mole of C2H4 reacting, how much heat is released
when 15.0 kg of C2H6 forms?
For the question, the balanced equation below is used:
C2H4(g) + H2(g) C2H6(g) ΔH = -137 kJ
Given:
massC2H6 = 15.0 kg
molC2H6 = 1 mol
ΔHC2H6 = -137 kJ
MMC = 12.01 g/mol
MMH = 1.0079 g/mol
MMC2H6 = ?
qC2H6 = ?
To convert kg to g:
1000 𝑔
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝐶2𝐻6 = 15.0 𝑘𝑔 ∗
1 𝑘𝑔
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝐶2𝐻6 = 15,000 𝑔
To calculate for the molar mass (MM) of C2H6:
𝑀𝑀𝐶2𝐻6 = 2(𝑀𝑀𝐶 ) + 6(𝑀𝑀𝐻 )
12.01𝑔 1.0079 𝑔
𝑀𝑀𝐶2𝐻6 = 2 ( ) + 6( )
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑀𝑀𝐶2𝐻6 ≈ 30.07 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
To calculate for qC2H6:
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 −137 𝑘𝐽
𝑞𝐶2𝐻6 = 15,000 𝑔 ∗ ∗
30.07 𝑔 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
1000 𝐽
𝑞𝐶2𝐻6 ≈ −68,340.54 𝑘𝐽 ∗
1𝑘𝐽
𝑞𝐶2𝐻6 ≈ −6.834054 ∗ 107 𝐽
-6.834054 * 107 J or around -6.83 * 107 J of heat is released in the reaction when 15.0 kg of C2H6
is formed.
Using Hess’s Law to Calculate an Unknown ΔH
6.9A. Nitrogen oxides undergo many reactions in the environment and in industry. Given the
following information, calculate ΔH for the overall equation, 2NO2(g) + 1/2O2(g) N2O5(s):
N2O5(s) 2NO(g) + 3/2O2(g) ΔH = 223.7 kJ
NO(g) + 1/2O2(g) NO2(g) ΔH = -57.1 kJ
For the problem, the target equation is:
Equation A: N2O5(s) 2NO(g) + 3/2O2(g) ΔH = 223.7 kJ
Equation B: NO(g) + 1/2O2(g) NO2(g) ΔH = -57.1 kJ
Target Equation: 2NO2(g) + 1/2O2(g) N2O5(s) ΔH = ?
The target amount of substances is: 1 mol of NO and ½ mol of O2 for the reactants and 1 mol of
N2O5 for the product.
Note: since O2 is present on both equations, there is less priority in changing its coefficient.
Equation A: Since equation A has the right amount of moles for N2O5, a change in the
coefficients is not needed. However, N2O5 is in the wrong side of the equation, so the equation
will be reversed, and, subsequently, the sign of the enthalpy ΔH will be changed (in this case, to
negative).
2NO(g) + 3/2O2(g) N2O5(s) ΔH = (-1)(223.7) kJ
2NO(g) + 3/2O2(g) N2O5(s) ΔH = -223.7 kJ
Equation B: Since equation B does not have the right amount of moles for NO2, a change in
coefficients (and enthalpy) will be needed, multiply by 2 for this case. NO2 is also on the wrong
side of the equation, thus the equation will be reversed and the sign of the enthalpy (ΔH) will be
reversed (in this case, to positive).
2[NO2(g) NO(g) + 1/2O2(g)]2 ΔH = (-1)(2)(-57.1) kJ
2NO2(g) 2NO(g) + O2(g) ΔH = 114.2 kJ
To solve for the target equation:
Equation A: 2NO(g) + [3/2O2(g) -1] N2O5(s) ΔH = -223.7 kJ
Equation B: 2NO2(g) 2NO(g) + O2(g) ΔH = 114.2 kJ
Equation C: 2NO2(g) + 1/2O2(g) N2O5(s) ΔH = -109.5 kJ
(Note: terms that appear on both sides must be cancelled, however, for the case O2, they can’t be
cancelled out equally because they have different coefficients. This means that both sides must
be subtracted by 1 to remove O2 in equation B, however the O2 in equation A can only be
subtracted by 1 but cannot be cancelled out.
The enthalpy (ΔH) of the entire reaction is -109.5 kJ.
