Any questions ???
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Stages of building construction
1. Preliminary works
2. Foundations
3. Ground floors
4. Frames and upper floors
5. Stairs
6. Roofs
7. Walls and partitions with doors and windows
8. Mechanical and electrical works
9. Internal and external wall, floor and ceiling finishes
10. External works
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What To Learn Today?
❖Definition, function and functional requirements of
foundations
❖Types of foundation and selection criteria
❖Construction methods of foundations including ground
beams and column stumps
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A foundation is the base on which a building rests. Its
purpose is to safely transfer the load of a building to a
suitable subsoil.
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UBBL 1984 By-law 73 specified that the foundations of a
building:
✓Should safely transfer the loads (including both dead and
imposed loads) on a building to the ground, without causing
any settlement or movement in the building or
neighbouring structures;
✓Should be constructed to prevent damage by swelling and
shrinkage of the subsoil;
✓Should be capable of resisting attack by deleterious
material (such as sulphates) in the subsoil.
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Any questions ???
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Shallow foundations Deep foundations
Selection For lightweight buildings For heavy buildings where there
criteria where the condition of the are inadequate or low soil bearing
soil is extremely good with capacities, higher water tables,
uniform layer and low water having excessive soil settlements
table. and technically those areas with
naturally soft soils.
Depth of Where the soil’s hard strata Where the soil’s hard strata are
hard strata are located just near the too deep for excavation
ground surface
Depth of 1 - 3m deep 20 – 65m deep
foundation
Cost More economical More costly
Example Strips, rafts, pads, etc. Piles
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MORE READING
10 Different Types of footings used in construction, where to use? and
when to use?
https://civilread.com/different-types-footings/
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The choice of foundations for buildings depends mainly on
TWO (2) factors:
◦ The total loads of building
◦ The nature and bearing capacity of subsoils
Other factors to consider in selecting the type of foundation for a
building include but not limited to:
◦ Ground water conditions
◦ Site topography
◦ Impact on adjacent properties
◦ Building regulation requirements
◦ Construction methods and risks involved
◦ Construction costs
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MORE READING
Criteria in Selecting Suitable Foundation in Structural Design of Buildings
https://www.thestructuralworld.com/2019/04/09/criteria-in-selecting-suitable-
foundation-in-structural-design-of-buildings/
Foundation selection criteria for buildings
https://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/foundation-selection-criteria/6971/
Criteria For Selection Of Type Of Foundation For Building Construction
https://happho.com/criteria-selection-type-foundation/
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To construct a reinforced concrete (RC)
SHALLOW foundation, it will require:
❖Blinding
❖Formwork
❖Reinforcement
❖Concrete
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Blinding
A layer of blinding should be
placed under all RC foundations.
Blinding is a layer of 50 to 75mm
thick of lean concrete or coarse
sand.
The functions of blinding are:
◦ To fill in any weak pockets
resulted from the excavation.
◦ To provide a true level surface
from which the reinforcement
can be positioned.
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VIDEO
Sequence of work for RCC Isolated Footing
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cuiypEIbKMw
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General sequence to construct a RC
foundation:
1. Setting out
2. Excavation and timbering
3. Laying of blinding
4. Assembling of formwork
5. Positioning of reinforcement
6. Placing of concrete
7. Removal of formwork
8. Backfilling
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Strip
Pad Raft/mat
Shallow
foundation
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VIDEO
Pad foundation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jBwCh-fOgnE
Pouring Pad Footings
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IPikgzFHUpA
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Pad Footing
Also known as isolated
foundation.
It is the most common and
widely used type of
foundation.
Best suited for light
structures like residential
and medium story
buildings having columns
that are not closely spaced
at each other.
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Typical section details of
RC pad foundation
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Pad footing with column stump
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Pad footing layout plan
Scale 1:75
1 2 3 4 5
B
C
D
E
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Pad
footing
details
Scale 1:25
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Pad footing details
Scale 1:25
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Column stump details
Scale 1:25
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VIDEO
Strip footing
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=81-kZoXQGmY
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Strip footing
Also known as continuous
footing or wall footing.
It is constructed
continuously under a load
bearing wall to support the
load developed on the
wall. It distributes the
weight of a load bearing
wall across the area of the
ground.
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Strip Footing
It can also be applicable to
use when there are
multiple columns aligned
vertically or horizontally
that are closely spaced at
each other.
This is economical to use
when using numbers of
isolated footings for
closely spaced column
overlaps.
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Strip Footing
The most economic
form of foundation
for small buildings
on compact soils.
These types of
footings
constructed in old
masonry
construction still
these are in
existence in local
construction.
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Main bars are required in the
lower edge of concrete strip,
with distribution bars in the
second layer running
longitudinally.
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Typical section details of
RC strip foundation
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VIDEO
Construction of mat footing
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EsqHwOTgtjQ
Flat separate footing of column in mat foundation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C52t2gpAyfU
Raft foundation construction according to drawing plan
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IuFGZcWxiak
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Mat or Raft Footing
It is a large slab supporting a
number of columns and walls
under entire structure or a
large part of the structure.
Designed to spread the load
over the whole building area,
reducing the load per unit
area.
It is mostly seen in 12-16
storey buildings or higher and
those structures having
basements.
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Typical section details of
RC raft foundation
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Combination of foundations
What is piled raft foundation & 2 great examples of it
https://civilblog.org/2015/12/16/what-is-piled-raft-foundation-2-great-
examples-of-it/
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Deep Foundations
Deep foundations are
normally found and
best suited in areas
with:
❖inadequate or low soil
bearing capacities
❖higher water tables
❖excessive soil
settlements and areas
with naturally soft
soils
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Deep Foundations
Deep foundation, as the name
suggests, will be penetrated
through the weak soil layer at a
great depth and supported on
top of strong soil layer or on
the rock.
Normally all deep foundations
are referred us pile foundation.
But there are other types (e.g.
Caisson or Pier Foundation,
Drilled Shaft Foundation, etc.)
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Piles
The most common deep
foundations are piles.
Piles combined with pile
caps (2, 3, 4, 5 piled group
or multiple groups of piles)
typically use to reach the
hard strata of the soil.
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Classification of piles
End-bearing piles Friction piles
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How do piles transfer the load?
End
Friction
bearing
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How do Pile
been
installed to
ground?
Displace- Replace-
ment ment
? ? ? ?
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How do Pile
been
installed to
ground?
Displace- Replace-
ment ment
? ?
Driven
in-situ
Preformed
pile
pile
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VIDEO
Driven Piling Installation (Animated)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vQCwWHjCaxQ&feature=emb_log
o
Precast driven piling at Bicester Eco Village
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tKxmQCS-TlQ
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1a. Preformed piles
Precast concrete piles of required
length are driven into the ground.
The length required may vary
among piling points.
Available as initial and extension
piles in standard lengths of 3m,
6m, 9m and 12m, which are then
connected with welding as the
work proceeds.
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Sequence of construction:
1. Delivery of precast concrete piles
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2. Testing of precast concrete piles
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3. Marking the length of piles
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4. Fitting of pile into piling machine
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5. Driving of pile into ground
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6. Joining of piles with welding
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How do Pile
been
installed to
ground?
Displace- Replace-
ment ment
? ?
Driven
in-situ
Preformed
pile
pile
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VIDEO
Driven Cast In-Situ Piling at London Gateway
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rPI8J8_0gB0
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1b. Driven in-situ piles
The driving of pile casing
is aided by the use of a
driving shoe, often in the
form of a pointed cast-
iron fitting at the base of
pile to allow easier
penetration into the
ground.
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1b. Driven in-situ piles
The vibration of pile casing as
it is withdrawn from the
ground, results in the
creation of a ridged surface
to the pile sides, thus
creating frictional support
provided by the ground.
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How do Pile
been
installed to
ground?
Displace- Replace-
ment ment
? ?
Driven
in-situ
Preformed
pile
pile
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How do Pile
been
installed to
ground?
Displace- Replace-
ment ment
Driven
in-situ Rotatory
Preformed CFA
pile Bored
pile
pile
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VIDEO
Bored pile (animated)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z8OtgGrfDrA
Bored pile (detailed procedure)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gL-QXGYuiLo
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yHJnYEZ82t8
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How do Pile
been
installed to
ground?
Displace- Replace-
ment ment
Driven
in-situ Rotatory
Preformed CFA
pile Bored
pile
pile
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Pile caps
Piles are not usually used in
single but are formed into a
group.
The load is equally distributed
over the heads of piles in
group via a reinforced
concrete cast in-situ pile cap.
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Typical pile cap plans
The plan shape of a pile cap should be as conservative as
possible, and this is usually achieved by having an overhang
of 150mm.
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Triangular pile cap
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Reinforcement details of pile cap
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Typical section details of pile cap
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Sequence of construction:
1. Excavate pit to expose piling
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2. Laying of 50mm thick lean concrete
3. Cutting-off pile heads to expose reinforcement
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4. Placement of pile cap formwork
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5. Placement of pile cap reinforcement
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6. Placement of column stump reinforcement
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7. Concreting of pile cap
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8. Placement of column stump formwork
9. Concreting of column stump
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10. Removal of formwork
11. Backfilling
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Any questions ???
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