Programming Language (PL)

• PL is an artificial language used to communicate with

computers(Machines).
• PL is used to build software.

T
Source Code
Translator Machine Code Computer
(Compiler or
or
Or Software
Program
Interpreter)

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Java Introduction & History

Java Programming Language

Created By: James Gosling (Dr. Java)

v Initiated in June 1991 and First version came in 1995.

v Developed by Sun Microsystems.
v Best suited for Security and Platform Independency.
v First name: Oak
v Second name: Green
v Final name: Java (came from Java Coffee of Indonesia).
v Syntax came form C and C++
v Oracle Corporation acquired Sun Microsystems in 2010.

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• JRE is an environment where the java’s byte code execute.
• JVM is the machine that executes the java’s byte code.
• JIT(Just-In Time) is the interpreter used by JVM to interpret java’s byte code to
native code(machine code) that gives output.
• JAVAC is the compiler that compiles the source code and generates byte code.
• JDK is the kit which contains the JRE, JVM and JAVAC.

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Tokens

Every Individual units in a program

is TOKEN

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Keyword Token
A word created by language for particular job that can not be changed by
programmer is a keyword.

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Keywords in java

The goto and const keywords are not in use.

true, false, null are the reserved words not keyword.

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Identifier Token
Identifier is a word created by a programmer for variable-name ,
function-name, class-name and interface-name to use them further.

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Rules for Identifiers
Rules:
1. It can only be from Alphabets( a-z, A-Z ) and Digit( 0-9 ) and
underscore( _ ) and dollar ( $ ).
2. It can not start from digit.
3. Only Underscore is not allowed.
4. Keyword can not be an Identifier.

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Operator Token
Operator is a symbol used to do operation on data.

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List of Operators
Assignment =

Arithmetic + - * / %

Shorthand/Compound += -= *= /= %=

Increment-Decrement ++ --
Relational < <= > >= == !=

Logical && || !

Conditional ?:

Bitwise & | ^ >> << ~

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Separator Token
Separator is a symbol that is used to do separation in code.

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List of Separators
() Round Bracket
{} Curly Bracket
[] Square Bracket
; Semicolon
, Coma
. Dot
… Triple Dot
@ At
: Colon
:: Double Colon

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Literal Token
Literal is the constant data in a program.

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Gapping Rule of Tokens
• In between the
keyword and keyword
identifier and identifier
keyword and identifier
identifier and keyword
gap(space or new line) is compulsory.

• In between other tokens gap is optional.

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Data & Variable
Variable is just a container that contains data.

101 int roll= 101 ;

Rahul String name= “Rahul” ;

5.9 double height= 5.9 ;

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Data Type
Data type is just a word used to specify type of data, data size and data range.
Java has two types of DataTypes: Primitive and Non-Primitive .

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Primitive Data Types

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Type Casting
Converting the type of data into another data type.

Implicit Typecasting Explicit Typecasting

Upcasting (Widening) Downcasting (Narrowing)

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TypeCasting Graph

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Operators
Operator is a symbol used to do operation on data.

Assignment =

Arithmetic + - * / %

Shorthand/Compound += -= *= /= %=

Increment-Decrement ++ --
Relational < <= > >= == !=

Logical && || !

Conditional ?:

Bitwise & | ^ >> << ~

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Assignment Operator ( = )

int a; 10 = a;
a = 10;
int a = 10;
int a = 10, b = 15;
int a, b;
a = b = 10;

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Arithmetic Operator ( + - * / % )

int a; int a; int a;

a = 10 + 2; a = 10 - 2; a = 10 * 2;
SOP(a); SOP(a); SOP(a);

int a; int a;
a = 10 / 2; a = 10 % 2;
SOP(a); SOP(a);

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Shorthand Operator ( += -= *= /= %= )

int a=10; int a=10; int a=10; int a=10;

a = a / 5; a /= 5; a =/ 5; a / = 5;
SOP(a); SOP(a); SOP(a); SOP(a);

int a=10; int a=10;

a = a + 5; a += 5;
SOP(a); SOP(a);

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Increment-Decrement Operator ( ++ -- )

int a=10; int a=10; int a=10; int a=10;

a = a + 1; a ++; a = a - 1; a --;
SOP(a); SOP(a); SOP(a); SOP(a); Postfix

int a=10; int a=10; int a=10; int a=10;

a = a + 1; ++ a; a = a - 1; -- a; Prefix
SOP(a); SOP(a); SOP(a); SOP(a);

10 ++ ; int a=10;
a+ +;
SOP(a);

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Relational Operator ( < <= > >= == != )

int a=10,b=5; int a=10,b=5; int a=10,b=5;

boolean c=a<b; boolean c=a==b; boolean c=a< =b;
SOP(c);
SOP(c); SOP(c);
int a=10,b=5; int a=10,b=5;
boolean c=a<=b; boolean c=a!=b;
SOP(c); SOP(c);
int a=10,b=5; int a=10,b=5;
boolean c=a>b; boolean c=a>=b;
SOP(c); SOP(c);

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Logical Operator ( && || ! )
int a=10,b=5;
true && true true boolean c=a>b && b<3;
SOP(c);
true && false false
int a=10,b=5;
false && true false boolean c=a<b && b<3;
false && false false SOP(c);
int a=10,b=5;
true || true true boolean c=a<b || b<3;
true || false true SOP(c);

false || true true int a=10,b=5;

boolean c=a>b || b==3;
false || false false SOP(c);

! true false int a=10,b=5;

boolean c=!(a>b) || !(b==3);
! false true SOP(c);

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Conditional Operator ( ?: )

Exp. 1 ? Exp. 2 : Exp. 3

true false

Exp. 2 Exp. 3

int a=10,b=5;
int c=a<b ? a+12/3-2 : b%5+a-7;
SOP(c);

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Bitwise Operator ( & | ^ >> << ~ )

int a=12,b=5; int a=12,b=5; int a=12,b=5;

int c=a & b; int c=a | b; int c=a ^ b;
SOP(c); SOP(c); SOP(c);
000….001100 000….001100 000….001100
000….000101 000….000101 000….000101
000….000100 000….001101 000….001001

int a=12; int a=12; int a=12;

int c=a >> 1; int c=a << 1; int c= ~ a;
SOP(c); SOP(c); SOP(c);
000….001100 000….001100 ~a = - ( a+1)
0000….00110 000….011000

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Scanning data from Keybord

java.util.Scanner sc=new java.util. Scanner( System.in );

int age =sc.nextInt();

double height =sc.nextDouble();
String name =sc.next();

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Expression Rules
Println function is Expression based. So we have to understand expression rules.

Integer Integer
+
Character - Integer
* Integer
Integer / Character
% Character
Character

For Example:
7+2 = 9
7/2 = 3 (not 3.5)
‘a’+10 = 107
10+ ‘a’ = 107
‘h’*10 = 1040

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Expression Rules
Floating Point Floating Point
+ Integer
Floating Point
-
Floating Point * Character Floating Point
/
Character % Floating Point

Integer Floating Point

For Example:
7.0+2 = 9.0
7/2.0 = 3.5
‘a’+10.1=107.1
10.0+ ‘a’=107.0
‘h’*10.0=1040.0

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Expression Rules
Integer

Floating Point
String
String +
Character

String

Integer

Floating Point
String String
+
Character

String

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Expression Rules

For Example:
5 + “hi” = “5hi”
“hi”+5 = “hi5”;
4+2+ “hi” = “6hi”
5.8+ “hi” = “5.8hi”;
5+6+ “hi” + 5+6= “11hi56”
“hello”+ “hi” = “hellohi”
“hello”+ ‘a’= “helloa” (not hello97)
‘a’ + “hello” = “ahello”

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Expression Rules

Integer
-
Floating Point
*
String
Character /
%
String

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Decision Making
• Decision Making is used to execute a block of code on condition,
if the condition is satisfied then code will execute otherwise not.
• Types of decision making:

if If else if else if switch

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if statement
if (expression) { Here, expression must be boolean.
Boolean expression returns either true or false.
// statements
}
Expression -> true Expression -> false

int age=25; int age=15;

if (age>18) { if (age>18) {
// statements // statements
} }
// statements after if // statements after if

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If-else statement
Expression -> true Expression -> false

int age=25; int age=15;

if (age>18) { if (age>18) {
// statements of if // statements of if
} }
else { else {
// statements of else // statements of else
} }
// statements after if else // statements after if else

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If-else-if statement

int age=15;
if (age>60) {
// statements of if
}
else if (age>18) {
// statements of else if
}
else {
// statements of else
}
// statements after if else if

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Switch statement

switch (value/expression) { • Switch works with

case value1 : the byte, short, char, and int, String
class, and few wrapper classes Byte,
// statements of case Short, Character and Integer.
break; • Switch does not work with float,
case value2 : double, boolean and long.
// statements of case
break;
default :
// statements of default
}
// statements after switch

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Loop Controls
• Loop is used to execute a block of code for multiple times.
• Write the code once and execute it many times.
• Types of loop:

for while do while for-each(enhanced for)

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For Loop
Without Loop With Loop
SOP(“Rahul”);
for ( int a=1 ; a<=10 ; a++ ) {
SOP(“Rahul”);
SOP(“Rahul”);
SOP(“Rahul”);
SOP(“Rahul”);
SOP(“Rahul”);
}
SOP(“Rahul”);
SOP(“Rahul”); for ( Initialization ; TestExpression ; Update )
SOP(“Rahul”); {
SOP(“Rahul”); // statements
SOP(“Rahul”); }

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While Loop
Without Loop With Loop
SOP(“Rahul”); int a=1;
SOP(“Rahul”); while ( a<=5 ) {
SOP(“Rahul”); SOP(“Rahul”);
SOP(“Rahul”); a++;
SOP(“Rahul”); }

while ( TestExpression) {
// statements
}

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Do-While Loop

Without Loop With Loop

SOP(“Rahul”); int a=1;
SOP(“Rahul”); do {
SOP(“Rahul”); SOP(“Rahul”);
SOP(“Rahul”); a++;
SOP(“Rahul”); } while ( a<=5 ) ;

do {
// statements
} while ( TestExpression) ;

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Break keyword
for( init; Test-Exp; Update){ do{
// statements // statements
if (BreakCondition) { if (BreakCondition) {
// statements // statements
break; break;
} }
// statements // statements
} } while (Test-Exp);

while (Test-Exp){
// statements
if (BreakCondition) {
// statements
break;
}
// statements
}

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Continue keyword
for( init; Test-Exp; Update){ do{
// statements // statements
if (BreakCondition) { if (BreakCondition) {
// statements // statements
continue; continue;
} }
// statements // statements
} } while (Test-Exp);

while (Test-Exp){
// statements
if (BreakCondition) {
// statements
continue;
}
// statements
}

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Function/Method
PSVM(-){ PS void display(){
SOP( “Hello” ); SOP( “I Love My INDIA” );
SOP( “I Love My INDIA” ); SOP( “I Live in INDIA” );
SOP( “I Live in INDIA” ); SOP( “I am Happy” );
SOP( “I am Happy” ); }
SOP( “Hi” ); PSVM(-){
SOP( “I Love My INDIA” ); SOP( “Hello” );
SOP( “I Live in INDIA” ); display();
SOP( “I am Happy” ); SOP( “Hi” );
SOP( “Bye” ); display();
SOP( “I Love My INDIA” ); SOP( “Bye” );
SOP( “I Live in INDIA” ); display();
SOP( “I am Happy” ); }
}

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Function/Method Syntax

Return Type Function Name Argument

void display ( ) {
SOP( “I Love My INDIA” );
SOP( “I Live in INDIA” );
SOP( “I am Happy” );
}

Function Body

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Function/Method

Types of Functions:
• Function with No Arguments and No Return Type
• Function with Arguments but No Return Type
• Function with No Arguments but Return Type
• Function with Arguments and Return Type
• Function with simple Return keyword

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No Arguments and No Return Type

public class Demo{

public static void add(){
int a=10,b=20,r=a+b;
SOP( “Sum: ”+r );
}
public static void main(String[] s){
add();
}
}

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Arguments and No Return Type

public class Demo{

public static void add(int a, int b){
int r= a+b;
SOP( “Sum: ”+r );
}
public static void main(String[] s){
add(12,34);
}
}

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No Arguments but Return Type

public class Demo{

public static int add(){
int a=10,b=20,r=a+b;
return r;
}
public static void main(String[] s){
int r=add();
SOP( “Sum: ”+r );
}
}

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Arguments but Return Type

public class Demo{

public static int add(int a, int b){
int r= a+b;
return r;
}
public static void main(String[] s){
int r=add(12,34);
SOP( “Sum: ”+r );
}
}

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Simple Return keyword

public class Demo{

public static void xyz(int a, int b){
SOP( “Hello” );
if(a==b){
return;
}
SOP( “Hi” );
}
public static void main(String[] s){
xyz(10,20);
}
}

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