STUDY GUIDE

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12.2 Chemical Calculations
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3&"$5*0/4 In chemical calculations, mole ratios are used to Review and Assessment Resources
convert between a given number of moles of a reactant
Balanced chemical equations are the basis for or product to moles of a different reactant or product. CHEM WALK-THRU TUTORIALS Each of the Math
stoichiometric calculations. The coefficients of a
In a typical stoichiometric problem, the given TU
TOR
Tune-Up problems on the following page has
balanced equation indicate the number of particles,
moles, or volumes of gas in the reaction. Mole quantity is first converted to moles. Then, the mole an animated step-by-step tutorial that explains
ratios from the balanced equation are used to ratio from the balanced equation is used to calculate the problem-solving strategy in detail.
calculate the amount of a reactant or product in a the moles of the wanted substance. Finally, the moles
NLIN PROBLEM SETS Have students practice
are converted to any other unit of measurement related

E
chemical reaction from a given amount of one of
to the unit mole. more problems using the Chapter 12

PR

S
O BL E
the reactants or products.

M
Online Problem Set.
r mole ratio (390)
MATH MATH SKILLS Have struggling students
Key Equation TU practice manipulating algebraic equations
12.1 The Arithmetic of Equations TOR
using the MathXL learning module.
Chemists use balanced chemical equations as mole-mole relationship for aG bW:
IRTUA VIRTUAL LAB Have students complete
a basis to calculate how much reactant is needed or

L
b mol W xb
product is formed in a reaction. x mol G ñ â mol W LAB
the virtual lab as an in-class or take-home
a mol G a
A balanced chemical equation can be interpreted
assignment to help reinforce the mathematical
in terms of different quantities, including numbers of relationships utilized in stoichiometric
atoms, molecules, or moles; mass; and volume. calculations. To have students investigate the
12.3 Limiting Reagent and Percent Yield calculation of the mass of sodium hydrogen
r stoichiometry (386)
carbonate in a sample of baking soda, assign
In a chemical reaction, an insufficient quantity of
any of the reactants will limit the amount of product
the lab Analysis of Baking Soda.
that forms.
The percent yield is a measure of the efficiency of a Study Tip
reaction performed in the laboratory. PRIORITIZE Schedule your time realistically. Stick to
r limiting reagent (401)
your deadlines.
r excess reagent (401)
r theoretical yield (405)
r actual yield (405)
r percent yield (405)

Key Equation

actual yield
percent yield â ñ 100%
theoretical yield

Study Guide 409

Performance Tasks
CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING Have students write a paragraph describing a
hypothetical chemical product that they are manufacturing. Students should describe
their product, explain why their process has excess or limiting reagents, and show
how they determine the actual, theoretical, and percent yields of their product.
STOICHIOMETRIC SHOWDOWN Write a set of unbalanced chemical equations on the
board. Have students balance each equation. Have students determine the number
of representative particles and moles, the molar mass of each reactant and product,
and the mass of each reactant and product. Then, have students identify all of the Answers
mole ratios in each equation. TAKE IT FURTHER
32. 83.5%
33. 57.7%

Study Guide 409

MATH TUNE-UP MATH

TU
TOR
Math Tune-Up: Stoichiometry Problems
Math Review

Problem
Iron metal (Fe) can be obtained from iron ore, Fe2O3. Sodium hydroxide reacts with carbon dioxide
Example and sample practice problems for according to the balanced equation below.
Fe2O3(s) à 3CO(g) 2Fe(s) à 3CO2(g)
stoichiometry problems can be found on the 2NaOH(s) à CO2(g) Na2CO3(s) à H2O(l)
following pages: How much iron ore is needed to obtain 92.8 grams of
iron metal? What is the limiting reagent when
LESSON 12.1 Using a Balanced Equation as 3.50 mol NaOH reacts with 2.00 mol CO2?
a Recipe—page 385; Interpreting a Balanced
Chemical Equation—page 388
LESSON 12.2 Calculating Moles of a Product—
page 391; Calculating the Mass of a
Product—page 393; Calculating Molecules

— Analyze
of a Product—page 395; Volume-Volume Knowns: Knowns:
mass of iron â 92.8 g Fe moles of NaOH â 3.50 mol NaOH
Stoichiometric Calculations—page 396; 1 mol Fe2O3 Ž 2 mol Fe (from balanced equation) moles of CO2 â 2.00 mol CO2
Finding the Volume of a Gas Needed for a 1 mol Fe â 55.8 g Fe (molar mass)
Reaction—page 398 1 mol Fe2O3 â 159.6 g Fe2O3 (molar mass) Unknown:
limiting reagent â ?
LESSON 12.3 Determining the Limiting Reagent
Unknown:
in a Reaction—page 402; Using a Limiting Reagent Mass of iron ore â ? g Fe2O3
to Find the Quantity of a Product—page 403;
Calculating the Theoretical Yield of a
Reaction—page 406; Calculating the Percent
Yield of a Reaction—page 408

˜
Calculate
Perform the following steps: Determine how many moles of CO2 are
g Fe mol Fe mol Fe2O3 g Fe2O3 needed to react with 3.50 mol NaOH.
1 mol Fe 1 mol Fe2O3 159.6 g 1 mol Fe2O3 1 mol CO2
92.8 g Fe ñ 55.8 g Fe ñ ñ 3.50 mol NaOH ñ
2 mol Fe 1 mol Fe2O3 2 mol NaOH
â 133.0 g Fe2O3 â 1.75 mol CO2

Hint: Review Sample

Problem 12.4 if you have
vee Only 1.75 mol CO2 are needed to react
trouble with calculating with 3.50 mol NaOH. Since there are
the mass of a reactant. 2.00 mol CO2, there is excess CO2.
Therefore, NaOH is the limiting reagent.
™ Evaluate

Since the molar mass of the iron ore is more than twice To check your work, you could start with the
the molar mass of iron metal, it makes sense that the given amount of moles of CO2 and solve for
mass of the iron ore would be greater than the mass of how many moles of NaOH are needed.
the iron metal produced.

Hint: Review Sample

Problem 12.8 if you havee
trouble identifying the
limiting reagent.

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Focus on ELL
5 ASSESS UNDERSTANDING Place students in groups of three for an alternative
assessment assignment. Provide each group of students with a grading rubric, and
explain that they are to depict the question and answer to one key question from
each lesson in Chapter 12. Suggest the following ideas to the appropriate groups:
BEGINNING
LOW Create cartoon-type drawings.
HIGH Draw pictures with simple labels or captions.
INTERMEDIATE
LOW Design and act out a role-playing scenario.
HIGH Use models or create a diagram and provide simple descriptions.
ADVANCED: LOW/HIGH Create a poster and give an oral presentation to the class.

410 Chapter 12 • Math Tune-Up

 ASSESSMENT
Evaluate
12
NLIN

Assessment
O

E
* Solutions appear in Appendix E
PR

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OBLE

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Lesson by Lesson *46. Methanol (CH3OH) is used in the production of Answers
many chemicals. Methanol is made by reacting LESSON 12.1
carbon monoxide and hydrogen at high tem-
12.1 The Arithmetic of Equations perature and pressure. 39. a. Two formula units KClO3 decompose to
39. Interpret each chemical equation in terms of form two formula units KCl and three
CO(g) à 2H2(g) CH3OH(g)
interacting particles.
a. How many moles of each reactant are molecules O2.
a. 2KClO3(s) 2KCl(s) à 3O2(g)
b. 4NH3(g) à 6NO(g) 5N2(g) à 6H2O(g)
needed to produce 3.60 ñ 102 g CH3OH? b. Four molecules NH3 react with six molecules
b. Calculate the number of grams of each reac- NO to form five molecules N2 and six
c. 4K(s) à O2(g) 2K2O(s)
tant needed to produce 4.00 mol CH3OH. molecules H2O.
40. Interpret each equation in Problem 39 in terms c. How many grams of hydrogen are necessary
of interacting numbers of moles of reactants to react with 2.85 mol CO? c. Four atoms K react with one molecule O2 to
and products. form two formula units K2O.
47. The reaction of fluorine with ammonia pro-
41. Calculate and compare the mass of the reac- duces dinitrogen tetrafluoride and hydrogen 40. a. Two mol KClO3 decompose to form two mol
tants with the mass of the products for each fluoride. KCl and three mol O2.
equation in Problem 39. Show that each bal- b. Four mol NH3 react with six mol NO to form
5F2(g) à 2NH3(g) N2F4(g) à 6HF(g)
anced equation obeys the law of conservation of
mass. a. If you have 66.6 g NH3, how many grams of five mol N2 and six mol H2O.
F2 are required for a complete reaction? c. Four mol K react with one mol O2 to form
42. Balance the following equation: b. How many grams of NH3 are required to two mol K2O.
C5H12(g) à O2(g) CO2(g) à H2O(g) produce 4.65 g HF?
41. a. 245.2 g b. 248.0 g c. 188.4 g
c. How many grams of N2F4 can be produced
Interpret the balanced equation in terms of from 225 g F2? All obey the law of conservation of mass.
relative number of moles, volumes of gas at STP, 42. 1 mol C5H12(g) + 8 mol O2(g) → 5 mol CO2 (g) +
and masses of reactants and products. 48. What information about a chemical reaction
is derived from the coefficients in a balanced 6 mol H2O(g); 22.4 L C5H12(g) + 179 L O2(g) →
12.2 Chemical Calculations equation? 112 L CO2(g) + 134 L H2O(g); 328 g reactants →
43. Explain the term mole ratio in your own words. 49. Rust is produced when iron reacts 328 g products
When would you use this term? with oxygen.
LESSON 12.2
44. What ratio is used to carry out each conversion? 4Fe(s) à 3O2(g) 2Fe2O3(s)
a. mol CH4 to g CH4 43. Acceptable answers include the idea of writing
How many grams of Fe2O3 are
b. L CH4(g) to mol CH4(g) (at STP) a ratio using the coefficients of two substances
produced when 12.0 g of iron
c. molecules CH4 to mol CH4 from a balanced equation as the number of
rusts?
*45. Carbon disulfide is an important industrial sol- moles of each substance reacting or being
vent. It is prepared by the reaction of coke with *50. Lithium nitride reacts with water to form
formed.
ammonia and aqueous lithium hydroxide.
sulfur dioxide.
Li3N(s) à 3H2O(l) NH3(g) à 3LiOH(aq)
44. a. 16.0 g CH4 /1 mol CH4
5C(s) à 2SO2(g) CS2(l) à 4CO(g) b. 1 mol CH4 /22.4 L CH4
a. What mass of water is needed to react with
a. How many moles of CS2 form when c. 1 mol CH4 /6.02 x 1023 molecules CH4
32.9 g Li3N?
2.7 mol C reacts?
b. When the above reaction takes place, how 45. a. 0.54 mol b. 13.6 mol c. 0.984 mol
b. How many moles of carbon are needed to
many molecules of NH3 are produced? d. 236 mol
react with 5.44 mol SO2?
c. Calculate the number of grams of Li3N that
c. How many moles of carbon monoxide form
must be added to an excess of water to pro-
46. a. 11.3 mol CO, 22.5 mol H2
at the same time that 0.246 mol CS2 forms? b. 112 g CO, 16.0 g H2
duce 15.0 L NH3 (at STP).
d. How many mol SO2 are required to make
c. 11.4 g H2
118 mol CS2?
47. a. 372 g F2
b. 1.32 g NH3
c. 123 g N2F4
48. The coefficients indicate the relative numbers of
Stoichiometry 411 moles (or particles) of reactants and products.
49 17.2 g
50. a. 51.2 g H2O
b. 5.71 × 1023 molecules NH3
c. 23.2 g Li3N

Stoichiometry 411
ASSESSMENT 12.3 Limiting Reagent and Percent Yield
51. What is the significance of the limiting reagent
* 57. Nitric acid and zinc react to form zinc nitrate,
ammonium nitrate, and water.

Evaluate in a reaction? What happens to the amount of

any reagent that is present in an excess?
4Zn(s) à 10HNO3(aq)
4Zn(NO3)2(aq) à NH4NO3(aq) à 3H2O(l)
52. How would you identify a limiting reagent in a a. How many atoms of zinc react with
Answers chemical reaction? 1.49 g HNO3?
b. Calculate the number of grams of zinc that
LESSON 12.3 53. In a reaction chamber, 3.0 mol of aluminum is
* must react with an excess of HNO3 to form
51. The amount of the limiting reagent determines mixed with 5.3 mol Cl2 and reacts. The follow- 29.1 g NH4NO3.
the maximum amount of product that can be ing balanced chemical equation describes the
reaction: 58. If 75.0 g of silderite ore (FeCO3) is heated with
formed. The excess reagent is only partially an excess of oxygen, 45.0 g of ferric oxide
2Al(s) à 3Cl2(g) 2AlCl3(s) (Fe2O3) is produced.
consumed in the reaction.
a. Identify the limiting reagent for the reaction.
52. To identify the limiting reagent, express 4FeCO3(s) à O2(g) 2Fe2O3(s) à 4CO2(g)
b. Calculate the number of moles of product
quantities of reactants as moles; compare to formed. What is the percent yield of this reaction?
the mole ratios from the balanced equation. c. Calculate the number of moles of excess 59. In an experiment, varying masses of sodium
53. a. Al reagent remaining after the reaction. metal are reacted with a fixed initial mass of
b. 3.0 mol AlCl3 *54. Heating an ore of antimony (Sb2S3) in the pres- chlorine gas. The following graph shows the
c. 0.8 mol Cl2 ence of iron gives the element antimony and amounts of sodium used and the amounts of
iron(II) sulfide. sodium chloride formed.
54. 91.1%
55. 5.25 mol NaOH required; NaOH is the limiting Sb2S3(s) à 3Fe(s) 2Sb(s) à 3FeS(s)
NaCl Produced by Reacting
reagent When 15.0 g Sb2S3 reacts with an excess of Fe,
Sodium With Chlorine
9.84 g Sb is produced. What is the percent yield
UNDERSTAND CONCEPTS of this reaction? 7

Mass of NaCl produced (g)

56. a. 2.36 g H3PO4 55. Phosphoric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide 6

b. 1.89 g CO2 according to the equation: 5

57. a. 5.70 × 1021 atoms Zn H3PO4(aq) à 3NaOH(aq) 4

b. 95.2 g Zn Na3PO4(aq) à 3H2O(l) 3

58. 87.0% If 1.75 mol H3PO4 is made to react with 5.00 2

59. a. Initially, the amount of NaCl formed increases mol NaOH, identify the limiting reagent. 1
as the amount of Na used increases. For 0
this part of the curve, sodium is the limiting Understand Concepts 0 1 2 3
Mass of Na (g)
4

reagent. Beyond a mass of about 2.5 g of 56. Calcium carbonate reacts with phosphoric acid
Na, the amount of product formed remains to produce calcium phosphate, carbon dioxide, a. Explain the general shape of the graph.
constant because chlorine is now the limiting and water. b. Estimate the amount of chlorine gas used in
reagent. 3CaCO3(s) à 2H3PO4(aq) this experiment at the point where the curve
b. Chlorine becomes the limiting reagent Ca3(PO4)2(aq) à 3CO2(g) à 3H2O(l) becomes horizontal.
when the mass of sodium exceeds 2.5 g. a. How many grams of phosphoric acid react *60. Hydrazine (N2H4) is used as rocket fuel. It
This corresponds to a mass of about 3.9 g with excess calcium carbonate to produce reacts with oxygen to form nitrogen and water.
3.74 g Ca3(PO4)2?
chlorine. b. Calculate the number of grams of CO2
N2H4(l) à O2(g) N2(g) à 2H2O(g)
60 a. 7.0 × 10 L N2 formed when 0.773 g H2O is produced. a. How many liters of N2 (at STP) form when
b. The excess remaining reagent is 0.2 kg O2. 1.0 kg N2H4 reacts with 1.2 kg O2?
b. How many grams of the excess reagent
remain after the reaction?

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412 Chapter 12 • Assessment

 ASSESSMENT
61. When 50.0 g of silicon dioxide is heated with 66. The following reaction occurs when an automo-
an excess of carbon, 32.2 g of silicon carbide is bile battery is charged.
produced. 61. a. 96.4%
PbSO4(s) à H2O(l)
SiO2(s) à 3C(s) SiC(s) à 2CO(g) PbO2(s) à Pb(s) + H2SO4(aq) b. 45.0 kg
a. What is the percent yield of this reaction? a. Balance the equation. 62. 10.7 kg CaSO4
b. How many grams of CO gas are made? b. How many grams of sulfuric acid are pro- 63. 224 L gas
duced when 68.1 g of lead(II) sulfate react? 64. 1.78 x 1025 molecules H2
62. If the reaction below proceeds with a 96.8%
yield, how many kilograms of CaSO4 are * 67. Liquid sulfur difluoride reacts with fluorine gas 65. a. H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g)
formed when 5.24 kg SO2 reacts with an excess to form gaseous sulfur hexafluoride. b. I2
of CaCO3 and O2? a. Write the balanced equation for the reaction. c. 2 molecules H2
2CaCO3(s) à 2SO2(g) à O2(g) b. How many fluorine molecules are required
to react with 5.00 mg of sulfur difluoride?
d. 2 molecules of I2
2CaSO4(s) à 2CO2(g)
c. What volume of fluorine gas at STP is 66. a. 2PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) PbO2(s) + Pb(s) +
63. Ammonium nitrate will decompose explosively required to react completely with 6.66 g of 2H2SO4(aq)
at high temperatures to form nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur difluoride?
and water vapor.
b. 22.1 g H2SO4
68. Ammonia (NH3) reacts with oxygen (O2) to 67. a. SF2(l) + 2F2(g) + SF6(g)
2NH4NO3(s) 2N2(g) à 4H2O(g) à O2(g) produce nitrogen monoxide (NO) and water. b. 8.59 x 1019 molecules
What is the total number of liters of gas formed 4NH3(g) à 5O2(g) 4NO(g) à 6H2O(l) c. 4.26 L F2
when 228 g NH4NO3 is decomposed? (Assume
STP.) How many liters of NO are produced when 68. 1.12 L NO
1.40 L of oxygen reacts with ammonia? 67. a. Initially, the amount of NaCl formed increases
*64. Hydrogen gas can be made by reacting methane
as the amount of Na used increases. For
(CH4) with high-temperature steam: * 69. The manufacture of compound F requires five
separate chemical reactions. The initial reac- this part of the curve, sodium is the limiting
CH4(g) à H2O(g) CO(g) à 3H2(g) tant, compound A, is converted to compound B, reagent. Beyond a mass of about 2.5 g of
How many hydrogen molecules are produced compound B is converted to compound C, and
so on. The diagram below summarizes the steps Na, the amount of product formed remains
when 158 g of methane reacts with steam?
in the manufacture of compound F, includ- constant because chlorine is now the limiting
65. Suppose hydrogen gas and iodine vapor react to
ing the percent yield for each step. Provide the reagent.
give gaseous hydrogen iodide. missing quantities or missing percent yields.
a. Write the balanced equation for the reaction.
b. Chlorine becomes the limiting reagent
Assume that the reactant and product in each
b. In the atomic window below, which reactant step react in a one-to-one mole ratio. when the mass of sodium exceeds 2.5 g.
is the limiting reagent? This corresponds to a mass of about 3.9 g
c. How many molecules of the reagent in 40.0%
4 yield chlorine.
excess remain at the completion of the 10.0 mol 4.00 mol
Compound A Compound B 69. 50.0% yield; 0.500 mol; 0.0500 mol;
reaction?
d. How many molecules of the limiting reagent 20.0% yield
need to be added to the atomic window % yield
so that all the reactants will react to form
products? 25.0% yield
d
mol 2.00 mol
Compound D Compound C

H2 I2
10.0% yield

mol % yield 0.0100 mol

Compound E Compound F

Stoichiometry 413

Stoichiometry 413
ASSESSMENT THINK CRITICALLY
Think Critically 76. Calculate A bicycle built for three has a frame,
two wheels, six pedals, and three seats. The bal-
70. Evaluate Given a certain quantity of reactant, anced equation for this bicycle is
70. The percent yield is 115%; such a yield you calculate that a particular reaction should F à 2W à 6P à 3S FW2P6S3
could be attributed to experimenter error, produce 55 g of a product. When you perform
the reaction, you find that you have produced How many of each part are needed to make
to unreacted starting material, or to outside 29 bicycles built for three?
63 g of product. What is your percent yield?
materials contaminating the product. What could have caused a percent yield greater a. frames
71. Yes, a net ionic equation is balanced and thus than 100 percent? b. wheels
obeys the law of conservation of mass. c. pedals
71. Explain Would the law of conservation of mass
72. a. P4O10 + 10C → P4 + 10CO d. seats
hold in a net ionic equation? Explain.
b. SiO2 72. Calculate The element phosphorus is manu-
*
c. 7.9 × 104 g P4 factured from a mixture of phosphate rock
d. 7.7 × 104 g C (Ca3(PO4)2), sand (SiO2), and coke (C) in an
electric furnace. The chemistry is complex but is
73. a. H2SO4 + Ca(OH)2 → CaSO4 + 2H2O
summarized by these two equations.
b. 2.26 g H2SO4
Ca3(PO4)2 à SiO2 P4O10 à CaSiO3
74. 1.1 × 106 L air
75. 13 days P4O10 à C P4 à CO
76. a. 29 frames An excess of coke is reacted with 5.5 ñ 105 g of
calcium phosphate and 2.3 ñ 105 g of sand. Enrichment
b. 58 wheels
c. 174 pedals a. Balance each of the equations. 77. Calculate A 1004.0-g sample of CaCO3 that
b. What is the limiting reagent? is 95.0% pure gives 225 L CO2 at STP when
d. 87 seats c. How many grams of phosphorus are reacted with an excess of hydrochloric acid.
produced?
ENRICHMENT CaCO3 à 2HCl CaCl2 à CO2 à H2O
d. How many grams of carbon are consumed?
77. 1.86 g/L What is the density (in g/L) of the CO2?
73. Calculate Sulfuric acid reacts with calcium
78. 87.4% CaCO3 hydroxide to form calcium sulfate and water.
* 78. Calculate The white limestone cliffs of Dover,
79. KOH is the limiting reagent. a. Write the balanced equation for the reaction. England, contain a large percentage of calcium
b. Find the mass of unreacted starting material carbonate (CaCO3). A sample of limestone with
when 75.0 g sulfuric acid reacts with 55.0 g a mass of 84.4 g reacts with an excess of hydro-
calcium hydroxide. chloric acid to form calcium chloride.
74. Apply Concepts A car gets 9.2 kilometers to CaCO3 à 2HCl CaCl2 à H2O à CO2
a liter of gasoline. Assuming that gasoline is The mass of calcium chloride formed is 81.8 g.
100% octane (C8H18), which has a density of What is the percentage of calcium carbonate in
0.69 g/cm3, how many liters of air (21% oxygen the limestone?
by volume at STP) will be required to burn the
gasoline for a 1250-km trip? Assume complete 79. Calculate For the reaction below there are
combustion. 100.0 g of each reactant available. Which react-
ant is the limiting reagent?
* 75. Calculate Ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) can be pro-
duced by the fermentation of glucose (C6H12O6). 2MnO2 à 4KOH à O2 à Cl2
If it takes 5.0 h to produce 8.0 kg of alcohol, how 2KMnO4 à 2KCl à 2H2O
many days will it take to consume 1.0 ñ 103 kg
of glucose? (An enzyme is used as a catalyst.)
enzyme
C6H12O6 2C2H5OH à 2CO2

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414 Chapter 12 • Assessment

 ASSESSMENT
80. Calculate The equation for one of the reactions 83. Calculate SO3 can be produced in the follow-
in the process of reducing iron ore to the metal is ing two-step process:
Fe2O3(s) à 3 CO(g) 2 Fe(s) à 3 CO2(g) FeS2 à O2 Fe2O3 à SO2 START A CONVERSATION Ask
a. What is the maximum mass of iron, in SO2 à O2 SO3
CHEMYSTERY students if anyone watches
grams, that can be obtained from 454 g cooking shows on television. Ascertain if they have
(1.00 lb) of iron(III) oxide? Assuming that all the FeS2 reacts, how many
b. What mass of CO is required to reduce the grams of SO3 are produced when 20.0 g of the seen a chef on one of these shows cook a dish
iron(III) oxide to iron metal? FeS2 reacts with 16.0 g of O2? without measuring ingredients. (Sample answers:
81. Calculate Esters are a class of compounds that
chefs often use approximate measurements,
impart a characteristic odor to some fruits. Write About Science “eyeball” ingredients, or add pinches of seasonings
The ester pentyl acetate, composed of carbon, to meats, vegetables, and other savory dishes.) Ask
84. Explain Explain this statement: “Mass and
hydrogen, and oxygen, has the odor of bananas. Do these same chefs use any approximate
When 7.44 g of this compound undergoes com- atoms are conserved in every chemical reaction,
plete combustion, 17.6 g CO2 and 7.21 g H2O are but moles are not necessarily conserved.” measurements when baking? If so, which
produced. 85. Explain Review the “mole road map“ at the end ingredients do the chefs always make sure to
a. What is the empirical formula of pentyl of Lesson 10.2. Explain how this road map ties measure? (They always make sure to measure
acetate? (Hint: All the carbon ends up in the into the summary of steps for stoichiometric butter and other fats, sugar, flour, eggs, and
CO2; all the hydrogen ends up in the H2O.) problems shown in Figure 12.5.
leavenings such as baking soda and baking powder.
b. The molar mass of pentyl acetate is
130.0 g. What is the molecular formula of
They may use approximate measurements for salt
this compound? and flavorings.) Point out that the ingredients which
c. Write the equation for the complete combus-
tion of pentyl acetate.
CHEMYSTERY are measured are those that must be present in
specific ratios in order for the finished product to
d. Check your work by using your equation
from part c to calculate the grams of CO2 Cookie Crumbles turn out successfully. For example, cookies need to
and H2O produced by the complete combus- have butter and sugar present in a different ratio
Jack tried to make cookies
tion of 7.44 g of pentyl acetate.
that were extra sweet by add-
than a cake does. Explain that when a chef creates
*82. Calculate Nitric acid, HNO3, is produced in ing more sugar than was in a new recipe for a baked good, he or she uses
a complex three-step process summarized by the recipe. What Jack didn’t realize is that a recipe science and math to determine the amounts of the
these unbalanced equations. is like a balanced chemical equation. In order to basic ingredients in the new creation. Then, he or
get the desired product in the reaction of cook-
Step 1: NH3 à O2 NO à H2O
ing, the reactants, or ingredients, must be com-
she is free to use creativity to develop a distinctive
Step 2: NO à O2 NO2 bined in specific ratios. Jack changed the amount new flavor. Knowing baking ratios allows television
Step 3: NO2 à H2O HNO3 à NO of sugar, but he didn’t change any of the other chefs who compete in cook-offs to confidently
ingredients. Therefore, he changed the ratios of create a cake, a custard, cookies, a pastry, or a
Notice that the nitric oxide, NO, produced in the ingredients. Balanced chemical equations are
Step 3 is recycled into Step 2. important in cooking and in many other fields.
bread without referring to a recipe.
a. Balance each of the equations. 86. Infer If Jack’s recipe calls for 2.5 cups of CHEMYSTERY ANSWERS
b. Assuming all the nitrogen from the ammo- flower and 2 eggs, and Jack wants to scale
nia will eventually be incorporated into the 86. 3.75 cups flower; 3 eggs
up the recipe by 50 percent, then how much
nitric acid, calculate the mass of nitric acid flower and eggs will he need? 87. BIGIDEA When Jack added more sugar
obtained from 88.0 g NH3.
87. Connect to the BIGIDEA How does than the recipe called for, the sugar became
c. The concentrated nitric acid used in the
lab is a 70.0% by mass solution of HNO3 in Jack’s baking experience illustrate the con- an excess reagent and all the other ingredients
water. Using your answer from part b, calcu- cept of a limiting reagent? were limiting reagents.
late the mass of ammonia needed to prepare
1.00 kg of concentrated nitric acid.

Stoichiometry 415

80. a. 347 g Fe WRITE ABOUT SCIENCE

b. 239 g CO 84. Moles of reactants and products are
81. a. C7H14O2 conserved for some reactions, but
b. C7H14O2 this is generally not the case.
c. 2 C2H14O2 + 19O2 → 14CO2 + 14H2O 85. Figure 10.12, the “mole road map,”
d. 17.6 g CO2 and 7.21 g H2O are describes how the mass, volume,
produced and number of representative
82. a. 4NH3 + 5O2 → 4NO + 6H2O particles of a substance can be
2NO + O2 → 2NO2 converted into moles (and vice versa).
3NO2 + H2O → 2HNO3 + NO These relationships apply to six of
b. 326 g HNO3 the calculations shown in Figure
c. 189 g NH3 12.8; the seventh is a mole-mole
83. 6.51 g SO3 conversion, based on a mole ratio.

Stoichiometry 415
ASSESSMENT Cumulative Review 98. Write the formula for each compound.
a. aluminum carbonate
*88. How many electrons, protons, and neutrons are b. nitrogen dioxide
Evaluate in an atom of each isotope?
a. titanium-47
c.
d.
potassium sulfide
manganese(II) chromate
b. tin-120 e. sodium bromide
Answers c. oxygen-18
* 99. How many grams of beryllium are in 147 g of
d. magnesium-26 the mineral beryl (Be3Al2Si6O18)?
88. a. 22, 22, 25
89. When comparing ultraviolet and visible electro- 100. What is the mass, in grams, of a molecule of
b. 50, 50, 70
magnetic radiation, which has benzene (C6H6)?
c. 8, 8, 10
a. a higher frequency?
d. 12, 12, 14 101. What is the molecular formula of oxalic acid,
*
b. a higher energy?
molar mass 90 g/mol? Its percent composition is
89. a. ultraviolet c. a shorter wavelength?
26.7% C, 2.2% H, and 71.1% O.
b. ultraviolet 90. Identify the larger atom of each pair.
102. How many moles is each of the following?
c. ultraviolet a. sodium and chlorine
a. 47.8 g KNO3
90. a. sodium b. arsenic and nitrogen
b. 2.22 L SO2 (at STP)
b. arsenic c. fluorine and cesium
c. 2.25 ñ 1022 molecules PCl3
c. cesium 91. Write electron dot formulas for the following
103. Write a balanced chemical equation for each
atoms:
91. a. Cs reaction.
a. Cs c. Ca
a. When heated, lead(II) nitrate decomposes
b. Br b. Br d. P
to form lead(II) oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and
c. Ca 92. Which of these elements form ions with a 2à molecular oxygen.
charge? b. The complete combustion of isopropyl alco-
d. P
a. potassium hol (C3H7OH) produces carbon dioxide and
92. c and d b. sulfur water vapor.
93. single bond, one pair of shared electrons; c. barium c. When a mixture of aluminum and iron(II)
d. magnesium oxide is heated, metallic iron and aluminum
double bond, two pairs of shared electrons;
oxide are produced.
triple bond, three pairs of shared electrons 93. Distinguish among single, double, and triple
covalent bonds. 104. Balance each equation.
94. Yes, an ionic compound with at least one
a. Ba(NO3)2(aq) à Na2SO4(aq)
polyatomic ion has covalent bonds. 94. Can a compound have both ionic and covalent
BaSO4(s) à NaNO3(aq)
95. A cation has a positive charge, and an anion bonds? Explain your answer.
b. AlCl3(aq) à AgNO3(aq)
has a negative charge. 95. How do you distinguish between a cation and AgCl(s) à Al(NO3)3(aq)
96. a. phosphate ion an anion? c. H2SO4(aq) à Mg(OH)2(aq)
MgSO4(aq) à H2O(l)
b. aluminum ion 96. Name these ions.
c. selenide ion a. PO4 3Ź
c. Se2Ź 105. Write a net ionic equation for each reaction in
b. Al3à d. NH4à Problem 104.
d. ammonium ion
97. a. silicon dioxide 97. Name each substance. 106. Identify the spectator ions in each reaction in
a. SiO2 c. H2CO3
Problem 104.
b. potassium sulfate
b. K 2SO4 d. MgS 107. Write a balanced chemical equation for the
c. carbonic acid
complete combustion of ribose, C5H10O5.
d. magnesium sulfide
98. a. Al2(CO3)3
b. NO2
c. K2S If You Have Trouble With . . .
d. MnCrO4 Question 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
e. NaBr See Chapter 4 5 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 11
99. 7.38 g Be
100. 1.30 × 10~22 g 416 $IBQUFS

t
"TTFTTNFOU
101. C2H2O4
102. a. 0.473 mol KNO3
b. 9.91 × 10~2 mol SO2
c. 3.74 × 10~2 mol PCl3
103. a. 2Pb(NO3)2 → 2PbO + 4NO2 + O2
b. 2C3H7OH + 9O2 → 6CO2 + 8H2O
c. 2Al + 3FeO → 3Fe + Al2O3
104. a. 1, 1, 1, 2
b. 1, 3, 3, 1
c. 1, 1, 1, 2
105. a. Ba2+ (aq) + SO42–(aq) → BaSO4(s)
b. Ag+ (aq) + Cl–(aq) → AgCl(s)
c. H+ (aq) + OH–(aq) → H2O(l)
106. a. sodium ion and nitrate ion
b. aluminum ion and nitrate ion
c. magnesium ion and sulfate ion
107. C5H10O5 + 5O2 → 5CO2 + 5H2O

416 Chapter 12 • Assessment