will be balk ma. (fa nakral ox esiching condition) - = hes naxcaally pS $a terra_ay agli. So Iyte-kg [m8 3x07 $ a _ Qader = balk dbetisiky s alensity / Qen: ity Qdex__< 1 @) | Untt weet | SpecfPic Neipht # tk 4 the aahio 4 seloht onel |_ alu gently nope to tenms_py—" Kt}en y= £9 bulk _unit ae J = oh ee te = solid _unft eq: Unit weight 4 loncrete g fee = &y en) m3 Rec = 86 EN|mS (savy 2 x Vue Specific. aan at eer 23s ( ones | bulk Spectre fea = v Stagq = Db-2-7 wmoisture. ax vapour zm atm, : _llatev_abeorptton Ht 4 tedancy of mattval tp eharrh [nd eetnia the moisture _vahen T+ % 9 contact | (att water . x — cratki 4 and eases gration @_|_ Soundness: ‘I faternal_ Factores ess ¢ fe dan bhi'th results Yo "29 and _albsfnti gration - It a espanstoo fi eerie EC t phe © shunts ape: —Shikage a_i at re cE th_heel Sig ll at ny Pie dey (©) Frast Resfstance 2 Prost Action: Cycle _af free and thao __ | gue to Prost Action Yaside tae material uelume chong, The. ally to_xesikt this Ceack formation 1s | Ienown as” Prost festetance: = b E.gn_the material fs _known cheofical ~ resistance © chanel eshte Cyabily te rat_ovg chersteal_aaka sch Grenerally | the cheerfeals lke Acitls, Salts affect the, bling onde bt Resistance to Surface abraston or wear and terChapter + Lime Be in: a Is a wahral ft eacerial taht con be cbtoned Eamon $$. Sechimnentony Rock — Limestone =. uw — Chall Corals i > —_Konkar _(Nerlules ay lime) : © Lim tn low} manner — a abi SS Limestone. oe Ge. 4 Go%+ co, GlPration Quick lime _ Go + Hoi Slaking Gt), + Heat p quick lime. ( Hyd cattin Re) slaked lime —p & to 2S bimes_the 4otta) yal: Calon) + Co, Afr. Bee Can) +H,0 Slakect lime. Tropa 1 F ect # Sts Meprbstra Carbonate Magnesia + (lay M, ‘Seg (c nthe Limestone _taparts — rest | strength astute _faperty_ tt absence || thet ~ el of “eo lee excellent Iyydvault. Property. Note Hydraulic” property | Ot de Si ee amg pee eae h whith tt cn Set 9 water ~ ov in dam Lotation thereSulphate. Sulphate Oy autelerate th clteg process « _Que tn presence. a Sonpuritics tt fs absenued that the era) [of tne aedutes Best fe ee es —__ I This hr limestone ie nn ps xt) YTfs Quittk ime read cdtth water_and Convert Into pocaealer _| Classifeation of Lime a ee oc sheney force then St eae a Sabed lime: ec ola eS tine. | Iooks like “Mi)k* Hat's why it 9s aloo called d Que to viarous slaking and Laigh concentration af Calor), st & | Bcd awa fine || aloo called #Thfs_lime have beter plasticity ._| | Use: This lime 9c auinly used on vila fotos” Dike tohibe | $4 setshlep stop tact plaitertag ete. __Bu 1 (etter Set thin) Bat the lake reduces: It 9s off fn_coluy and generally used fo_the tanotradiie ved» | here _Shrength ond Selhing $s_xepuled» —__________ Ss ek ime : nr fic having impurities mere. thon 301) ime tecavy tp Set tk 4 i _ | ts Gime soil hme teaser tecemey ta slake oS well ad _deaoee > | 9 b ES aloe hi bith Q_| Classi 98 112 | +t ( Class A$ Pmnent Hyceaulic lime class 8% — Moderate Hydhrwulfe. lime. classes fat hime | ches Ot _Qolomatfe lime Chass B+ Kankar_ lime dass F + poor _Ifme.Se (hl Ftheness test j Similar to the test per formed for the Cement (0) id Setting time test Compfessive Strength test # x Size of Cube * Semxs emxsen+ Mostar sablo 1:3 fter (ashi imen 4 eal $a Chen envionment t Abbey st _clays © gendal —tamparesiive. aad fs —eyppled at the sate of © 150 N)min+ Se: (w) f f 3 Mortar placed fn conPcal tontainer_and this contwiner Ps plated |_on Plain table a Afker_filling the canksinee iat Ph 1 the table ea 5 ie Stic ard des Sy Cblows): rs ch t have _fallauslag propostion « | Morey = [2 $112 Lime _! Cement ! Sond Use of Lfmme ¢ a white. washing - ree fafat_making Gil _Stablizotion - Gyo. smanicfatheriggclassmate ee di | Aspido | Ob 4s named as tae Postlond Ce because after hardening |g veaemblee (took Wikel paxtlond Stone. ‘ { for ope Cement following pau2_matertals should be | phould be mived 4 a suth a propartin the Cllowsing boa — | tnpradiects shout be ovaflab g ‘“Kaw_materials fetal alah L ee C@o) = 6 R67 1. “i io Sibita ( So, Fly Alumina (AL0,) = sah feo = 0/5 - Gy. Myo x 1-3? Sulphates iso) B= j-37- ! Alkalies (N40, ko) <1 te P fundins oF basic Yopcadia ! Bi + | Limes Optimy te i i 7 _cammponent make _ be aitferent type of camplex couspmadls whith ore _meinly responsible, ! tes Sent Chlicing atti) vine ite x amo. g ads to Leaaound becoz ty ime ime Silita algo nuke the compasrcls _bohich {—__-e ves ponst ble L +) Git excess py silico “retary 2 lap axocess tt doe: | | | sck gue Sry —_wnanundness anyno eeia a, tadancits « | fess of alumna ede the elleing “temperaboe wath results fn coment wofth tecacr sheesh iM pa a I+ aho hoedas fetucling ae hardness. eg wait colour Ls tp th ae E i f eo. S Fa. Ue bets fa dusty of lime and Silfca » g | Sulphotes 4 6,4 + Clem Sulpho= alurn}nate E | (alumina Cetringite) zs Ceenpeund) att: Tes volume o | Alkalies . tg formation _an_Aurte has os these alkalies alo reack« —_cotth aggregates whith i ees ——|_kanwan_a__alkalP-— aggregate ax" _tahith" lowes the dekh ae xl (soy “24,0 (3-S*4) Goypsuen: Optfmnuen content mm tedards the a }classmate (=e a —___0_per_‘tequirement by making a_preuntive ceoting axourd d the. alurfna compounds - | The omount af Gyyps should be. Coreke patrolleal_atherw/ad tt nay leads to__Sulphate _ctock- | ter arming of task tn dient opether tn tomplex _eampaunds takes a. These comp eae “paper 0 ment ——__|_ fam pounds e@ Sdent fied) » Gog hen these ore also | Called as Compound: The mayo emnplex compounds ate: @ ite ate (3@0:A),,)* “Celfte” : a SAIS ft torS} Hope | wore: 9 j 2 ie 1 & ‘| Ga hydeates uafthin &y hymn F + It fs me espansible fox the ting atten £ bh pro port, aide tp flash Setting. i ; d | tah propia of G4 leads “tp exterma ehur attack: + | Que to igh Sheot a ideation _agaociated th C-S+H_ + GLH} +Heat QUH),* > _ Responsible fry. teodh out or Sulphate attack, Sp mid E Te | Geis + fozzolgna _——>_¢-5-H_gek 1 CSé Peps) Strength depends upo SH gel formatto a D p 5 by additiin oy fzzlana the lonsy mptin.o coment can be red | Yotthout~ordenom fe fr Ie late st agth ey “the Cement « . CAlthcug th gala brent DE les the -carmtt clara a end ecokeey oe % re_telinement _ fertheoili uA 2 he ee al ax |__| —rediees “hence Sg ae y | ement alno finer. gba eee datoNTE One steph Cen SET é | @s*SGgeGa > GAR Toe i gos (920 Gllgrn) (We6l]gm) (100% |gm) (40 Gilg) | Rate of —h n_( substame hydrated ___ * cay arecunt | QA > GS >oS ____ | @_bet _ methadFl gt ge Cleaves Arrgillaceous es qg limestone _g Clay ism] | J Le N aso Crushing Crushing Slope | KK I-¥xpm aty_ antent ined Galt Grainglin Grrladhing a f Takers a ling SRE S-aSim| i ; 0 - Qh Blendlinn mixing ol ooo IP Pawo Arafeh DE “air Upp ave > Preheaht —Ceshaut ge id Storage“ of Corrected p Reus mi @)_ Wet (oll) method t (aleve aus Argillaceou luoo—Igode Fed. sb Rotary kiln 4 Limestone 4 fi | Bal Cooling of clinker, 507 oa hlash MPI) ) Rats io a Q)_ Physi ee G|_fPneness test 4 Sapatt af fineness on the properly af Cements 41) by —Socvensing the finenesn the rete. wp gain of strength, the rate a dn : d heat evalu tion eH f Pree. auclevates | Bat th timate strength and total amount af heat of | hud vation wail! be ain __aame + D Siwe fale methed ¢ ee now (Jolt) > CO — Procedure +__AL_ 1009 Sarep of temat fs plowed ever Sieve a | Siew ») is done for alfeoot 16 min. calengtctt bea ia ag hr get bammps er I giwe $n dete d Re sult: +> wee metoined = weight vetarned y too Ee Tetal wt peo Pe ee ee This test 4 out-dlated ot Atr apm, ear, hep ee ts if td oi eda thapueh Head leon {rt $0 coleuleted » Sa he Sl i ee £ ovticlep aro traey than es eee ar 290 ee cxesulds fo boigh Irae head _Loaa- ise. Rewlts: _klith the help of head loon the specthc_aurtece area oe ae eee hortseeaes] Sh, SsA a head leao 4 A; SSA X Finenean Com] gm) SSA: :casemate, noxmall and alte of gauging this paste A Aled” topiide the eee orf Plunger tn allowx tp Gnasrt- Tk ti ebration oy plunge Bs = 38mm from top - water conten arresponding +o _-+thf. tution fo Catled ap Tangara nalatency + | Result: Tt 9% denoted bp ‘p! } fox_opc = _&5 - 30 +o if Sethe dime test ¢ fe ee this test helps n_dlet cnlaing the belting ten L cements | Fron tt, tt algo helpa Go Hnwaing’ about “ong chonge 0 the ality ap coment fy detexforation ) | ___@) Sat Heme tests || Appredus s vitals a ppral 9 Aleed L | Proceduses beter a: o BSP" | arnt gacte Yo preponel ant tb ta filed inate t Ope op. | ten gue. needle fo allwed te penetrate tn the poste fine ont j added upto the Gorden phen necdle §o not able te penehate mere tte 33-85 ram and ft %¢ aowmed that vow petting hea ato Dy atte cal 1 getting -Hime g ‘s | Remork: — for_ope folra) sting ime “Should hot be law than Bonn @ Pina) ing time test t Ee an _ Appratus : — Vitals appratus Needle with Smmadta Am lor ving cots | ten esp” ec prepartd to sieiler _menner_aa_ta cage of 487 and ha a Wire orient ee oe 2 | A aeedle with annuler tolley a allwed to _lanert Inthe poate || fime dluratin 10 muted fim the natont sohere _water_fa ___|Addeol pte thi Gan be veduted. ‘ _ Compressive. seaugl test: Apparatus: 7-06 "Cube | Svem* Surface. are), Compression y eo oo machine) i A_mortar 4 f ed (irs) Cement: Sand (2S Sard ay per 98 650) ~ Bnnore Sand " 1 Cont 2 +3) +h i sei ght CCementeSand Result pts aval Compressive Strength = may pnd Se begs Fatla [ I ls quea ($0 an*) ‘ C33 t Bday sirengdh = 33mfo 7 sinengto 2% 2y33 > 22MPa 3$01 Gale Stomigs Gist (min. 12.10. af Specimen) | Belem he 3G |r 9 | | ( Penal pean / ‘| ‘o | oS greg ! S t 64S crn? | 7 ’ ; | L l i r ; Summ Lb ' % q SF [atenle 6. Brom A 121m cls grea (6-46 ) 1 Remark : — Be tensile Peony he “aren: Jo-to 1Sok 6C_ ane Pate aan rom — a JS Se <— 165mm —4 Deditedex qr eS mm =) Spli £ cy)indes. 0 | epave Cements faste 21 Filled inaiele the Split cylinder and tt % aewed iy glean plate at ope betty 2 for opc_; Y-x $ jomm ct (eubls ea t eC 2SX ISX 282mm ngralte spectmen_ob We gained oh emetic fes_prop ced0) | capreaned $n oh Virith cespet to Ynitiel teen of 4o_tength = Change in Length » 107 | ns d ida lenge | Remo 2 lo eae + Bo Mic test ts Sensitive to fot unsoundness s Dime & Meg nese || Qppmatust Le - chatehey floak to__aeblitin of rae 2 by meanrcoy | ealulbed “nda vale charge baby Sciols Cgmlce) to $ar9 Volume of Sia__ | Fiat irebalontids) MuBMMMeE foe) ca OES | Alumina ratio: Alumina _¥ 0-66 pee od Feo. | Qo= 0-780, 2:BSi0, +)-2 AL 0, 40°65 Fe,% 4 O66 — /'O2 (D) Sulphur Content: > Bele Magnesia Cantent: 12 Gro | 9, Logs on Sgn Hon + Y so ¢ peteOl timate sheng of bfe 5 Rie ond Bale sl! be apeaelond | game. Y j I a ae Re ET al Ghts 1s obtdined by ceding agp cantent 2 ing Alumina _ (ontent @| 257 Gn be vedyceded upto S min. PST (on be reduteded upto 30 mfo- fa_rmore Dt fn uses at the ple where 2H a sates like Seepage + Gouting ox wade uber on 1. 7 @]| Low heot Cement: ©] f fo ebtained b during CoS Content pte use » G&A upto s+ ip af |_ Sle Ong fi po selec.” Sean oe | 181 odie we) br a eee eee abt 36 a Os pes ye bette sletence ageins phate. ©. fy veduring cA Yontent upto St and A GA+GAF upto 25% | tic tebheat tan be mode sulphate teaiste agelnet Fedora) ©) foxtland fozzelona Cement! a | At the time 0 grinding of _clinkers upto 25%2 po2z0lona——— i bead ocak a hai ask ea iia tl £- ‘table ent Pace jal advantages: 4 eee y hydeation- E 2. | Seteemmeuetenen: i OM 3 | eas perm eabilihy - 4 | Moe dura bali’ 5.1) en )pterte ginnt 8 * =| Te paige fo_the vote of gz! Shrengh i at ope $ | fs main vepuiternent bike, for ete’ chemital resipdonte, ___ : |_oulphate wesiohation _, canter penetsation ee ae S i = ele ti 2 erally % Qo -BS ¥. an lo-sy af Hard byrnt JY PAM _and 4. oP chinkews: ©} Tht cement “will 3 e nd = sities eee ited Daley a ; O| thin cement $a _tastol at the plore hese _Sulphade _ ___|_attock fa Aewere -_ai. | Special Cements: __. | Whfte cement or Coloured Cement 2 | Mhite Cement i il co pre page ee eee ee fuels es 0 3 2 eoade_by a! “y hrmlyrn- a Teas ae, Zs z x e Ht rr ) Hh 2 fh Ihe exic Ble aud oy Oleic oud chngutth - Oft cement. Thewe cheenltaly make 2 bayer or _protechive layed around the ide gata the akon I 7) L and duvatr 0 tege + Hye Ope. bh Alumina Cement: ( Alumina based Cement) band by ier grinding the Gartle ard ea) So a ARAM ne eee {© he aluentia~ confeat _£82.1-_£ fhe vatit_g alumina |__| fa Mine. shoul be tthe _conge if 0:6 SenirS< eee O. TH fa. dork in Loloury - Ct Gn attoto upto _s0Mifp shandth jn 2y by - G4 lave GST In the range of tb 3S hy £ CST eshn wal | M ta Suitable t den. Sia) | Ol 9+ have berber sulphate reajtante el ©} o 9% yebibving In nehve- mild oo o he | | | 4 aK Esteraline as: yee _Thts Cernent. So abtnnad by adding lx entraaing adaclassmate. ae (7) Date. 7 ee tiasement ab the tine 4p goinding Tene adralhirs impasts million of air paste whith make the Cement _tsorhable 2 mare, __. _xedlotant agalnut frat —athion » 20) y sith ope + this tement “roll! hoveclassmate. 4 ft Ha | id with water - ate material — Cement 5 Jim Gypsum | adult Grits — Sond- River Sone), sranubarhired Sand , Crushed | peuaders, Surkhf (Crushed brick fouider) =| sx: * A oak 2 Soe agama ee ie wv) bparb fn im the | inh prenence, af Salts $n Sond | +t It shouldbe. a ize ae ‘ ‘ ee the. ather_moteciala. nd, (eA analyale t d. Roel zene 2 Zone 3 Fone 4 Carper Finer 2 ones t ti Sfze reduce of) fo is f a ee ke |_ cater portilep fs hold tn bluo Sond _fartile due. fo_whith the Bist 5 aay Thin 1 ny at & exfginel valu f¢_attaIned - E | Function a aa $n Mortar dat raph ofauld not be _roore thon the <7 anuete block). sion ws ens. ee : he: ion the_moxtar- | T+ Should have —_Sutftelent _rrabili Sees Bs Gt Should pot affect the. bailing components ge t inding erates) Cement: i Igme Mortar ¢ Lime) _ ae mortar _C Cement + Lime + Sand) ewo Suskbt marta ants ai = Senki) __@_||_ Gh the basis eet ge hf bi okt Pie 1s Kall cif ai eS mortay_(_>16 lal] fea =_Niemall 4 med _ Cement: unit Ws ight App: 1B —!9 kN] ma Light t px f ro fgheeaiet Oi ae OE a d_pauciles badcht | Ot te baal Strenath fy mys (25; 2212) | [etadeof Mortar [P| 7H pa Ph, es Ta {| — Bors [6-1-5 | 3-6 | 2-3 . Special az ie eae sae fie Aatds a0 a we at Hee ey Tests As per 28: 2250 ee ee oe mnortoy _ Cebital + Sppealinen gS brepoted and otter ‘ent hynny Tan thee Cubes Gre Kubye ganda Loch pres ive_ dag Meg AG ada Se i Sls grea 9 onctarsy st “a dobre “he canaistaney martar 1s filled 4 _—___|_hattoe_Conftal__tartainer_and_then a“ conftal plunges. £2 4 a pe eS ey —Te_depl_ op penetration _teditates the conalatenty oy the mortar.classmate = 5 cae Sa Os 2686 9386 part [helps aking catcection % aq Sgt [ | iE a ay . tl TZ. ve :__ classmate. | Sieve —_—_Hlepht Rtoinel tb fetoince Carulatve wi hts { 80mm = ° ° | 40mm Log ly I | domm Som St. 6 | lomm Sogn si | Lesa Siege oy. uy) 2:36.00) Sugg ayy 6s 4 | 1180 Isb9m Is7 Bo 3 | 6ootr oe tor. 40 || Soo sr oy sr LAY sou 24 si. 10> Ze Em. Sum of Cumulative te Rebaned Io = 489 = 489 ditate , Size op -aggngate hes blu 118 to 2-36mm- loo As we Can See here _finene an modulus CFM) fe. 4-89 ae tbe at ween Fine Sand 2-2-6| 1 I ! i: i o Plakiness Onder! “4 i the fn nf pea in.any pie avmple i ih are Ee y | tes than t >||__ the. aggregates than 0-6X mean | dt Hy k a g s =| te perform 1 z. Hoff a dy used through ith doe trough © ¢ d Lory 2spor a 4 0 Oy Dititd sll fo ita aE ZF. | we Yy exprended %n *%/o Go atiad saad Se ‘tiebtness Dndlew + | => | Thts teat fa not appliceble for _oppragate aviug Herr mee Aize 6-3mm- >| flakiness %ndex _phould not be areater then 26%. for | Sucfo sume ep favernent - J | hi DM [Sh pied [go duomm

“Seok for _lo=le hts orl => if fern = Dist loon ze 1a.el “my Nats)» 3#18 oe fos Mylo) vohide pew. dhe es |__erve on fallaure | for very hard Spface = lomm sige 099. for _H surface = 13mm ST SRP Aa cace lence eS — (c__intens o vehicle Maes hard = 6mm, Hasd = 6mm 3° norma) = lornm,clascmate. || dete Ze | fd Onset) LT l n Juri 0: he otter ile € d tative raters - | Phe” yortertion 9n the cttength due te water should not be moxe than _]o*}e- >| the in | i ne _calso whould not be more tn 30 myn. = pee] %. x wll | te pH gy woler dhnuld et be beet thon 6 - = Pecmissible limits pes 28 456 H Orgaviics matter. 200 ppm nic _ rater Soro ppm Sulphate 4o0 ppm chlovides Sd ppm _ fos Rec 4 Qana_ppm for Po fe Susp edied rnatior | 2000 per)SS eS oe Sr ee ae 2 pe 3 | Nignttoelght conexete 16 kN] | SS ih 85 kn) mek, | oh ig gi v 2s ys6) 2oS oo Nes = = qrade_ concrete 5 > Meo = High stucnoth grade concrete goood Find out proportion A popes aah tativerh the ale at fae —8.|_iferent_metteds_94 _propactiaieg aut | Si tstron a FP2 CAF cleulated mux_, th 1 4 CA pips target = =6 | L a7 + (ov-x) x3 = 6 | i Joo (00 ux = 300 ®| Mintaum vyotds method 2 | Sh tits meted fiat gp all the 0. red es xe. determined and 94 filled by £4 then voids ox Jo f=. So Reaitpe err te A |e _vor w | filled ement- +p Now a the a are aloo filled by. L eet ei - mney _-th7e jan L ined @| Mai 4 ___|_ & this methed a container __diftevent it OA, PA fo rae Co er I deny dbtained _% ol al capi 9 ae ©) iter Ginekol) nati rnethads | Suftable we ratio should be Selected as per regufrement \ from _-the _coade! __provissons » = High w)e ratio decreas the _shrenghh ies similar, | “aH lw wle. ratin leads to borsh “nity uahtch abso re. £ Lh Atrenglh and Ut 4 ditlteult to_plach means cuttable. if ide- Kp | 28 Gde muhed for Praportioning 4 Conrete (28110262), (gs :4s6) 2 SP28 e | steps to be folluned for_offe desipn_!tale ratio” %4 decided « |G clecrded Ike, water ft in the, nang ¢ of 40 00 SMe fox m3 g i A LD | on. te raiia a fa SoA 4e Been: Seely — 4 40 kept 9a the. Cunge a [tug +p lions . Cement Content (Mc) = date Cortent (&) Wc rato M + Meo + Mea + Mio = V m® (ds)o Caden fsdew foo Sortte + fo Mea + fo Mon + Mofo = Vx ho Pde Eden (fsa: fu) Me Mon + Ment Meo = V m8 x jow.ke | Oe Gea Gea m3L fi! = Me + Men + Men + Mw = VxIVOd / CT ee (air free volume) Step@)_Colewlation oy xatio Rid | ! Met Mpa) Mea ie | pi Meo + Mea Me Me ce Cements tem bigs BIS = Sard (100 ¥g)on3 2:6 | Goaepe e. Lean kglen 3 25 a: Asnume rato by mss 1120234 @ Wle=0'S | = Assume mass ay cement 7 a. 10). “SE 0-S, et ‘a Mug 2 OHS a ky Qiven ratio 1: 2') + 3'9 | | fa NnsP = 21 Mea = f-)2 +— Me L a Ma =39 3 Naa 39x a Me also we know that Me +Mea + Mea + Mw = Vx/evv (m8) le | Ge oe GA te File +3-9C 4 05x = SXITVO als o6 as ! | L= 1564-8 ea yee | Mea = 3296-5 kg Mea = G)22-2 ee 2 Meo 184-44 Sy _yolume. 2) i v, 194m3 yVen = 83 Vogt = /osms 95 Vio 29-1 BYq m 3| Golculate the \ Pad OAL fi ea | a Gnerete whith “i heving volume _0.1§ 3. 3¢ | grb eeai. he vat fe ge eg 9.0. wie cous. a Of content = 8! | fo volume 4 air = 3 x07S = 0'0225 Joo Volume uftthouk air V= 6:15 — 010225 = 07276 onume Me = % ; baat Mw = OYse Mea = b92 Meg = 2°60 ce wrath: tts-9 26 we know that. i Me + Mea + Ment Mp = [evox V Ce Cen Grea Gu = = ca 19x + 26% +0 use = oud x 0-275 Bos of 6 ao — 2 X= $06-.62%9 ot Me = 266-62 ky Mis 01. SX. Yoo oa = 128-98 ky gv } Meg = 19x86 62 = Suyy-s7 hy gd Mca = 2: 6X 266'62 pit Tys: 2 ke Gg;___Stepll he canine fap “concrete per batch _4s_bnowo ad — i + 0 atin 1s _glveo_by mass then _aweyght atchi: done which “@s _ more __Qcuurate -___ = Tf ants 4 ah y —_ualume then yolurne batching dy done whith “4s not used for Large. Seale OA Tmpaetont dorks _betquare 4 dus Octaracy i 8 ¥exfne 2 Io_make. Beatie oe pee |_placed “$n _anfxtures and eniving 4 don v_ atleast amis |__| 4n_ machine mivtie _C 20 xevoluctions) ~ i time $I Zt Ymfo- over} “st mix__hetome — harsh ve tcorkabi lity bs |_weduce. Be - | Monual Mixing (fi) Machine icing Ly ty end _? Ep Ay michael 2g | : (2) batch type minhyre Qo) Conhinwgus mi steo(3)_ Tr tation: WB, i . { the tronspartation, a per uitebrl! _ ducteg F beg S | l be used. ut ue a G) fan Gi) Wheel barrow il) Pure crane dv) Mobi jee. crane! gaa v i. ityre (vii) alyrapey + win Concrete ~ pump ete. enrure tha e. 1 Cleaning . i. | fAPng ete . a Doe “anerche euld reach at every torner ey Foxmunth tly Bo s ae Be) Hes! Meth eg TS any tape ener a kept aim -e Quick Betting Cement: to Co Z = calf Compaching Conerce Y Slump (1Sb- 200mm) make 4 more e 9 allied ad ompa sn paction _meeark by xeadustment of particles Fresence 6, Void th fonerete stant Pica ufbraters sion _yibvatoy (4hi'ckness $6 more) + gerd, + 3 “7 Systace vibrator [plate vibrator (thinner rection jike Shs” i 1 = Shutter vibrator [form yfbvater f e | ___=» ible Pbrator _(aberntory purposes) | —________ —_ sp) Btshtng 2 xe & make tt Saitable for fuhyce Yoork ard for panpes. * 4 bet| aHleoak 0-12 doy obtain In by ba @ sad a LLL 14s ability oP concrete tp perform internal _sorkdone ~ it tu aloo defined a: the _ property, vf wdhith tontxce tan be placed , —tompact_» mixed and seme [ae ig hablity theo —xepuisement |__| 9p _ecteamal —_soarkdone ed) be. _onnfenyen »_________tolth water anteat Fed beeping wo taho MT Admixtyne! € The _maintype of odmixture fs water reach ord nf ture) = mi i inh pr helps {a ding the __cwoorkabilily for ame _ wates t a ee eee Same _yaorkebihty _ ‘ + A & I o nr me ih as nicl El th W]e raho | also yedues and __& enpnoved herve _4n_tois manner water reducer helps 40 Ting the. recat dtredty Mix Prnpastion <7 cratic): z Frustyn| + Tamping rod » Stale ete, je 2.0} Pu Slump Sheared Collapse, sete 9. 4 dayor: GCS Slump tusith @& times compach' 0 4 each hayes. L \ zero Slump - * Low workability = 25-S0mm Medium = So-}oormm : High = lop-isumm 4 Marits 2 + 4 ; = a Ak an Ih field : > ty : dium 2 high workabtl' . Benen, z 2 4% not suitabe for vere Mio and ve g Keabiii =P IF megoures mate diy oc _Consitten Tra Na eas op Oak pier Va consis Z | pevportional_ to waorkai ly hence as p the Shymp | yorkability alao Sneveases « oe Factor Vest 2 Sa Conca) hoppers stand _» Cylindrical Container ete | Procedures OTe wel controle, he ee > A ‘\ C8eiP compacted )CP Cmax) = 5 ae Uheortical) | Calieeh A torkalner —> i y Cor. epre 4 —Coropachion = Bensity of facta) Bensthy gp fuliy —tompatted tees = WAT Sa Wa} v ce | 06 foes [oa [oa [ow | Slurp &Se7_| Som [sme | oom 15M | orkd ih lad ray Page 1 | yesembles filled ~ Conditions . | Remesits. eet ie y 2 Field. It % aot useful for concrete bavleg nigh o he: Vetey high vaoclsabil iby. 2 == Plows table test 2 ( Useful Oppstus: Flows “tab ane | Procedure » Filled in Five Jayers | = J (Risetd pias ene H oo O-ISD/. | _Flow(‘Ie) = Aagedia. & spread -25 [+ alo rcaasre the dons/'steney only and _{} 44 aanumed thal tons _propartinal _f>_wsorkadiliiy., —__] Vee- bee Consfstometer test 2 Procedure + Spondias Vitamin table» Cone £ Cylinder reer Vee bee degree= tinein ace t | ‘i SOT Calindeical Containera Ps) eee: ruled tn : | eyliadniea) cootainer and tha talaole. assembly ig _- 4} otacheot colt _ufbeating _ a ieee eS gs of aes Marted upto te _tand" usher __correde gain the. | die ter eae, iz | Vee - bee ia 1 en Tomah Uaablily eBar + | The _tHme 1a measyrerd from the _Instame — when vibration — | , + DMM. Note: — Kelly bal) test ee 1-4 fidd method +e measure the ee z | ecasiancalfn 1 S Feb Hab t From high tp low voorkabi) Flowstest > Sump > Compachion fackw y Vee -bee fr vosbls Snafde the ae apt Strungtn vedluues -classmate. Dete Lat | Measurement i (is: sie) is Compressive & t Appantuc: Cokica) rowlda CGenesalty | em, loan apo be useal when age t: arm) - Gy vadeccal cil (Swern 4 5300" be) UT [CT - te al | Procedure: 15m cube | tocem Cebe Ailled Io Btoyers (each olsen) |» filled ia 2 bayer No. 4 blows by Parnping qool + Nov @ blows ustng eg fn_tach ayes == $8 dim + vod fn earch tauper” x &S Hotes a After sae the poet tog are kept 2 ror temp. Pie us Bree : | Result Compressive =. May" load ot failyre | 3 ga loge. Cube Cs grea \ ; 1 sap ese Str. Te | (on_be_deteriming e vordation nthe Y Individual cube ghoulol not he more than 184 from’ the mean. Me stu r ld be ley than 4s Chora teu ste” strengths ae th hou been destya differ frm ctrerath of cylindrital specimen (_Strergty a4 lin recimen = 0.6 time Strength gf Cubjtal Speu'men ) - - math ¢ce bern, _bolurnn - hi fe ly IC i , - -aotn ease “4 0 y #tfon he cash = |—and teal ateura $n garne position : @ | Prsile_stenain test flexuval tensile strenabh (5 Dpprekus: Moulds f _}e*amxisernx Joun— Grenerally r loc x locenx SDONM — Can be ustol vohen aay: SIt LL Bi boint loading qvrangements- % Po 0 ti Procedure + x pee =e | Ee 1 L firm : iad ts sm z=, feos Hae tle. ee eer Raia Ag => :classmate rasddle 374 Zone 4! = a } tH —o [ky Ame | ~ : | AD |qom— 20cm firem nesrest 64 = PLi¢ J Support 1 1 A> |lem-I5SBm * zx 6: bd [A 3fa Max” tensile stress Br, { [- =m = pre =!pr | | Fnthte cme Plenyral tensile Shenghy 1 | [edé i @ + Ln S ‘ Cose® QXITom OT AK Nem | azai'stane of tS crack fron | az Ys i Klepeat the test - nenrest Support ©_ split tencile Strength test CGraatlion test) u™ | Appratus: Cylindrical Mould ova. 15m 2 feng = soem), TM) «| Proceduses 4 1 Aud 4 JPR re | [ J (eesti | & it * it + ae , ° | fn T xpend) Pre ctr : ; cae i | the ey /indes alg the dfametes . i i i lA sfle 4 Cpe OP aGeap | Flexural tensile strengtn Solit tensile Preaght fret tensile oa13) |Qdua huedyre Tn sity. gr ee aay octal alice ee i Sadi tot. cobey cobepitien dort any: + p L table. a, Rebound harnmer tert 2 test ih | Rebrinad Harmer Bsts ¢58 1831/) 2 D =p melted inp Ts denen eG cancrbe, Bema gree ss Te ith the help of Glikseation chart | th, concrete.Pigs ¢ Shmidt Rebound haromes nigger ft ap As we know Eloatiss Siena | sie are Pon Ultvasonfc Pu a 2 pinup! thy valocity ep placa ag ny Medlin the medium 2 ase) fn panics th: method jn wohich bod na concrete £ Hass Home ap travel bio _tromimeky OQ Reolever Bs (pIno tig Hee and distanwe bl these fe , the T at 5: be. determined» __ il ead L$ 8 : [Gmef tne ey travel 4 pulse velouty = 8 (km)dee) | [ [Rk] € 4 n ds ty 2 in te body gy conertte + 3-3'S x3 Moderate | lubtful (rn) iste ft. sus pea at 400d | ceeoD J ; ~__Use_Smaller_sfze ate . ee nity tin =P. eo alle porollan ic. coateslal dae i out wales fromthe c pozellonas) - wg ib, also be reakned ba casing watery realucers dke —alr= ectratn tee ageats . (Defects i hardence) Concrete) Sulphate attack Gt le (6) | Alkal? -Sflfca reachon oy Alkali oggregate eq ion ——@1| Creag Cline xan the —surfeiee) ——____________ +| Latginee + Jayes of cumunt_on purface due | effet blecaling »_ - ns : be Ty of Aa Of ale Sie te a an be “made - + || These frbwes my 4 ste. feel « le. i Si the frbreg | Pee poll have better shueag ih 9 Pleyural a4 ured 2d 4 L n__tension, + | Brees amount: re ofl! make the stencrete bean | | __woorkable - sey i 2 Ege AF aS ee time of mix Ge later, a ole 2| ation the uolale oa concrete thy By | ene ae asc“. | and non ~ chrutural urork» It iy five ceslstont » heat jnaulatoy cond) aulog {| oe { ubbteient chragte. but ft ta costly Manes, ‘ (Ol Veet ere gm O. nove from the body af “concrete touserds the aurtue | ep dinar. Bt : Tifs_methad fy applicable for thinner section [ike Slab - | Shoterete » foo eee tealonique. af of oe tube on any eabaye we TS wlth tne help of pre. pete ily ign aetin ce P| Gtyniting —» Surface treatment Http type of Surface treatment hich 1a _clon isteaiee help oF pruraure _gun ub material used ak 44 _rooctar- | yelopean Concrete ¢ ___ sc ie a ae Y x I i te Mrentraineg are cornpoinda which gre addeal fn | rette fe Fobmdure million af air bubbles - Thee ofr 1 ke . 5 ‘b : bearleg I a Hor katt of _conewete foeclassmate (5 bate (ye Base ae — ) Froat Resistance ae ) Concrete me__bight. he t x Commonly used airenhainen. ¢ Natural csaod resin. 2 fatty ofl ae 2 Aluminium foweder * Lydro gen peroxide ete rs a Mineral admivtures are mainl pozzolonic tn nature hence + Ay a dings + Silica fumes eh Rice husk ash + Metakaoltne * 0" er 5 4 “| of, . ‘ mo Oe _thenit | | 9a called ad shot weather Conereting. 4 | Problems : v | so) Very quick Seting « 2.\ pigh Heat of hydration ale 3 More chances of — Shrinkage - s 4. Chances of ls taf cold faint: | IN is Nt Pot: ni . ; i Remedies ¢ d J L cl using Keka a af : | Low heat cement used:clascmate + Gastieeiata Naga «|| = ehh ae Merete: fucfaves FE 2) | Il 4, lepp» then 5% )™ + Problems Setting sal be delay | ate af ena reduces - i | Pree: 9g oll) accu = = Remedies : ee fopid hardeniog coment - 2 Es aie i pe of Sea arclassmate. | Vey kes a tae suftable )Sap wsoad ( llbrenum) * Soft = Yebt tacolour « + Ge helpc fo grout fith (Medulla > olde park a a. Conversion of Grober af rahe 2 felling of Tree. 3 1 9: Preservation 4 Pmber fai re ey ® a =n cl te git abttallinleg the apa-ap-eetriy (fx —- Fic shal beast _ch- cmc te aster — | deotdusus freeads of maturity = Sp tp Jao gears is) section chould be obtained - Cutting ab tb _level ee et atte iy att alt | hove, Jess _moltyre _vontent: e Hme ——Lhilly_axeas summer _seaaon 1s subtable - sores Sep eed ht — Se eet at = al ostomy have moisture con loo fe Hts dy weight “cell eben Gu oce Maa Sosyclassmate, (7S vite ( (i) me a =P. ‘The process of removal 64 molature fromthe focdy oy L ee 4, aed ad__dcaponing . ; [tp [24 rt The moisture present 10 Heber can be tn the Foren gf wmtes ao or 9n the form of Sap - = Removal, ¢ Sap i aliPicult » as Mofsture, ey h iter CA eas 1 Cold woa)|a - ‘| = The_cemoval From cell cavities 4 carter: > The _candlition uahen the _mofature Ener cavit 96. completely |__removed and molature nh ft 9s called an fibre Stuation polrcit “The Hmber wll be. (a OMane a_manner teak oor | air iy _paaned through it. —} This method 9. Jenple and eéonom; ae Aut the time | wire ditian of A high. @ | Orttffeial Seasoning £ ‘| Que +o is ai natural aeaaaning arhAua) gy Bulli zclassmate ) vole ite: facie en yeas { heoct rine removal | it S4 quickest method es Pt LY cneconemfcal: | Tralee sna wl kfla Seaaoning ¢ a tleaed chamber then molt air i supplied ch | the timber Sections _h, teoip 35 te 36%c- ‘ => Bue & thf: uniform heating of tHmbew ection tekes ae ree ag oe but dome ceduitton sheradh ae oi ~ ats =) Lae = alr dry + Vvclassmate Lrioane | #lat Sawing | slab Saaing t Sterple_Squoing Minimum Suashe (C@yy 7 aaa es NOS { Bisdvats $e Jenher_seetton ea be _subjertca) ___@ | Goaial saws if Soul madulory rs catttog die” . Strongest. & decrative, - Better L) ois: trans vope a Frogr + DPM eult jo Swing lavae wastage IL + Unecnomical Bi chances _of deformation fa transuerse direction=p he mdpr _offeck uohich _dlettry it ‘en u L 2 [=e oy pecceraton the le of _Hmbev cm be Pneveaned - ; ae = Prenervetion 1s done — ghey ile pregeruatives « should. not_be intlamable J tt their -oul ) + : Si It should penebate _d pl in the. tmbertemmtp 25mm) net gPhed the i 1b im As-Cy Treatment: Chemical Consist of + As,0s + 24,0 2. AySoy - St0 3. kierey |Ne ot OF These compounds in the form of fewer + er iy mikxeol_ewith water © make a /? fC part pourter to_100 pat. 4 sashes a fa| __ahssmute zi ae & Solfgnum, faint rf ade_over A\s~cu __#|__It ain be convert 41 ( t piamnents - Td =r Preservation again + water penetration ae j fant i Vehide % oil) @ coal Ter ( Tirzing) ig. + Bod Smeil e | * tn decorative effect « | bial Preservation against fine. @_Sir_ Peel's pe Lf ime + Sodium Siicate| Sa [ Drnbex “oe 4n_multiple coating 1 ie : 7. i i i <) gS Dich de Borie_avid oS 2 Borax | 2 Ammonium phaspha chloride fnte In Umber? Sources of defects Natural Sources ¢ inceenlel thee rlstanie 9 tieaber—opalnth the athlon wy ——— Blac Sa chemfcals « ; +—# Seasoning of Umber Conver ion |__Attack_of tung!classmat aE aR i Z We Ke | = Sinlae to wolad sheke bec @|_heart shake © Rodial shake ee | = AA 4 e: | Mk») ne e | Cay X Se b if lam gain premnizeg nakyra) surface CiddanedePeets) as| decomposed and _¢k quumed —eray —colbur 1k euxs_onsialy {at the plat tohere —altetnate—_inellig 2 dy ing takes plate —| {Bi teed ak: at_find faite il «hae es ee ee eT. aE | = a Classification of Timber 2 Class ie of Elastiv'ty (KPa) Be | Class A ‘ = 1215 ka class@ 96 — [2S kh L Class. 6 S6- 9:8 Hy © | Ven the bos, of lurabili ly: ai diy © Ute Span ( months) Be : a High ‘dunn => [20 menths Aides bling | Go [Garey T | low £60 @| dn the baste gf ease gf ke@soning ! TS N41 : a, Hight Refractory DR dite tee Sep acniin | eq: dlecid ousModerate ai Low Refractor => basy seasoning =f id o. inn} f, = These bloke Ore made. machi acuidey der pe 4 ®, 4 ei [ Barthen bricks 2 EE \ = Sb-Go' | Siica Alumina — _20-or- di Feo, FS 5-67 | Lime = ust Magnesia- <1 fp make erp: couiropoind: wh el wes aE | cee ote the back brittle -clascrate Ox x (ye Alumina: H fs responsible a plasticity _% plete teu, At the i Etieaa Haine yale Fe,Q: It ible f redelinh bmn) + 4 tle ( Fes.) +% Organic. matter | vegitative matter + =>Lomasity Hlkolies — Saltclassmate es a Don pyrite: Ak the tim 4 byening §¢ _oxid?zes and causca | yaa an Tey should not pracot to _trickearte , Gf they ox rol cola ie nt te Tee at a time heat “ip ngailing ( = : Gemoval a top Jay er. cil. : at hin sig a) / aa Cleaning — C Remaval__ a4 stone , penble org nie rotor Yea etation + plashice_ete [ | fs [lea thn xin Cexpane the he fe the weather 2 h argqnié matter J | blending ming 9 required tngradients ______ Qs ov) _| Lp to make the plas. for mouldingclassmate, Pensa) | | ey al Moulding : z ans ira) al ; + eoulding- [LB _clore tale the helps ef —cnaule!_ (Steel or 2 | wonder mouloa) - + i 10 oy. to | Maniial Mpulcing a ees [_Crerd evicting [_ Crachiney gv i t rar Ground Preulg Pbk eutg Plast ely seul epi e better quality Bring + ‘ I fag 4 0 fn a chery eCegr < ly natural s tent fy la? i i temp. a Pc fe tat baate._/ngrach arts an_fiuscd togethee ord ard water “reslatant brfek con be4 Bartle —can_be aoe tay feng —meliede lamp til Unnge Sale, better rah rrranent. | : LY perwnt) | eee = iti I oie ¥ L | Pel ek caveat gall teh | Teral tl bumigg wil ¢ f i Hott man'skiln | | _-hy upmaveonentey _gabta tail — prea) oe 1 betters ray) 7d L Kon, Rone one i = 4 + =He| _Classifitotion of Bricks ¢— | gs je 1077 § Con the basis of S ) class Strength (MPa) ches 3s 35a el t | class |2- 12'SMPq | oS a5 BS Mea foundation wacbolrii < 12°15 (a)|_T-class bck: _* ae lors Mfg — [2SMPy _ 2 teed rams ok ee lH phould be fala burnt tt weal fr sypertor wor ©)] Second clanp nek: Strength: 7S —_ oS MPa + ¢| H may be aund moulded oL hbuld be” kiln bent : sll hotr dike cracks ey be_a0_ the surkece , edged may not be very ghorp. pa the ok wo » tering should be. clone» —___________ : + — © Third clan nick: + Shergtht 36 - 1:5 Pa | Ground meulded : I Clamp brunt - low Yalofatl_ “area «| Less herdnenn » awgh A fate ay used fos fernparasy cong truchiy Ig oH @ | fourth clap brik: <2:5fa +| Cyetbwnt , dork in colour ‘iL heving® mere perdneap - she aspect oe as a ate = | qs 345 a | re fe td weg une O._ Bild bia” ‘sting : i 5 pa een tes oxi ke uson neon e Size + Lem x 90 K Few + Bick with mrt! dean x tounx foe jo Tre both have dh, ireopent- j tefl Shep ede ies aaStucke tests j surface porthout any crack « g ; nick 4 howl in he 398, aod nit 19 “ps 4 brick Ce _ghould be 1800 ere. tion tests |_klatey absorp = fr _baitk having hye pte JS utey aubpor pti 4 4 follow oT G class $+ 20+} ils D cass fH 22% ir M chas f 96. => __fos brick having _streratin mote than _|o'6 the water | abovrphibo __shauld mt be. ante thon 15+ He. 0 Sth - for ce eather backs 10%). 1 @_ bphlors ¢ 4 © = ite, on the surface * |__ berth “atten “Seale canter for 24 bn} « Hardnenn test: } wot i rfa Inc heuld be no err Sipn_at ashe ©. Causing Staenpih tests | Ba 1 i TY wo : In | enter ym hrengtn 29.5 Mf ® | ughness tests frie 1s_dgped fren a._hoiitt_oy tm _on hasd_aushawe 4 ‘ la A ea{I a = ) ETG) nauitites (ere ee ay acted toyelbed then {| hole | Some Speolal bricks O oe eae Teese toritks xe rode wing fre || clay a rq _motesial - Chigh alien ay) tad brik ebtoined vill have hjgh_ temp. ator 2 ley | con be 1 iA UE aH ovens ete. @| ths: Th K xe atkned oe onde righ preuure LE Gese bricks poill be Light tn vociohh duet swith Sobticient | | Shrerpte better them! Yeaistent and fre resistant: => Causes » Nore alkal’ content + Que to salt aontent. I/ke GS + + Hosa + Natl ete fe : va applicehis 4 talofatl yates C expoatd eoatl) + 2 wates Sarg ase + ete, ry The CRS ae ceateri2)_zhould be Free fea. alkoles £ Salts - +—— VPC. a repellont hubptynees ete sec the “keep _waetehe: os) aoe fand ng f¢ ne - | ©, Lo Sond bleating aba dive. matessal Whe sand. hy sand _fa_apelted __, wofth cely high pt _to remove 4 rheve_Gonterniok a ] ee > Is fs. [ES c a > Fe | @. sel pee eee ©) Hammer _dreaped- ——_— @| fhaled_férished Cenisel) ites oie ©| furrow finitherd im