Case Study :

8085
Microprocessor

Team Members:
SYITB211 Atharva Nanavate
SYITB212 Nishant Narsale
SYITB215 Dhiren Ojha
SYITB216 Shaunak Ondare
 Introduction
8085 Microprocessor is a programmable electronics chip (Integrated
Circuit (IC)). A single IC has computing and decision-making
capabilities similar to the central processing unit of a computer.
8085 is pronounced as "eighty-eighty-five" microprocessor. It is an 8-
bit microprocessor designed by Intel in 1977 using NMOS technology.

It has the following configuration −

• 8-bit data bus

• 16-bit address bus, which can address up to 64KB
• A 16-bit program counter
• A 16-bit stack pointer
• Six 8-bit registers arranged in pairs: BC, DE, HL
• Requires +5V supply to operate at 3.2 MHZ single phase clock

It is used in almost all types of electronics devices like mobile phones,

printers, washing machines, etc., and also used in advanced
applications like radars, satellites, and flights.

Figure: The 8085 Microprocessor

 What is 8085 Microprocessor?
• It has an 8-bit data bus and a 16-bit address bus. Thus, it is
capable of addressing 64 KB of memory.

• It has an 8-bit ALU, 8-bit ALU that can perform 8-bit

operations.

• Lower order address bus is multiplexed with data bus to

minimize the chip size.

• The 8085 microprocessor is an 8-bit processor available as a

40-pin IC package and uses +5 V for power. It can run at a
maximum frequency of 3 MHz.

• The 8085 has extensions to support new interrupts, with three

maskable interrupts (RST 7.5, RST 6.5 and RST 5.5), one non-
maskable interrupt (TRAP), and one externally serviced
interrupt (INTR).

• Three control signals are available on the chip:

i. RD: it is an active low signal. Which indicates that the

selected IO or Memory device is to be read and data is
available on the data bus.

ii. WR: it is an active low signal which indicates that the

data on the data bus is to be written into a selected
memory or IO location.

iii. ALE: it is a +ve going pulse generated every time the

8085 begins an operation (machine cycle), which
indicates that the bits on AD7-AD0 are address bits.
 Features
The features of the 8085 microprocessor are as below:

• This microprocessor is an 8-bit device that receives, operates,

or outputs 8-bit information in a simultaneous approach.

• The processor consists of 16-bit and 8-bit address and data

lines and so the capacity of the device is 216 which is 64KB of
memory.

• This is constructed of a single NMOS chip device and has 6200

transistors.

• A total of 246 operational codes and 80 instructions are

present.

• As the 8085 microprocessor has 8-bit input/output address

lines, it has the ability to address 28 = 256 input and output
ports.

• This microprocessor is available in a DIP package of 40 pins.

• In order to transfer huge information from I/O to memory and

from memory to I/O, the processor shares its bus with the
DMA controller.

• It has an approach where it can enhance the interrupt

handling mechanism.

• An 8085 processor can even be operated as a three-chip

microcomputer using the support of IC 8355 and IC 8155
circuits.

• It has an internal clock generator.

 8085 Architecture
The architecture of 8085 consists of three main sections, ALU
(Arithmetic and Logical Unit), timing and control unit and Registers.

1. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): The ALU performs the actual
numerical and logical operations.

• The ALU performs the following arithmetic and logical

operations.

• Addition, Subtraction
• Logical AND, Logical OR, Logical Ex - OR
 • Complement (logical NOT)
• Increment, Decrement
• Left shift, Right shift
• Clear, etc.

• ALU includes the accumulator, the temporary register, the

arithmetic and logic circuits and flags. It always stores the
result of operations in the Accumulator.

2. Timing & Control Unit: It generates timing and control signals,

which are necessary for the execution of instructions.

• It controls data flow between CPU and peripherals (including

memory).

• It provides status, control and timing signals, which are required

for the operation of memory and I/O devices.

• 8085 System Bus: Microprocessor communicates with memory

and other devices (input and output) using three buses: Address
Bus, Data Bus and Control Bus.

• Address Bus: The Address bus consists of 16 wires. The size of

the address bus determines the size of memory, which can be
used. To communicate with memory the microprocessor sends
an address on the address bus to the memory. Address bus is
unidirectional, i.e., numbers only sent from the microprocessor
to memory.
• Data Bus: Bus is bidirectional. Size of the data bus determines
what arithmetic can be done. Data bus also carries instructions
from memory to the microprocessor.

• Memory size = 2A x D where, A denotes the address lines, and D

denotes the data lines.
 • Control Bus: There are various lines which have specific
functions for coordinating and controlling microprocessor
operations. The control bus carries control signals partly
unidirectional, partly bidirectional. Control signals are things
like reading or writing.

3. Registers: 8085 has six general-purpose registers to store 8-bit

data, these are identified as B, C, D, E, H and L. They can be
combined as register pairs BC, DE and HL to perform some 16-bit
operations.

• Accumulator: The accumulator is an 8-bit register included as a

part of Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU). This register is used to store
8-bit data and to perform arithmetic and logical operations. The
result of an operation is stored in the accumulator.

• Flag Register: The ALU includes five flip-flops. They are called
Zero (Z), Carry (CY), Sign (S), Parity (P) and Auxiliary Carry (AC)
flags. The microprocessor uses these flags to test data
conditions. The conditions (set or reset) of the flags are tested
through the software instructions. The combination of the flag
register and the accumulator is called Program Status Word
(PSW) and PSW is the 16-bit unit for stack operation.
• Program Counter (PC): This 16-bit register deals with
sequencing the execution of instruction. The microprocessor
uses this register to sequence the execution of the instructions.
The function of the program counter is to point to the memory
address from which the next byte is to be fetched.
• Stack Pointer (SP): The stack pointer is also a 16-bit register
used as a memory pointer. It points to a memory location in
read-write memory, called the stack.

• Instruction Register/Decoder: Temporary store for the current

instructions of a program. Latest instruction sent here from
 memory prior to execution. Decoder then takes instruction and
decodes or interprets the instruction. Decoded instruction then
passed to next stage.

• Memory Address Register: Holds address, received from PC of

next program instruction.
• Control Generator: It generates signals within microprocessor
to carry out the instructions which have been decoded.

• Register Selector: This block controls the use of the register

stack.

• General Purpose Registers: Microprocessor requires extra

registers for versatility. It can be used to store additional data
during a program.

 Pin Diagram
 Block Diagram
 Advantages
• The processor consists of 16-bit and 8-bit address and data lines
and so the capacity of the device is 216 which is 64KB of memory.

• This microprocessor is an 8-bit device that receives, operates, or

outputs 8-bit information in a simultaneous approach.

• This is constructed of a single NMOS chip device and has 6200

transistors.

• A total of 246 operational codes and 80 instructions are present.

• As the 8085 microprocessor has 8-bit input/output address lines,

it has the ability to address 2^8 = 256 input and output ports.

• This microprocessor is available in a DIP package of 40 pins.

• It has an internal clock generator.

• In order to transfer huge information from I/O to memory and from

memory to I/O, the processor shares its bus with the DMA
controller.

• It has an approach where it can enhance the interrupt handling

mechanism.

• An 8085 processor can even be operated as a three-chip

microcomputer using the support of IC 8355 and IC 8155 circuits.
 Disadvantages
Some limitations of the 8085 microprocessor are as below:

• In the 8085 Microprocessor, Processor can perform any arithmetic

and logical operation only on 8-bit data at a time.
• In an 8085 microprocessor, there are only 16-bit address lines,
therefore we can address only up to 64KB of memory.
• The 8085 Microprocessor has multiplexed address and data bus,
so extra hardware is required to separate address and the data
signals.

• The Flag register has limited flags.

• There are very limited Interrupts in 8085. Normally in larger

microprocessor-based systems, more interrupts are present.

• Operating frequency is less, so the speed of execution is slow.

• While reading or writing 16 bit or more bytes of data from the

memory or I/O device, the microprocessor needs more operation
cycles.

• Using 8085, we cannot design a multi-processor system.

• Due to the limited 8-bit size of all registers, we can store limited
data bytes in the microprocessor memory.

• It does not Support Memory Segmentation.

• It does not support Pipelining.

• Instruction Queue is not present in 8085.

Therefore, to overcome these limitations, microprocessors with

wider data buses and higher capacity registers were developed.
 Applications
With the development of microprocessor devices, there was a huge
transition and changeover in the lives of many people across multiple
industries and domains. Because of the device’s cost-effectiveness,
minimal weight, and usage of minimal power requirement, these
microprocessors are in huge usage these days.

Let us consider the applications of the 8085-microprocessor

architecture.

As the 8085-microprocessor architecture is included with the

instructional set which has multiple basic instructions like Jump, Add,
Sub, Move, and others. With this instructional set, instructions are
composed in a programming language that is understandable by the
operational device and performs numerous functionalities like
addition, division, multiplication, moving to carry, and many. Even
more complicated tasks can also be performed through these
microprocessors.

 Engineering Applications
The applications those use microprocessor are in traffic
management device, system servers, medical equipment,
processing systems, lifts, huge machinery, protection systems,
investigation domain and in few lock systems those have
automatic entry and exits.

 Medical Domain Applications

The foremost usage of microprocessors in the medical industry is
in the insulin pump where the microprocessor regulates this
device. It operates multiple functionalities like storage of
 calculations, processing of information that is received from
biosensors, and examining the outcomes.

 Communication Domain Applications

• In the communication domain, the telephonic industry is the

most crucial and enhancing too. Here, microprocessors come
into usage in digital telephonic systems, modems, data
cables, and in telephone exchanges, and many others.
• The application of the microprocessor in the satellite system,
TV has allowed for the possibility of teleconferencing also.
• Even in airline and railway registration systems,
microprocessors are used. LAN’s and WAN’s for establishing
communication of vertical data across the computer systems.

 Electronics Domain Applications

The brain of the computer is the technology of microprocessors.
These are implemented in the various types of systems like in
microcomputers to the range of supercomputers. In the gaming
industry, many numbers of gaming instructions are developed by
using a microprocessor.
Televisions, iPad, virtual controls even comprise these
microprocessors to perform complicated instructions and
functionalities.
Thank
You!