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What is instructional media?
Instructional media is any writing, visuals, video, audio, or other means of conveying
information to an audience for the purpose of achieving a learning objective. Objectives are the
performance of some cognitive task, such as listing facts, matching one concept to another,
creating something, discerning examples, writing a sentence, defining a concept, or anything else
you might want to teach a learner to do. Instructional media is distinct from other forms of media
such as entertainment, news, social media, or reference material because instructional media is
designed with a learner in mind, and a specific skill to be practiced. It frequently includes other
pieces of media, but should always be designed to meet a measurable learning objective.
Instructional media includes all the materials and substantial resources that an educator might
use to implement instruction and facilitate students' achievement of instructional objectives. The
development of science and technology increasingly encourage renewal efforts in the utilization
of technology results in teaching and learning process. Teachers are required to be able to use the
tools that can be provided by the school and it is not possible that the tools are in accordance
with the development and demands of the times. Teachers may at least be able to use cheap and
humble tools but are required in order to achieve the intended teaching objectives. Besides being
able to use the tools available, teachers are also required to be able to develop the available tool,
teachers are also required to be able to develop the skills to create teaching media that will be
used if the media is not yet available.
For that teachers should have sufficient knowledge about teaching media, which includes:
1. Media as a communication tool to make the learning process more effective
2. The function of the media in order to achieve the goals of education
3. The relationship between teaching methods and educational media
4. The value or benefits of educational media in teaching
5. Selection and use of educational media
6. Different types of educational media tools and techniques
Thus, it can be concluded that the media is an integral part of the learning process in order to
achieve the goals of education in general and the purpose of teaching in schools in particular.
There are some benefits of using media in the learning process, namely:
1. Learning media can clarify the presentation of messages and information so as to facilitate and
improve the process and learning outcomes.
2. Learning media can improve and direct the attention of children so that it can lead to learning
motivation, more direct interaction between students and the environment, and the possibility of
students to learn independently in accordance with the ability and interests
3. Learning media can overcome the limitations of the senses, space and time
4. Learning media can provide students with similar experiences about events in their
environment, as well as allow for direct interaction with teachers, communities, and the
environment.
Types of instructional media
The following are the types of instructional media used by teachers to be able to create a
comfortable and fun atmosphere so as to attract interest and enable students to follow the
lesson, either independently or in groups.
1. Felt board
It could be made from cotton, flannel wool or suede, cloth, by covering up a piece of plywood
with the materials mentioned above. It is usually fabric made in plain or twill weave with
carded yarns. It is also a relatively warm fabric. These are surfaces onto which illustrations,
diagrams, can be fixed simply by placing them in position. Felt boards come in different sizes,
large, medium, small.
2. Pictorial Illustrations
The chief value of a pictorial derives from its air of authenticity in the viewer’s mind. In using
them, the teacher should either use waiting time or display them in an open place to offer
indirect discussion. Illustrations generally carry more information than line drawings,
and are probably more suitable for mature learners.
3. Film
The film remains a potent medium capable of bringing into the teaching situation a wide
range of stimuli probably in the influencing of attitudes, intensification of interest
and, possibly, increase in the retention of learned material, the film may be a highly
effective instructional medium. Careful study of the film or film sequences is required. The
rearrangement of the teaching and learning environment (where the college has no separate
cinema) is a significant part of the planning processes.
4. PowerPoint
Power point can be a useful tool when it is used to display images, videos and texts that
students normally would not be able to see or when instructors use it as an outline to keep
them focused on their lectures and also give the students an idea of what to expect.
5. Textbook
There are some advantages using textbook in learning process, among others:
a. For Students
Textbooks have many advantages for students. First among them is the ease at which they
allow students to find information. Textbooks are usually written with detailed contents
pages and indexes that, if designed properly, can be used to quickly find what the student
is looking for. Textbooks also provide structure for a student's learning. Each chapter should
have a logical flow, building on the knowledge acquired in previous chapters. The material
in each chapter is also usually presented in a similar design, which means the student
knows exactly how to approach each topic as it is presented.
b. For Teachers
There are also advantages for teachers who use textbooks. For young teachers they can be
especially helpful because the material and structure of lessons is often very detailed which
means that teachers do not have to spend a lot of time coming up with novel lesson ideas.
The information for each chapter or lesson is also usually presented in a straightforward,
chronological way, and most textbooks will come with supplementary teacher material
that spells out the teaching procedures that should be used for each lesson.
Why Use Instructional Media?
We know from educational psychologists that every person learns by receiving information
through the sense organs such as the ears, eyes, nose, mouth and tongue, hands and skin. From
your own experience, you will realize that there is a relationship between the quantity of
information we remember and the sense organs being used. You also know that students learn
skills, concepts and ideas better when they try them out in practice. The old adage that 'practice
makes perfect' has a sound scientific basis.
Whenever we talk, the words we use are arbitrary symbols that represent whatever we are
saying. With visual aids, words acquire a more concrete meaning. Study Figure 6.2 which
graphically represents this point. What are your views?
c. Supplementary Materials
Another advantage of textbooks is that many now come with supplementary materials that
complement the lessons a teacher uses. These supplementary materials could be DVDs
that have video and audio clips of information relating to the topic of study, companion
websites that provide additional information or links to other related web pages or study guides
that present students with additional questions relating to the topic. These supplementary
materials allow those students who learn in different ways to find their way to the topics of
study and achieve learning success.
Instructional media have important advantages because they:
allow easy and repeated reproduction of an event or procedure;
provide visual access to a process or technique;
provide a common framework of experience to a large number of learners;
promote an Illusion of reality;
gain and hold the attention of the learner;
focus attention or highlight key points;
save time by avoiding wordy explanations;
create impact;
facilitate the understanding of abstract concepts
6. Learning Resources Center
A learning resources center is a storehouse of materials from which people can learn what
they want to learn. Resources Center can also be referred to as instructional media. The
variety of materials listed describe the range of resources that individual teachers
could adopt to complement the human voice, gesticulations, tests, examinations, assignments and
projects to enhance teacher output and induce learner performance.
7. Tape Recordings
This works on the principle of imprinting magnetic variations on tape to assist in
producing electric variations which can be amplified and converted into sound relayed
through a loudspeaker. The tape can erase, hence used repeatedly at a low cost. Tapes
can be edited by cutting spicing and played-back tape recordings have been used successfully in
teaching and learning processes but this requires careful planning. Tapes used alongside
textbooks have been found useful for revision and review.
8. Internet
The technology and methodology to use the internet as a tool for delivering learning
materials are evolving. The nature of the internet technology seems to lead to
confusion among the education and training community. Some view the internet as a
technology to deliver information. Others also consider the internet as technology and a delivery
tool that needs to be looked at after the educational methodology has been satisfied. It
is only through analysis of the educational needs that the use of any instructional
device as a delivery tool is supportable.
9. Graphics/Charts
These are probably much more available and used and could be easily made by teachers.
Things to consider in using charts include-
a) The chart should be simple, accurate and attractive.
b) Consider whether chart is needed and would do better than other resources.
c) The type of data and the number of learners to benefit from the charts should be considered.
The various charts include bar charts, organizational charts, pie charts, directional charts,
pictorial charts, and flip charts. An appropriate chart should have features such as being
simple to see, read and understand. It should not include too much text and should
contain relevant materials appropriate for the lass. When the charts are available, the teacher can
proceed to plan the over-all arrangements. Phs to focus attention on the features of an
object. Charts clamped or fixed together at the top and fixed to a chalkboard can be used
in a flip sequence to illustrate the structure of a topic. Different color contrasts should be
considered when arranging and using charts. Wall charts are large pictures with a lot of items
used for question-and-answer work, and which are used for discussing the relations of
objectives and people. Graphics involve printed paper announcement or
advertisement that is shown publicly. It can be exhibited either to promote a product, event, or
educate. It should immediately catch the attention of the specific audience.
For more details about the types of instructional media, you can see the chart below:
Mind mapping
about types of instructional media
Using Instructional Media in English Classroom
using power point
In learning process, many media that can be used as a teacher tool to deliver learning materials,
one of which is using Microsoft power point. Microsoft PowerPoint is the software created and
developed by Microsoft companies and is one of the multi-media based programs. In addition to
being used as a medium in the presentation, it can also be used in a variety of other activities
because this media provides various facilities to create, process, and input audio and visual files.
Teachers can display movies, pictures and so on. The use of this program has several advantages
as follows:
1. The presentation is interesting because there are games of color, letters and animation, both
text animation and image animation.
2. More stimulate students to know more information about the presented teaching materials.
3. Information messages are visually understandable to learners.
4. Teachers do not need to explain much of the teaching materials that are being presented.
5. Can be reproduced as needed and can be used repeatedly
6. Can be stored in optical or magnetic data form. (CD / Disk / flash disk), so it is easy to be
brought to everywhere
In this picture, the teacher will show the video by using power point. The students have to pay
attention to look and listen, because after watching the video they have to answer some questions
from their teacher about the video.
Using picture
This image shows the media used by the teacher is pictures in the learning process.The teacher
teaches the learners how to describe something in English based on the picture. When the teacher
is ready to explain the material, she tries to ask some questions related to the picture and the
student must answer it.At the end of learning process, teacher gives opportunity for learners to
describe something based on the pictures that the teacher has given for each learner.
Using textbook
This picture shows us the media teacher uses in the learning process are text book and
whiteboard.Both of them refer to visual media. All students can be cooperating in the class with
the teacher. The teacher teaches about nominal and verbal sentence. She explains about one topic
in the text book clearly. She uses whiteboard to mention some examples about the topic. The
students can see over all word in front of the class. The whiteboard wider than text book. So the
ways students see are more easy than small book. The teacher ask students try to make some
examples about nominal and verbal sentence based on what the teacher have explained in text
book and write it in front of the class. At the end teacher give feedback to their children about the
material.
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Figure 6.3 lists media that you can use to demonstrate certain phenomena.
Instructional media
In general, instructional media are seen by educators as aids rather than substitutions for the
teacher. Teachers spend a disproportionate amount of their time in routine chore in collecting
and assigning books and materials and in marking, or grading that could be partly obviated if
aids could be so constructed as to free them to concentrate on the central job of promoting
understanding, intellectual curiosity, and creative activity in the learner.
What is the purpose of instructional media?
Instructional materials provide the core information that students will experience, learn, and
apply during a course. They hold the power to either engage or demotivate students.
NATURE OF INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA
As stated above, media are used to help the learner achieve the learning objectives more
effectively and efficiently. You are familiar with common instructional media (generally called
'teaching-learning aids') such as blackboard (chalkboard), charts, models, video film, radio, etc.
Some of these media are used to create readiness in the learners for learning experiences. They
provide clarity, precision and accuracy in processing information. They create visual images
which help retention of the learnt concepts. Some of them also provide stimulation to more
senses than one (e.g. video film or instructional television). Many media have the capacity to
provide real (direct) or almost real experiences such as cardboard models of geometrical
concepts, cuboids or case studies for learning principles of management. Some media provide
opportunity to the learner to learn individually at histher own pace (e.g. computer-assisted
instructional programme) or in a small group (models, assignments, newspaper cuttings for
discussion, etc.) or in a large (e.g. 35 m.m. film or slides).
Instructional media can be used in all phases viz. development, organisation and summarising
phases of classroom instruction. They can be used with learners of any age group.
Educational Technology 3 (ET 3)
The third and the modern view of Educational Technology 3 (ET 3)as described by Davis and
Hartley (1972), incorporates both ET 1 and ET 2 through the application of a ‘system approach’
to education and training.
Definitions of Educational Technology
“Educational technology may be defined as the application of the laws as well as recent
discoveries of science and technology to the process of education” S. S. Kulkarni
“Educational technology is the application of scientific process to man’s learning conditions”
Robert A. Cox.
“Educational technology is an application of scientific knowledge about learning to practical
learning situation” – Bloomer.
Characteristics of Educational Technology
ET has contributed in developing various methods e.g. Micro teaching method, Interaction
analysis, Audio Visual Aids and Programmed learning method.
In the field of ET, Psychology, Science and technology, system, art, AV aids and machines are
used.
It is based on the application of the scientific knowledge.
It is helpful in making the teaching process objective, easy, clear, interesting and scientific.
It is a continuous dynamic technology.
It is an important medium of communication.
A desired change is possible in the behaviour of teachers and students.
Revolution and Development of Educational Technology
Erich Ashley (1967) has identified four revolutions in education. They are,
First Revolution: Revolution of shifting the task of educating the young ones from parents to
teacher and from home to schools.
Second Revolution: Revolution of adoption of the written word as a tool of education.
Third Revolution: Revolution as a result of invention of printing and availability of books and
other teaching-learning material.
Fourth Revolution: Revolution on account of development in electronic, chiefly involving radio,
television, cassette recorder and computer, and development of systems concept.
Origin of Educational Technology
Sidney Pressey of a University in Ohio, America who used a teaching machine in the field of
teaching in 1926.
1930-40 Lumsdain and Glaser- Mechanized education (Models of teaching).
1950- B.F Skinner’s Programmed Learning.
1950- Bryn more in England the term ‘Educational Technology’.
S Bloom (1956) was introduced the taxonomy of educational objectives.
In 1960 Flanders introduced the concept of interaction analysis model of teaching.
Micro-teaching technique first adopted at StanfordUniversity in USA (1961) by W.Allen et.al.
Personalized System of Instruction (PSI) was first introduced by Keller in 1965.
Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) was developed by O.K Moore in 1966.
TECHNOLOGY OF EDUCATION AND TECHNOLOGY IN EDUCATION
Introduction
The term technology in education is a service concept like technology in the service of
agriculture of farmers or science in the service of mankind. It refers to the use of equipment and
machines for educational purposes. It involves the use of a wide range of audio- visual
equipments, hardware and sophisticated electronic devices like films, projectors, radio,
television, tape recorder, teaching machines and computers etc.
Educational technology as explained earlier is a wider term than technology in education. It
includes hardware approach, software approach and systems approach.
Educational Technology is broadly classified into the following two heads:
Technology of Education.
Technology in Education.
1. Technology of Education
It is inherent in education itself. It refers to the application of behavioural sciences like
psychology of educational theories and practical teaching –learning problems, instruction and
motivation etc. It is concerned with the study of educational problems and the techniques to be
used in solving the teaching-learning problems so that best results should be achieved. Broadly
speaking, technologies of planning, financing and administration are also covered under the
concept of technology of education. Techniques of curriculum planning, transacting and
evaluating also come under technology of education. In technology of education, we use derived
from psychology of learning.
In general, following techniques are included in technology of education:
Analysis of instructional problems.
Selection of instruments for evaluation
Selection of strategies to obtain desired result from the teaching-learning process.
Teacher behaviour.
Programmed learning.
System analysis.
2.Technology in Education
Broadly speaking, technology in education implies the use of implements, tools and machines in
education in the same manner as we use these for the development of agriculture and gardening
and industry and in fact our everyday life to reap the fruit of scientific and technological
developments. Under technology in education we include electronic media projector, film, radio,
T.V, teaching machine, computer and internet etc.
Technology in education refers to the application of engineering principles and technology in the
process of education. Basically it is called hardware technology.
Silverman (1968) called this type of educational technology as ‘Relative Technology’ and
technology of education as ‘Constructive Educational Technology’.
