‫تسى هللا انرحًٍ انرحيى‬

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223
Prof. Dr. Hesham Mostafa
MEC 223, Heat And Mass Transfer,
Prerequisite: MEC151

3 Cr.hrs. = [2 Lect. + 2 Tut + 0 Lab]

Fundamentals of heat transfer by conduction; steady and unsteady, convection, forced and
natural, radiation. Mass transfer; fundamental and operations. Analysis of industrial heat
and mass transfer operations, equipment design. Temperature and heat flux measurements,
boiling and evaporation, conduction, convection, heat exchanger.

‫ انتقال حرارة وكتلة‬،222 ‫ميك‬ 151‫ميك‬:‫المتطلب السابق‬

‫أساسيات انتقال الحرارة بالتوصيل والحمل واالشعاع – أساسيات انتقال الكتلة وعملياتها – تحليل عمليات صناعية تحوى‬
‫انتقال حرارة وكتلة – تصميم أجهزة – المبادالت الحرارية‬

References:
 S.C.Arora, S.domkwar,” A Course In Heat & Mass Transfer” Dhanbat Rai &Sons ,3rd
(1983 ).
 J.P.Holman ,“Heat Transfer”, Mcgraw-Hill ,6th edition (1986)
 Frank Kreith, Rajm.Manglik,Mark.S.Bohn, “Principles of Heat Transfer”, Library of
Congress,7th ed,(2011).

Yunus A. Singl and Afshin J. Ghajar " Heat and Mass Transfer Fundamentals &
Applications " McGraw-Hill New York, Fifth Edition, 2015

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 1 of 142
 01. Introduction to heat and mass Transfer
Heat Transfer: Energy transfer across a system boundary due to a
temperature difference.

Modes of Heat Transfer

1- Conduction: energy transfer across a system boundary due to a
temperature difference by the mechanism of inter-
molecular interactions.

Conduction is described by the Fourier Law:

where: Qcond = Rate of Heat transfer by conduction. (W)

k = Thermal conductivity, a thermodynamic property of the

material. (W/m K)

A = Heat transfer area. (m2)

T = Difference of temperature (K or C)

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 2 of 142
2- Convection: energy transfer across
a system boundary due to a temperature
difference by the combined mechanisms
of intermolecular interactions and bulk
transport.
Convection Heat transfer can be
classified into; forced convection
and free convection.

Newton’s Law of Cooling:

3- Radiation: energy transfer across a system boundary due to a

temperature difference by the mechanism of photon emission
or electromagnetic waves.

Stefan-Boltzman Law:

Eb =  T4

where: Eb = Gross heat emission by an ideal surface per unit area (W/m2)
ζ = Steffan Boltzman constant= 5.67 x 10-8 W/m2 K4.

T = Absolute temperature. ( K)

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 3 of 142
The rate of radiant heat transfer between an object and its surroundings

Qrad = ε·ζ·A·(Tobj4 - T4)

where: ε = Surface Emissivity, -

A= Surface Area, m2
Tobj = Absolute temperature of surface. ( K)
Tj = Absolute temperature of surroundings.( K)

4- Boiling Heat Transfer: is phase change processoccurs at the

solid–liquid interfacewhen a liquid is brought into contact with
a surface maintained at a temperature Ts sufficiently above the
saturation temperature Tsat of the liquid.

5- Condensation:Occurs when the temperature of a vapor is reduced

below its saturation temperature Tsat. This is usually done
by bringing the vapor into contact with a solid surface
whose temperature Ts is below the saturation temperature
Tsat of the vapor.

Mass Transfer
1) Diffusion Mass Transfer
The rate of mass diffusion m·diff of a chemical species A in a stationary
medium in the direction x is proportional to the concentration gradient
dC/dx in that direction and is expressed by Fick’s law of diffusion by

m. = -DA-B A (dCA / dx)

(m. /A) = DA-B( )

where DAB is the diffusion coefficient (or mass diffusivity)

2) Convection mass transfer:

Analogy between heat and mass transfer

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 4 of 142
 Examples for Introduction to Heat and Mass Transfer
Qcond = A× ( T1 – T2 ) / (L /K)

Qcov = h × A × (Ts - Tf )
Qrad = ε ×ζ × As× ( (Ts )4 – (T∞ )4 )

Example (01)
One dimension conduction heat transfer Answer
The exterior walls of a house are 3 m high, 0.14 m thick,
* and 40 m in total length. The thermal conductivity of the
walls is 0.038 W/m.C. The interior of the walls is
maintained at 20C and the exterior (outdoor) walls
temperature is 0C.

The rate of heat transfer through the walls, Q in W equal

to:
a)561 b) 65.1 c) 651 d) 23.3 e) 233 C

Sol. T1 = 20C , T2 = 0C, K=0.038 W/m.C., L= 0.14 m,

A= 3 m×40 m= 120 m2

Q= 651 W
--------------------------------------

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 5 of 142
Example (02)

Convection heat transfer Answer

A 2 m long, 0.3 cm diameter electrical wire extended
* across room @ 15 C. Heat is generated due electric
voltage drop 60 V and 1.5 A in the wire, which cause the
surface temperature is 152 C in steady operation.
Neglect radiation H. T.

Then convection heat transfer coefficient between the

outer surface of the wire and air in the room in W/m2.C
equal to:
a) 349 b) 34.9 c) 3.49 d) 0.349 e) 0.0349 b

Sol.
Ta = 15C , Ts = 152 C,
Surface area, A= π × d × L
= π × 0.003 × 2 = 0.01885 m2

Q = I × V = h A (Ts - Ta )
= 1.5 × 60 = 90 W
= h × 0.01885 × (152 - 15 )
Then, h= 34.9 W/m2.C
---------------------------

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 6 of 142
Example (03)
Radiation heat transfer Answer
Consider a person standing in a room maintained at 22C at all
** times. The inner surfaces of walls, floors, and the ceiling of the
house are observed to be at an average temperature of 10C in
winter and 25C in summer. Person outer surface area is equal to
1.4 m2. Person outer surface temperature is equal to 30C.
Take ε = 0.95, ζ = 5.67 × 10-8 W/m2.K4.
Neglect convection H. T.
Neglect conduction H. T. from person to the floor.

Then Radiation heat transfer in winter, W equal to:

a) 15190 b) 1519 c) 151.9 d) 15.19 e) 1.519
C
Then Radiation heat transfer in summer, W equal to:
C
a) 4090 b) 409 c) 40.9 d) 4.09 e) 0.409

Sol. Ts = 30 C =303 K
ε = 0.95
ζ = 5.67 × 10-8
As = 1.4 m2

In winter
Tsur = 10 C = 283 K
Qr = ε ×ζ × As× ( (Ts )4 –
(Tsur )4 )

=151.9 W
In summer
Tsur = 25 C = 298 K
Qr = ε ×ζ × As× ( (Ts )4 – (Tsur )4 )

=40.9 W
---------------------

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 7 of 142
Example (04)
Combined Convection and radiation heat transfer Answer
Consider a person which have the average outer surface
* temperature is 29 C. The convection heat transfer
coefficient between the outer surface of the person and air
@ 20 C and is 6 W/m2.C. Person outer surface area is 1.6
m2.
Neglect conduction H. T. from feet to the floor.
Take ε = 0.95, ζ = 5.67 × 10-8 W/m2.K4

Then, the total (convection and radiation) heat transfer from

this person in W equal to: b
a) 1681 b) 168.1 c) 16.81 d) 1.681 e) 0.1681

Sol.
Ts = 29 C, T∞ = 20 C
Qc = h × A × (Ts - T∞ )
= 6 × 1.6 × ( 29 -20 ) = 86.4 W

Ts = 29 C= 302 K , T∞ = 20 C= 293 K

ε = 0.95
ζ = 5.67 × 10-8 W/m2.K4
As = 1.6 m2

Qr = ε ×ζ × As× ( (Ts )4 – (T∞ )4 )

=81.7 W
Qt = Qc + Qr = 86.4 + 81.7

=168.1 W
------------------

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 8 of 142
Example (05)
Heat transfer between isothermal plates Answer
Consider steady heat transfer between two large parallel
** plates at constant temperatures of T1 = 300 K and T2 = 200
** K, that are L= 1 cm apart.
The surfaces assumed Black body, ε=1
Take ζ = 5.67 × 10-8 W/m2.K4.

Then, the rate of heat transfer between the plates per unit
surface area in W equal to:

a. The apart between plates Filled with atmospheric air, 587

with K=0.0219 W/m.C. Neglect convection H. T.

368
b. Evacuated.

260
c. Filled with insulated material, with K=0.026 W/m.C.

0.2
d. Filled with super-insulated material, with K=0.00002 W/m.C.

Sol.

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 9 of 142
a. Filled with atmospheric air, with K=0.0219 W/m.C.

Qcond = A× ( T1 – T2 ) / ( L / K )

= 1 × ( 300 – 200 ) / (0.01 / 0.0219 )

= 219 W

Qr = ε ×ζ × As× ( (T1 )4 – (T2 )4 )

= 1 ×5.67 × 10-8 × 1× ( (300 )4 – (200 )4 )

= 368 W
Qt = Qcond + Qr =219 + 368 =587 W

b. Evacuated.

Qr = ε ×ζ × As× ( (T1 )4 – (T2 )4 )

= 1 ×5.67 × 10-8 × 1× ( (300 )4 – (200 )4 )

= 368 W

c. Filled with insulated material, with K=0.026 W/m.C.

Qcond = A× ( T1 – T2 ) / ( L / K )

= 1 × ( 300 – 200 ) / (0.01 / 0.026 )

= 260 W

d. Filled with super-insulated material, with K=0.00002 W/m.C.

Qcond = A× ( T1 – T2 ) / ( L / K )

= 1 × ( 300 – 200 ) / (0.01 / 0.00002 )

= 0.2 W

----------------------------------
HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 10 of 142
Example (06)
Combined Convection and radiation heat transfer Answer
A thin metal plate is insulated on the back and exposed to
* solar radiation at the front surface. If solar radiation is
incident on the front surface of the plate at a rate of 700
W/m2 and the surrounding air temperature is 25C. The front
surface of the plate has an absorptivity of 0.6 for solar
radiation. Take hcr 50 W/m2.K.
Take ζ = 5.67 × 10-8 W/m2.K4, The surfaces assumed Black
body, ε=1

Then, the surface temperature of the plate (when the heat

loss by convection and radiation equals to the solar energy
absorbed by the plate) in oC equal to:
a) 34.3 b) 33.4 c) 38 d) 39 e) 44.3 b

Sol.

" "
q =Qcr / A = hcr × (Ts - Ta ) = α × q incident,solar

= 50 × (Ts - 25) = 0.6 × 700 W/m2

Ts = 33.4 oC
--------------------

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 11 of 142
Example (07)
Free convection and radiation Answer
For the combined convection and radiation heat transfer the rate of
** heat dissipated, from Newton equation is; Qcr = hcr As (Ts –T∞ )
Air @ 25 C moves over a resistive electrical device by a fan. This
device dissipate constant rate of heat; 25 W and has a uniform
surface temperature of 50C with combined forced convection and
radiation heat transfer coefficient, ( hcr = 50 W/m2C).
If the cooling fan fails and the device is cooled by free convection
and radiation heat transfer, with (hcr =10 W/m2C).

Heat transfer surface area, m2 equal to;

B
a)0.01 b)0.02 c) 0.2 d) 0.4 e) 0.04

o
A
Surface temperature of the device for free convection, C equal to;
a)150 b) 120 c) 100 d) 160 e) 200

Sol.
Qcr = hcr ×As× (Ts –T∞ )

25 W = 50 × As × (50 - 25 )
As = 0.02 m2

Qcr = hcr,1 ×As× (Ts,1 – T∞ ) = hcr,2 ×As× (Ts,2 – T∞ )

25 = 50 × As × (50 - 25 ) = 10 × As × (Ts,2 - 25 )
Ts,2 = 150 oC

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 12 of 142
Example (08)
Pressurized hydrogen gas at 358 K is stored in container its wall
thickness 0.06 m. The molar concentration of hydrogen in the
nickel at inner surface is 0.087 k mol/ m3 but in the outer surface
is negligible.
Determine the mass transfer of hydrogen by diffusion from
nickel plane wall if A=1 m2 , DA-B = 1.2 × 10-12 m2/s .
Solution

(m. /A) = DA-B( )

m. = 1[1.2 × 10-12 ((0.087-0)/0.06)] = 1.74 × 10-12 k mol/s

Molar mass of hydrogen = 2 kg /k mole
m. = 1.74 × 10-12 × 2 = 3.48 × 10-12 kg/s
-------------------------------------------

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 13 of 142
 02. One Dimension Conduction Heat transfer
1) In Plane Wall

Fourier'sequation:

where: Qcond =Rate of Conduction Heat transfer, (W).

k = Thermal conductivity,(W/m K).

A = Heat transfer area, (m2).

T = Temperature, (K or C).

x = Distance, (m).

Fourier's equation applied with the following Conditions:

 One dimension conduction heat transfer

 Steady state
 Constant properties
 No heat generation

∫ ∫

Boundary Condition

@ x=0, T=T1

C=T1

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 14 of 142
Put q''=Heat flux =Q/A

@ x = L, T = T2

Heat Conduction in Multilayer Plane Wall

T1
T2

⁄ T3

K1 K2 K3 T4

⁄ L1 L2 L3

T1 – T4 = q'' [ +

q'' =
∑

,for n layers;

q'' =
∑

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 15 of 142
 2) In cylindrical wall

Fourier'sequation:

, where:Qcond = Rate of Heat transfer,W.

k = Thermal conductivity, (W/m K).

A = Heat transfer area, (m2).

T = Temperature, (K or C).

Fourier'sequationapplied with the following Conditions:

 One dimension conduction heat transfer

 Steady state
 Constant properties
 No heat generation

∫ ∫

Boundary Condition

@ r = r1, T=T1

C = T1 +

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 16 of 142
 T=

T = T1 -

T = T1 - ⁄

This is the temperature distribution

To find the amount of heat transfer by conduction in cylindrical wall;

@ r = r2, T = T2

T2 = T1 - ⁄

Heat Conduction in Multi-layers (n layers ) forCylindrical wall;

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 17 of 142
Application on one dimension Conduction heat transfer

Example 09
- For comosite plane wall of an oven;
LA = Lc =0.1 m T1
T2
LB = 0.4 m , KA = 50 W/mC T3

Kc = 0.5 W/mC KA KB KC T4

T1= 600 C T=20C LA LB Lc

Fluid
T4= 50 C h=10 W/m C 2
h,T
Find The thermal conductivity for wall (B)
Solution

Q=A 

Then, heat flux equal to:

q" = Q/A =

KB = 0.245 W/mC

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 18 of 142
Example 10

The upper surface of Insulated rod (k = 50 W/mC, L=1 m )was

maintained at 100C and the lower surface is cooled by fluid at
30 C with h=50 W/m2C.
Find the temperature at midpoint for rod shown in figure:
T1
T1= 100 C

T = 30 C L1=0.5 m

k=50 W/m C. T2

L2=0.5 m

Fluid T3

h, T
Solution
Heat flow in axial Direction

T3 = 65 C, q'' = 1750 W/m2

To find T2

T2 = 82.5 C
------------------------------------

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 19 of 142
Example 10.a
Steam at 320°C flows in a cast iron pipe (k = 80
W/m · °C) whose inner and outer diameters are
5 cm and 5.5 cm, respectively. The pipe is
covered with 3-cm-thick glass wool insulation
with k = 0.05 W/m ·°C. Heat is lost to the
surroundings at 5°C by natural convection and radiation, with a
combined heat transfer coefficient of h2= 18 W/m · °C. Taking the heat
transfer coefficient inside the pipe to be h1= 60 W/m2 °C, determine the
rate of heat loss from the steam per unit length of the pipe. Also
determine the temperature drops across the pipe shell and the
insulation.

Solution

--------------------------------

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 20 of 142
General heat conduction equation

qv

Qx = - KA ( T/ x) = -k (Δy Δz) ( T/ x)

Qx+ = Qx +

Qx = - * + = * +

Qy = - * + = * +

Qz = - * + = * +

Therefore, the general heat conduction equation is found in the following form;

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 21 of 142
 + =

Special Cases:
- Constant Properties;
k (∂2T/∂x2+ ∂2T/∂y2+ ∂2T/∂z2 )+ =
- Steady state;
k (∂2T/∂x2+ ∂2T/∂y2+ ∂2T/∂z2 )+ = 0
-No heat generation
(∂2T/∂x2+ ∂2T/∂y2+ ∂2T/∂z2 )= 0
-Two dimension
∂2T/∂x2+ ∂2T/∂y2 =0
- one dimension
∂2T/∂x2=0

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 22 of 142
 03. Solids with Heat generation in plane wall
From General heat conduction equation with the following Conditions:

 One dimension conduction heat transfer

 Steady state
 Constant properties
 With heat generation

Boundary Conditions

@ x = 0; T = To (Tmax) , Then; C1=0

@ x=L ; T=Ts

Ts

C 2 = Ts +

T = Ts+

T = Ts+ ]

This is temperature distribution in plane wall (2L) thickness and has a

uniform heat generation

Max temperature; @ x=0 𝑞𝑣 𝐿

To = Ts+
𝑘

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 23 of 142
Example 11

A plane wall of 0.1 m thickness and the thermal conductivity , K=25

W/mC having a uniform heat generation of 3×104 W/m3 is insulated
from one side while the other side is exposed to fluid at 92 C with h = 50
W/m2C, Find the maximum temperature in the wall.

Solution

L = 0.1 m qv = 3× 104 W/m3

K=25 W/m C

h = 50 W/m2C

Tf =92 C

Q =qv × Volume =h×A× (TS-Tf)

= qv ×A×L=h×A× (TS-Tf)

TS=Tf + qv.L/h

TS = 152 C

Max temperature at x=0 is;

To = Ts +

T0= 158 C

-----------------------------------------

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 24 of 142
Example 12

The wall of material "a" has a uniform heat generation 1.2 ×10 6 W/m3,
the inner surface of wall "a" is well insulated. Wall "b" has no heat
generation and the outer surface is cooled by water at 30ºC and heat
transfer coefficient is of 100 W/m2C find T0, T1 and T2.

LA =0.045 m KA =150 W/m C ,LB =0.015 m KB =75 W/m C

Solution

Q =qv × Volume= qv ×A×LA=A = h×A× (T2- Tf) To A B

T1
qv×LA= = h (T2- Tf)
Insulation
h, Tf

1.2×106 (0.045) =100(T2-30) T2

T2= 570 C LA LB Tf

1.2×106 (0.045)= T1=580.8 C

To = T1 +

To = Ts + [1.2×106 (0.045)2/(2*150)] To = 588.9 C

----------------------

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 25 of 142
Example 13

Derive an expression for temperature distribution inside the plan wall (Its
thickness 2L) with heat generation (qv) and its side has different
temperatures (Tw1≠Tw2). Find position of max temperature from the
middle of the plane wall. T

To
Solution

Boundary conditions Tw2

Tw1
@ x=L T=Tw1, @ x=-L T=Tw2 Tf2 L-x
Tf1
From General differential equation x

of heat conduction equation with L L

 One dimension conduction heat transfer

 Steady state
 Constant properties
 With Heat generation
+ =

@ x=L T=Tw1, @ x=- L T=Tw2

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 26 of 142
By adding eq. 3&4

By Subtracting eq. 3&4

Substitute in eq.2

( ) X

Substitute by C1 in eq. 1 to find position of max temperature:

For maximum Temperature,

If Tw1<Tw2; X=-ve If Tw1 =Tw2; X=0 If Tw1>Tw2; X=+ve.

------------------------------------------------------

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 27 of 142
 Solids with Heat generation in cylindrical wall

From General heat conduction equation for cylindrical coordinate with constant
properties:

( )

 One dimension conduction heat transfer

 Steady state
 Constant properties
 With heat generation

( )

( )

( )

( )

If r not equal to zero

Boundary conditions

@ r=0 ; T=To max Temp.,

From ; ( )

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 28 of 142
@ r=R T=Ts

This is temperature distribution in cylindrical wall its radius R and has a

uniform heat generation

Max temperature @ r = 0;

---------------------------------------

Example 14

An electric current of 400 A flows through a stainless steel cable having a

diameter of 5 mm, K =25 W/m C and electric resistance per 1 m cable is
6×10 -4 Ω/m. The cable was exposed to ambient air at 30C and heat
transfer coefficient between air and cable is 10 W/m2C.

Find center and surface temperature.

Solution

I = 400 A, K =25 w/m C, Tf = 30 C , R=2.5 mm

h= 10 W/m2C

Q = I2 RElec = qv × Volume = h×A× (TS-Tf)

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 29 of 142
A=2πRL Volume= a L = πR2L

Q = qv × πR2L = I2RElec. =h×2πRL × (TS-Tf)

Q/L = qv × πR2 = (I2RElec)/L=h×2πR × (TS-Tf)

Per 1 m of cable, RElec = 6×10 -4 Ω

Q/L = qv × πR2 = (4002×6×10 -4) =10×2π×2.5×10-3 × (TS-30)

qv = 4.889×10 6 W/m3, TS=611.2+30= 641.2 C

( + Max temp. @ r = 0,

Therefore;

To=641.5 C

If electric resistivity for cable (ρ) is given then; RElec=ρ L/(π R2)

---------------------------------------

Example 14-a

A resistance wire of radius 0.2 cm and thermal conductivity of 15 W/m

o
C generates heat at a rate of 5 W/cm3 uniformly throughout the volume.
The wire is inserted (embedded) in a 0.3 cm thick layer of ceramic tube
whose thermal conductivity is 1.2 W/m oC. A fluid surrounds the outer
surface of ceramic tube at 30 °C and heat transfer coefficient of 100
W/m2 oC.

Calculate the interface, outer surface temperatures and center

temperature.

Sol.

h = 100 w/m2C qv = 5 w/cm3

Kwire = 15 w/m C

Tf = 30 C

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 30 of 142
Kceramic = 1.2 W/mC

R1 = 0.2 cm R2 = 0.5 cm

Q = qv × Volume = h×A× (T2- Tf)

A = 2πR2L

Volume = πR1 2L

Q = qv × πR12L. = = h×2πR2L × (T2- Tf)

5 ×106 × π × (0.2 × 10-2)2 × L = = 100×2π × (0.5 ×10-2) × L × (T2- 30)

T1 = 57.64 C

T2 = 50 C

At T = To r=0

To = 57.97 C

-------------------------------------

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 31 of 142
 04- Extended surfaces (Fins)
The rate of heat transfer from a surface at a temperature Ts to the
surrounding medium at Tis given by Newton’s law of cooling as;

Where; As is the heat transfer surface area and h is the convection heat
transfer coefficient. When the temperatures Ts and T are fixed by design
considerations, as is often the case, there are two ways to increase the rate
of heat transfer: to increase the convection heat transfer coefficient h or to
increase the surface area As. Increasing h may require the installation of a
pump or fan, or replacing the existing one with a larger one, but this
approach may or may not be practical. Besides, it may not be adequate.
The alternative is to increase the surface area by attaching to the surface
extended surfaces called fins made of highly conductive materials such as
aluminum. Finned surfaces are manufactured by extruding, welding, or
wrapping a thin metal sheet on a surface.

Fins enhance heat transfer from a surface by exposing a larger surface

area to convection and radiation. Finned surfaces are commonly used in
practice to enhance heat transfer.

Consider a volume element of a fin at location x=0 having a length of L,

cross sectional area of Ac, and a perimeter of p, under steady conditions,
the energy balance on this volume element can be expressed as;

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 32 of 142
Where; Ac is the cross-sectional area of the fin at location x.

The differential equation governing heat transfer in fins

For constant cross section and constant thermal conductivity, the

differential equation reduces to;

d2θ/dx2 –m2 θ=0

where; = T -T and m2 = hP/kAc

= T -T is the temperature excess. At the fin base we have o =To - T.

The general solution of the differential equation is;

θ = C 1e
mx
+C2e
-mx

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 33 of 142
Where;C1 and C2 are arbitrary constants whose values are to be
determined from the boundary conditions at the base and at the tip of the
fin.

Boundary condition at fin base: @ x=0 = o =To - T.

C1+ C2= o

Boundary condition at fin tipfor very long fin: @x= =0

C1 =0

Then the variation of temperature along the fin is;

= T -T = o e-mx
The steady rate of heat transfer from the entire fin can be determined
from Fourier’s law of heat conduction as;

Q = - k Ac (dT/dx)x=0 = √ o

Where; m =√ , =T-T, p is the perimeter, Ac is the cross-

sectional area of the fin, and x is the distance from the fin base.

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 34 of 142
Example 15
Take fin efficiency =0.95

Solution

In the case of no fins, heat transfer from the tube per 1 meter of itslength
is determined from Newton’s law of cooling as;

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 35 of 142
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Example 16

Find the amount of heat transfer from very long fin to the surrounding if
fin diameter is 10 mm, K =200 w/m C and fin base temperature is 60C,
the fin is exposed to air at 20 C and h=10 w/m2.C. Also, draw
temperature distribution along the fin.

Solution

K =200 W/m C, d=0.01 m, r=0.005 m, h=10 w/m2C

To=60 C T∞=20 C

o = To - T =60-20=40 C

For very long fin

Q=√ o P=πd=2πr a=πd2/4=πr2

P=2π(0.005) a=π(0.005)2

m=√ √ = 4.47

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 36 of 142
Q = 2.81 W

= o e-mx
By assuming that the minimum temperature
difference is 1 C, calculate "x" to indicate the
limit by which the table can be drawn

= 40 e-4.47 x

X 0 ?
40 1

Temperature Distribution along the fin

------------------------------------------------------------------

Example 16-a

Fin is 1 cm×1 cm base, with thermal conductivity of 140 W/m.C and 25

cm long. The fin base temperature is maintained at 150 oC by a heating
source. The fin is exposed to ambient air temperature at 27 oC and heat
transfer coefficient between fin surfaces and ambient is 9.4 W/m2.oC.
Take Fin efficiency is equal to ηf =77.9%.

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 37 of 142
Find The actual heat transfer Qac in W (You can Calculate; Afin ,Qmax
Then Qac ).

Sol.

Afin= [ 4(1*25) + (1*1)] *10-4 = 101*10-4 m2.

Qmax= h * Afin * (To – T∞ ) = 11.68 W.

The actual heat transfer is

Qac= ηf * Qmax

Qac= 9.1 W.

-------------------------------------------

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 38 of 142
 05- Two dimension Conduction Heat transfer
From General heat conductiondifferential equation

+ =

 two dimension conduction heat transfer

 Steady state
 Constant properties
 No heat generation

=0

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 39 of 142
 |

| 1

| 2

| |

If

For Interior nodes

------------------------------------

Example 9

Find temperature distribution

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 40 of 142
 Solution
300 C

T2+ 300 + 300 + T3- 4T1 = 0 Point 1 1 2

300 C
200
300 C
200 + T1 + 300 + T4 - 4T2 = 0 Point 2 3 4

T4 + T1 + 300 + 100 - 4T3 = 0 Point 3

200 + T3 + T2 +100 - 4T4 = 0 Point 4

-4T1 + T2 +T3 = -600 100 C

T1 - 4T2 +T4= -500

T1 -4T3 + T4= -400

T2 + T3 -4T4= -300

-4 1 1 0 T1 -600
1 -4 0 1 T2 -500
1 0 -4 1 T3 = -400
0 1 1 -4 T4 -300

For Interior nodes

ΔX=ΔY

Q = -K (ΔY×1)

+( -K (ΔY×1)

+( -K (ΔX×1) )

+( -K (ΔX×1) )

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 41 of 142
------------------------------------------------

In Case of boundary nodes

Q = -K (ΔY×1) + h (ΔY×1) (T∞ - Ti,j )

-K [(ΔX/2) ×1] -K [(ΔX/2) ×1]

Incase of Corner Nodes

Q = -K [(ΔY/2) ×1] + h [(ΔY/2) ×1] (T∞ - Ti,j )

-K [(ΔX/2) ×1] +h [(ΔX/2) ×1] (T∞ - Ti,j )

-----------------------------------------------

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 42 of 142
 Gauss-Seidel Iteration technique
To find temperature distribution for interior nodes:
∑
TJ =

Example 9 resolved as;

T1= (1/4) [T2 + 300+300+T3]
T2= (1/4) [200+T1 + 300+T4]
T3= (1/4) [T4 + 300+T1+100]
T4= (1/4) [T2+ T3+100+200]

No. Of Points
iterations 1 2 3 4
0(initial guess) 260 180 220 140
1 250 222.5 197.5 180
2 255 233.75 208.75 185.625
3 260.625 236.5625 211.5625 187.0313
4 262.0313 237.2656 212.2656 187.3828
5 262.3828 237.4414 212.4414 187.4707
6 262.4707 237.4854 212.4854 187.4927

The temperature T1 =260.625 oC after Third iteration at the indicated points

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 43 of 142
 I Two dimension conduction heat transfer Answer
B2 For steady two-dimensional heat transfer, without heat generation Choice the
* suitable energy balance equation (∑ Q) in case of bottom boundary node;

a)∑ Q= k (Δx×1) [(Ti,j+1 –Ti,j)/Δy] + k [(Δy/2)×1] [(Ti-1,,j –Ti,j)/Δx] A

+ k [(Δy/2)×1] [(Ti+1,,j –Ti,j)/Δx] +h (Δx×1) (T∞ –Ti,j)
b)∑ Q= k (Δy×1) [(Ti-1,j –Ti,j)/Δx] + k [(Δx/2)×1] [(Ti,,j+1 –Ti,j)/Δy]
+ k [(Δx/2)×1] [(Ti,,j-1 –Ti,j)/Δy] +h (Δy×1) (T∞ –Ti,j)
c)∑ Q= k (Δy×1) [(Ti+1,j –Ti,j)/Δx] + k [(Δx/2)×1] [(Ti,,j+1 –Ti,j)/Δy]
+ k [(Δx/2)×1] [(Ti,,j-1 –Ti,j)/Δy] +h (Δy×1) (T∞ –Ti,j)
d)∑ Q= k (Δx×1) [(Ti,j-1 –Ti,j)/Δy] + k [(Δy/2)×1] [(Ti-1,,j –Ti,j)/Δx]
+ k [(Δy/2)×1] [(Ti+1,,j –Ti,j)/Δx] +h (Δx×1) (T∞ –Ti,j)

B3 For steady two-dimensional heat transfer, without heat generation Choice the
* suitable energy balance equation (∑ Q) in case of right top corner node;

a)∑ Q= k [(Δy/2)×1] [(Ti+1,j –Ti,j)/Δx] + k [(Δx/2)×1] [(Ti,,j+1 –Ti,j)/Δy] D

+h [(Δx/2)×1] (T∞ –Ti,j) +h [(Δy/2)×1] (T∞ –Ti,j)
b)∑ Q= k [(Δy/2)×1] [(Ti-1,j –Ti,j)/Δx] + k [(Δx/2)×1] [(Ti,,j+1 –Ti,j)/Δy]
+h [(Δx/2)×1] (T∞ –Ti,j) +h [(Δy/2)×1] (T∞ –Ti,j)
c)∑ Q= k [(Δy/2)×1] [(Ti+1,j –Ti,j)/Δx] + k [(Δx/2)×1] [(Ti,,j-1 –Ti,j)/Δy]
+h [(Δx/2)×1] (T∞ –Ti,j) +h [(Δy/2)×1] (T∞ –Ti,j)
d)∑ Q=k [(Δy/2)×1] [(Ti-1,j –Ti,j)/Δx] + k [(Δx/2)×1] [(Ti,,j-1 –Ti,j)/Δy]
+h [(Δx/2)×1] (T∞ –Ti,j) +h [(Δy/2)×1] (T∞ –Ti,j)

Left top Top Right top

corner boundary corner

Left
boundary Right
Boundary

Left Bottom Right

bottom boundary bottom
corner corner

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 44 of 142
 06- One dimension Unsteady Conduction Heat
transfer
From General heat conductiondifferential equation

 One dimension conduction heat transfer

 Unsteady state
 Constant properties
 No heat generation

= ρC

| |

| =

* + = ρC* +

[ ]=

= [ ]

= [ ]

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 45 of 142
 , where M= >2

= [ ]

Example 17

Find temperature distribution after 1 min. for a plane wall at 20 C and

suddenly left face maintained at 200C.

Take:
200 C 20 C

m2/s 0.2 m

T2= (1/3.125) [20 + (3.125 -2)(20)+200]= 77.6

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9
η = 0 Sec. 200 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
η = 10 Sec. 200 77.6 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
η = 20 Sec. 200 …. …. 20 20 20 20 20 20
η = 30 Sec. 200 …. …. …. 20 20 20 20 20
η = 40 Sec. 200 …. …. …. …. 20 20 20 20
η = 50 Sec. 200 … …. …. …. …. 02 02 02
η = 60 Sec. 200 …. …. …. …. …. …. 20 20
----------------------------------------------------

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 46 of 142
Example 18
A plane wall (its thickness 300 mm) initially at a uniform temperature 20
o
C. The right and left faces are suddenly raised and maintained to 150 oC
and 200 oC respectively. For one dimension unsteady, Find the required
time to reach 89.42 oC at mid plane. Take thermal diffusivity= 0.015
m2/hr, Δx=0.075 m and Δη=0.15 hr.

Given

𝜟 x = 0.075 m
200 C 150 C
𝜟 = 0.15 hr

α m2/ hr

Solution

M = (𝜟 x) / α𝜟 / (0.015 × 0.15 )] = 2.5

2 2

T 𝜟 = [Tx-𝜟 +(M-2) T + Tx+𝜟 ]

1 2 3 4 5
200 20 20 20 150
h 200 92 20 72 150
h 200 106.4 69.5 82.4 150
.45 hr 89.42 150

Mid plane reac to 89.42 oC at h

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 47 of 142
 Convection heat transfer

Convection: is the mechanism of heat transfer through a fluid in the

presence of bulk fluid motion.

Convection is classified as natural (or free) and forced convection,

depending on how the fluid motion is initiated.
In forced convection, the fluid is forced to flow over a surface or in a pipe
by external means such as a pump or a fan.
In natural convection, any fluid motion is caused by natural means such
as the buoyancy effect, which manifests itself as the rise of warmer fluid
and the fall of the cooler fluid.
Convection is also
classified as external and
internal, depending on
whether the fluid is forced
to flow over a surface or in
a channel.

Velocity boundary layer: The region of the flow above the plate
bounded by δ in which the effects of the viscous shearing forces caused
by fluid viscosity are felt.

The development of the boundary layer for flow over a flat plate, and the different flow regimes

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 48 of 142
For flow over flat plate; ReL =

Laminar flow 5*105< ReL

Transient flow 2*106 ≥ ReL≥ 5*105

Turbulent flow ReL< 2*106

For flow inside tube; Red =

Laminar flow 2200 < Red

Transient flow 4200 ≥ Red≥ 2200

Turbulent flow Red< 4200

One-dimensional fully developded flow in a circular pipe.

Thermal boundary layer: The flow region over the surface in which the
temperature variation in the direction normal to the surface is significant

Thermal boundary layer on a flat plate (the fluid is hotter than the plate surface).

Newton eq.

Q= h As ( Ts –Tf )

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 49 of 142
Governing equations of convection heat transfer

-Continuity equation (Conservation of Mass Equation or Mass balance)

-Conservation of Momentum Equation (Momentum Equation)

-Conservation of Energy Equation (Energy Equation)

To obtain Convection heat transfer coefficient, the governing equations of

convection heat transfer can be solved.

Another solution cans be obtained by dimension less analysis as

follow:

h α (u, Cp, ρ, k, L, μ)

h = constant [ua Cpb ρc kd Le μf]

Mass M kg

Length L m

Time T s

Temp. θ deg.

W =J/s= N.m/s =(kg .m/s2) (m/s)=kg.m2 /s3

W/m2C =kg /( s3 .oC)

Where:

h: heat transfer coefficient, W/m2C M/T3θ

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 50 of 142
u: Velocity, m/s L/T

Cp: Specific heat, J/KgC L2/T2θ

ρ: Density, kg/m3 M/L3

k: Thermal Conductivity, W/mC ML/T3θ

L: Length, m L

μ: Viscosity, kg/m.s M/LT

h = constant [ua Cpb ρc kd Le μf]

MT-3θ-1 = Constant [(LT-1) a (L2T-2 θ-1) b (ML-3) c (MLT-3 θ-1) d (L) e (ML-1T-1) f]

M 1= c+d+f 1

L 0=a+2b-3c+d+e-f 2

T -3 = -a-2b-3d-f 3

θ -1=-b-d 4

From 3 and 4

-3=-a-2b-3(1-b)-f , f=b-a

Substitute in 1 and 2

c=a e = a-1 d = 1-b

h = constant [ua Cpb ρa k1-b La-1 μb-a]

h = Constant ( ) ( ) ( ),
h

Nu: Nusselt Number = , Pr: Prandtl number =

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 51 of 142
 07 Laminar Flow over flat plates (External Flow)

Laminar , Local

Flow Pr (From Tables) Nu = h L/k

0.6 < Pr < 50 Nux = 0.332 Rex0.5 Pr1/3
Constant
Laminar , Wall Pr out of range
Local Temperature and Re.Pr > 100 * ( ) +
Re<5*105 0.6 < Pr < 50 Nux = 0.453Rex0.5 Pr1/3

Re=(ρuL)/μ Constant
Pr out of range
Heat Flux
and Re.Pr > 100 * ( ) +
Note : For laminar flow only; average Nu = 2Nux=L
All Properties are calculated at Tf = (Tw +T∞ )/2

Local ; Nux = 0.332 Rex0.5 Pr1/3

x/ k = 0.332 ((ρ × u × x)/μ )0.5 Pr1/3

Local, = (k / x ) 0.332 ((ρ × u × x)/μ )0.5 Pr1/3

- 0.5
= [ (k ) 0.332 ((ρ × u )/μ )0.5 Pr1/3 ] x

To obtain average value one can integrate from; x=0 to x=L

average; h =( ∫ ) / ∫

h = [ (k ) 0.332 ((ρ × u )/μ )0.5 Pr1/3 ] (2 L 0.5 /L)

average; NuL = 2( 0.332 Rex=L0.5 Pr1/3) = 2 (Local ; Nux=L)

----------------------------------

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 52 of 142
Example 19

Air at 27C flows over a flat plate with a velocity 2 m/s .The plate is
heated over its entire length to constant temperature 60 C. Find the
amount of heat transfer from 0.4 m of the plate assume unit width.

Solution

T∞= 27 C, Tw = 60 C = Constant, u = 2 m/s, L = 0.4 m

From tables Air properties @ Tf = (Tw+T∞)/2

Tf = (Tw+T∞)/2 = (60+27)/2 = 43.5 C= 316.5 K

ρ =1.10929 Kg/m3
μ=1.926*10-5 kg/ms
Pr = 0.7039
k = 0.0275 W/m C

Re = (ρ u L)/μ = (uL)/ν = 4.607*104 < 5× 105

Then the flow is laminar with;

Re < 5*105 , Tw = Constant , 0.6 < Pr < 50

Local, Nux=L = 0.332 ReL0.5 Pr1/3

= 0.332 (ReL)0.5 (0. 7039)1/3 = 63.4

Average, Nu= 2 Nux=L = 126.8

Nu= h L/k , h= 8.72 W/m2C

Q = h A (Tw-T∞)

= h (0.4 × 1) (60-27)

= 115.1 W

---------------------------------------------------

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 53 of 142
Example 20

Engine oil at 20 C is forced over 5 m square plate at velocity 2 m/s.

The plate is heated to uniform temperature equal to 60 C.

Calculate the heat lost by the plate.

Solution

Properties at; Tf = (Tw+T∞)/2

Tf = (Tw+T∞)/2 = (60+20)/2 = 40 C

Re = (uL)/ν = 4.13*104 < 5× 105

Then the flow is laminar

Tw = Constant Re <5 *105

Re.Pr=41300*2870 = > 100

* ( ) +

Local, Nux=L = 1090.9

Average; Nu= 2 Nux=L = 2181.8

Nu= h L/k =h*5/0.144 h= 62.8 W/m2oC

A= 5*5= 25 m2

Q = hA (Tw-T∞) = 62837 W

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 54 of 142
Laminar-Turbulent Flow
For 5 × 105 < ReL < 107

Average; NuL = Pr1/3 [0.037 ReL0.8 – 850]

Note: All Properties are calculated at Tf = (Tw +T∞ )/2

Example 21

Air at 20C flows over a flat plate with a velocity 35 m/s. The plate is
maintained at 60 C. Assume unit depth in Z-direction and length equal
0.7 m. Calculate heat transfer from the plate.

Solution

T∞= 20 C Tw = 60 C = Constant u = 35m/s L = 0.7 m

Air properties at Tf = (Tw+T∞)/2

Tf = (Tw+T∞)/2 = (60+20)/2 = 40 C= 313 K

ρ=1.1239 kg/m3
μ=1.9075×10-5 Kg/m3
Pr = 0.7048
k = 0.0272 W/m C

ReL = (ρ u L)/μ = 1.443 × 106

Since 5 × 105 < ReL < 107, then the flow is Laminar-Turbulent

NuL = Pr1/3 [0.037 ReL0.8 – 850]

= (0.7048)1/3 [0.037 (1.443 × 106 )0.8 – 850]

= 2030.3

Nu= h L/k , h= 78.9 W/m2C

Q = hA (Tw -T∞)

= h (0.7 × 1) (60-20)

= 2209 W

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 55 of 142
 07- Flow inside tube (Internal Flow)
You have probably noticed that most fluids, especially liquids, are
transported in circular pipes. This is because pipes with a circular cross
section can withstand large pressure differences between the inside and
the outside without undergoing any distortion. Noncircular pipes are
usually used in applications such as the heating and cooling systems of
buildings where the pressure difference is relatively small and the
manufacturing and installation costs are lower. For a fixed surface area,
the circular tube gives the most heat transfer for the least pressure drop,
which explains the overwhelming popularity of circular tubes in heat
transfer equipment.

The terms pipe, duct, tube, and conduit are usually used interchangeably
for flow sections. In general, flow sections of circular cross section are
referred to as pipes (especially when the fluid is a liquid), and the flow
sections of noncircular cross section as ducts (especially when the fluid is
a gas). Small diameter pipes are usually referred to as tubes.

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 56 of 142
 Turbulent Flow inside Tube

For Turbulent Flow Red > 4200

Red = (ρ u d)/μ
Tb1 Tb2

TW

Tw > Tb1 Tw> Tb2

Q = m. Cp (Tb2 - Tb1) = h A Z

Where:

Tb: Bulk Temperature,C

Tw: Wall Temperature,C

Cp: Specific heat at constant pressure, J/Kg C

h: Heat transfer Coefficient W/m2C

A: Heat transfer Area, m2

Z = (Tw -Tb)av. For Constant heat flux;

= (Tw -Tb,av.) For Constant wall temperature.

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 57 of 142
Empirical correlations for NudFor turbulent flow inside tube:

-For fully developed turbulent flow Red > 4200 0.6 < Pr < 100

Nud = 0.023 Red0.8 Prn

Where, n = 0.4 for heating for fluid

= 0.3 for cooling for fluid

Note: All Properties are calculated at Tb1

-If the effect of viscosity variation was considered as:

μ
Nud = 0.027 Red0.8 Pr1/3( )
μ

For fully developed turbulent flow, Red> 4200

Note: All Properties are calculated at Tb1 expect μ at TW

-If the effect of entrance region was considered as:

Nud = 0.036 Red0.8 Pr1/3( )

For Turbulent Flow; 10 < L/d < 400, Red> 4200

Note: All Properties are calculated at Tb1

---------------------------------------------------------

Laminar Flow inside Tube

For laminar Flow Red < 2200, Re.Pr(d/L) >10

μ
Nud = 1.86 (Red Pr)1/3 ( d/L)1/3 ( )
μ

Note: All Properties are calculated at Tb,av expect μ at TW

------------------------------------------

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 58 of 142
Example 22

Water at 30 C enters a tube 5 cm in diameter and leaves at 50 C with

mass flow rate of 0.3 kg/s. Tube inner surface temperature was
maintained at 90 C. Calculate tube length.

Take: Nud=0.027 Red0.8 Pr1/3 (/w)0.14.

Solution
d = 0.05 m

Water properties at Tb1=30 C

ρ= 995.27 kg/m3 μ =8.01 × 10-4 kg/m.s

Pr = 5.4065 k = 0.6191 W/mC

m. = 0.3 kg/s

= ρ u a = ρ u (π/4) d2 = 995.27 u (π/4) (0.05)2

u = 0.1535 m/s

Re = (ρ u d)/μ = 9537 > 4200

Then the flow is Turbulent

at Tw = 90 C From water tables μ kg/m.s

at Tb,av=(30+50)/2=40 C Cp = 4173.527 J/kgC

μ
Nud = 0.027 Red0.8 Pr1/3( )
μ

Nud = 0.027 (9537)0.8 (5.4065)1/3( ) = 83.68

Nu= h d/k , h= 1036.2 W/m2C

Q = h A (Tw - Tb ,av.)= m. Cp (Tb2- Tb1)

=1036.2 [π(0.05) L] [90 – ( = 0.3 (4173.527) (50-30)

L = 3.077 m

------------------------------------------------

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 59 of 142
Example 23

Air at 100 C is heated as it flow through a tube with 25 mm in diameter

at a velocity 10 m/s.

Calculate heat transfer Per unit length of the tube if a constant heat flux
condition is maintained at the tube wall and the wall temperature is 20 C
above air temperature all along the tube length.

Also find exit temperature.

Solution

Heat flux is Constant then (Tw -Tb)av. = 20 C

u = 10 m/s d = 25 mm = 0.025 m

Air properties at Tb1 = 100 C = 373 K

ρ= 0.9413 kg/m3 μ = 2.1739 × 10-5 kg/m.s

Pr = 0.693 k = 0.03172 W/mC

at Tb1=373 K Cp = 1010.5 J/kgC

Re = (ρ u d)/μ = 10823 .9 > 4200

Pr = 0.693 > 0.6

Then the flow is Turbulent

Nud = 0.023 Red0.8 Prn

Since the flow is heated then n = 0.4

Nud = 33.54

Nu= h d/k , h= 42.55 W/m2C

m. = ρ u a =ρ u (π/4) d2 = 0.0046 kg/s

Q = h A (Tw -Tb)av. = m. Cp (Tb2-Tb1)

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 60 of 142
 = h (πdL)(20) = m. Cp (Tb2-100)

= 66.84 W = 0.0046*1010.5*(Tb2-100)

Tb2 = 114.38 C

at Tb,av= (100+114.4)/2 = 107.2 C = 380.2 K

Cp = 1011.37 J/kgC

Q = 66.84 W = 0.0046*1011.37*(Tb2-100)

Tb2 = 114.37 C

--------------------------------------------------

Example 24

Water at 60C enters a tube 25 mm in a diameter at amen velocity 2 cm/s.

Tube length 2 m and wall temperature is constant and equal to 80 C.
Find exit water temperature.

Solution

1. Water properties at Tb1=60 C

ρ= 983.276 kg/m3 μ =4.713 × 10-4 kg/m2

Pr = 3.0153 k = 0.6542 W/mC Cp = 4179.82 J/kgC

d= 0.025 m u = 0.02 m/s ,

at Tw = 80 C From tables μ

Re = (ρ u d)/μ = 1043 < 2200

Then, the flow is Laminar

Re.Pr(d/L) = 1043 ×3.0153×(0.025/2) = 39.3 >10

μ
Nud = 1.86 [Red . Pr (d/L)]1/3( )
μ

Nud = 6.581

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 61 of 142
Nud = h d/k , h= 172.2 W/m2C

m. = ρ(@Tb1 u a =983.276 *(0.02 ) (π/4) (0.025)2 = 0.00966 kg/s

Q = h As (Tw -Tb,av.) = m. Cp (Tb2-Tb1)

Q = 172.2 (π * 0.025 * 2) (80 –[( 60 +Tb2)/2] )

= 0.00966*( 4179.82 ) (Tb2- 60)

27.05 [50- (Tb2)/2]=40.38 (Tb2- 60)

1352.62 – 13.53 Tb2 =40.38 Tb2 -2422.62

Tb2 = 70.036 C

2. Water properties at Tbav.

Tbav. = (Tb1 +Tb2)/2 = (60 +70)/2 =65 oC

ρ = 980.626 kg/m3 μ =4.41 × 10-4 Kg/m2

k = 0.6587 W/mC Pr = 2.812

Cp = 4182.79 J/kgC

Re = (ρ u D)/μ = 1111.8 < 2200

Re.Pr(d/L) = >10

μ
Nud = 1.86 [Red . Pr (d/L)]1/3( )
μ

Nud =6.51

Nu= h d/k , h= 171.46 W/m2C

m. = ρ(@Tb1 u a =983.276 *(0.02 ) (π/4) (0.025)2 = 0.00966 kg/s

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 62 of 142
Q = h A (Tw -Tb,av.)= m. Cp (Tb2-Tb1)

Q = 171.46 (π * 0.025 * 2) (80 –[( 60 +Tb2)/2] )

= 0.00966 ( 4182.79 ) (Tb2- 60)

26.93 [50- (Tb2)/2]=40.41 (Tb2- 60)

1346.67 – 13.466 Tb2 =40.41 Tb2 -2424.34

Tb2 = 69.99 C

Approximately, Tb2 = 70 C

---------------------------

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 63 of 142
 External Flow
08 Flow across single tube
Red = (ρ u d)/μ

Nud =h d/k

Nud = c Redn Pr1/3

All properties are calculated at Tf = (Tw+T∞)/2

c, n from Table

Red C n
0.4 - 4 0.989 0.33
4 - 40 0.911 0.335
40 - 4000 0.683 0.466
4000 - 40000 0.193 0.618
40000 - 400000 0.0266 0.805

-------------------------------------------------

Example 25

Air at 35 C flows across 50 mm diameter cylinder at a velocity 50 m/s.

The cylinder surface was maintained at 150 C.

Calculate heat loss per unit length of the cylinder.

Solution

Air properties at Tf = (Tw+T∞)/2=(185/2)+273=365.5 K

ρ= 0.959 kg/m3, μ =2.144 × 10-5 kg/m.s ,

Pr = 0.6942, k = 0.0312 W/mC

u = 50 m/s d = 50 mm = 0.05 m

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 64 of 142
Re = (ρ u d)/μ = 1.11823 × 105

From Table

c =0.0266 , n =0.805

Nud = c Redn Pr1/3

Nud = 272.97

Nu= h d/k , h= 170.33 W/m2C

Q = h A (Tw -T∞)

= h (πdL)(150-35) = 3077 W

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 65 of 142
 09 Flow across tube banks

Cross-flow over tube banks is commonly encountered in practice in heat

transfer equipment such as the condensers and evaporators of power
plants, refrigerators, and air conditioners. In such equipment, one fluid
moves through the tubes while the other moves over the tubes in a
perpendicular direction. In a heat exchanger that involves a tube bank, the
tubes are usually placed in a shell (and thus the name shell-and-tube heat
exchanger), especially when the fluid is a liquid, and the fluid flows
through the space between the tubes and the shell.

u∞ SP
SP SD
u∞

Sn M (Heigh)
Sn

N(Deep)

Sn: Normal distance between two tube centers (> d)

SP: Parallel distance between two tube centers (> d)

d: Diameter of a the tube (Apply for all tubes)

Tw: Tube wall temperature (Apply for all tubes)

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 66 of 142
For In-line arrangement

m.= ρ∞ u∞ (Sn L) M =ρ∞ umax [(Sn-d) L] M

umax = u∞ [ Sn /( Sn-d)] u∞
umax
Sn Sn-d

For stagerred arrangement

SD= [Sp2 +(Sn/2)2 ]1/2

Ao = Sn L

A1 = (Sn - d) L

AD = (SD - d) L

If 2AD> A1 Then; umax = u∞ [Sn / (Sn-d)]

2AD< A1 Then; 2(SD - d) < (Sn - d) , umax = u∞ Sn / [2(SD - d)]

Red,max = (ρ umax d)/μ

Nud = c Red,maxn Pr1/3

c, n from Table 4 for Sn/d , Sp/d

Nud = h d/k

All properties at Tf = (Tw+T∞,1)/2 , expect ρ∞ @ T∞1

Cp @ T∞,av = (T∞,1 + T∞,2) /2

As =πdL(NM)

ε: Correction factor from table 5

Q = ε h As (Tw - T, av.)= m. Cp (T∞,2- T∞,1)

T, av. = (T∞,2+T∞,1)/2

------------------------------------------------------
HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 67 of 142
Example 26

Air at 24oC flows across a bank of tubes (10 rows high & 10 rows deep)
with a speed of 10 m/s. Tube diameter was 30 mm, 1 m long and surface
temperature 130 oC. Tube bank was arranged in an In-line arrangement
with Sp =Sn =45 mm.

Calculate heat lost from tube bank and exit air temperature.
Solution
T∞1 =24C N = 10 M = 10

Sn= Sp= 45 mm (Inline arrangement)

u∞ = 10 m/s Tw = 130C d = 30 mm = 0.03 m

Air properties at Tf = (Tw+T∞,1)/2

Tf = (Tw+T∞,1)/2 = (130+ 24)/2 = 77C = 350 K

ν = 20.6554×10-6 m2/s Pr = 0.6971

k = 0.03003 W/m C,

umax = u∞ [Sn /( Sn-d)] = 10 [45/(45-30)] = 30 m/s

Red,max = (umax d) / ν = 43572

Sn/d= 1.5 , Sp/d=1.5

From Table 4 c = 0.278 , n = 0.62

Nud = c Red,maxn Pr1/3 = 185.4

Nud = h d/k , h=185.6 W/m2C

For N= 10 from table 5, ε =1

As = π d L(N M) = π× 0.03×1×(10×10) = 9.425 m2

Air at T∞,1 = 24 +273 =297 K, ρ∞=1.18645 kg/m3. Cp = 1006 J/kgC

m. = ρ∞ u∞ (Sn L) M = 1.18645 × 10 × (0.045 × 1) × 10

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 68 of 142
 = 5.339 kg/s

Q = ε h As (Tw - T, av.) = m. Cp (T∞2- T∞1)

= 1 × 185.6 ×9.425 × [130- ( T∞2 + 24)/2] = 5.339 × 1006 × ( T∞2 - 24)

T∞2= 53.7 C

Air at T∞,av = (T∞1 +T∞2 )/2= 311.85 K, Cp = 1006.45 J/kgC

Q = ε h A (Tw - T av.) = m. Cp (T∞2- T∞1)

= 1 × 185.6 ×9.425 × [130- ( T∞2 + 24)/2] = 5.339 × 1006.45 × ( T∞2 - 24)

T∞2= 53.7 C

Q =159491 W

-----------------------------------
Example 27

Air flow at 10 C flows across a bank of tubes 15 rows high and 5 rows
deep at velocity of 7 m/s measured at a point in the flow before enters the
tube bank. The surfaces of the tubes are maintained at 65 C .Tube
diameter is 25 mm arranged in an in-line manner so that the spacing in
both normal and parallel directions to flow is 37.5 mm.

calculate the total heat transfer per unit length of the tube and exit air
temperature.

Solution

T∞1 =10 C N=5 M = 15 Sn=Sp= 37.5 mm

u∞ = 7 m/s Tw = 65 C d = 25 mm = 0.025 m

Air properties at Tf = (Tw+T∞,1)/2 = (65 + 10)/2 = 37.5 C = 310.5 K

ρ=1.1314 kg/m3 μ=1.898×10-5 Kg/m3

Pr = 0.705 k = 0.0271 W/m C

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 69 of 142
umax = u∞ [Sn /( Sn-d)] = 7 *[37.5/(37.5-25)] = 21 m/s

Red,max = (ρ umax d)/μ = 31500

Sn/d= 1.5 , Sp/d=1.5

From Table 4 c = 0.278 , n = 0.62

Nud = c Red, maxn Pr1/3 =

Nu= h d/k ,

h= W/m2C

For N= 5 from table 5, ε =0.92

As =πdL(NM) = π(25×10-3)*1* (5×15) = m2

Air properties at T∞,1 = 10 C = 283 K ρ∞=1.247 kg/m3 , Cp=

m.= ρ∞ u∞ (Sn L) M = kg/s,

Q = ε h As (Tw -Tb,av.)= m. Cp (T∞,2-T∞,1)

T∞2= C ,

Air at T∞,av = (T∞1 +T∞2 )/2= K, Cp = J/kgC

Q = ε h A (Tw - T av.) = m. Cp (T∞2- T∞1)

T∞2= C

Q= W

----------------------------------------

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 70 of 142
Example 28
Compare the value of Re in case of (1) In line ; (2) staggered arrangements.

Air at 20 oC (ρ∞ =1.203 kg/m3) flow across tube bank (tube surface temperature 100
o
C) with a velocity 5 m/s. Take Sn =3 cm, Sp= 1.25 cm, and d=1 cm.
For air at 60 oC: ρ=1.0547 kg/m3, µ=2 10-5 kg/m.s

Sol.

(1) In line arrangement

umax = u∞ [Sn / (Sn-d)] = 5* [3/(3-1)] = 7.5 m/s

Red,max = (ρ umax d)/μ = 3955

(2) staggered arrangement

SD= [Sp2 +(Sn/2)2 ]1/2 = 1.95 cm

2 (SD - d) = 1.9 cm

Sn – d= 2 cm

Then; 2(SD - d) < (Sn - d) ,

umax = u∞ [Sn / 2(SD - d)]= 7.895 m/s

Red,max = (ρ umax d)/μ = 4163

---------------------------------------------------------------------

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 71 of 142
 10 Free Convection

Many familiar heat transfer applications involve natural convection as the

primary mechanism of heat transfer. Some examples are cooling of
electronic equipment such as power transistors, TVs, and VCRs; heat
transfer from electric baseboard heaters or steam radiators; heat transfer
from the refrigeration coils and power transmission lines; and heat
transfer from the bodies of animals and human beings. Natural
convection in gases is usually accompanied by radiation of comparable
magnitude except for low-emissivity surfaces.

Nu = c (Gr.Pr)m = h Lc / k

Gr = Grashof number = ∞

β : Thermal expansion

= From tables in case of water

= 1/ Tf in case of ideal gas (Air)

g : Gravitational acceleration =9.8 m/s2

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 72 of 142
Lc : Characteristic length, m

= L for Vertical wall or cylinder

=d for horizontal Cylinder

c, m from table 6

All properties at Tf = (Tw+T∞)/2

Gr.Pr = ∞

Gr.Pr = ∞

Gr.Pr =( ) ∞

---------------------------------------------------------------

Example 29

Find the amount of heat transfer from a hot cylinder of 30 cm in

diameter, 2 m long if Tw=27 oC exposed to:
a) Still air at 7 oC
b) Still water at 7 oC.
Solve in case of horizontal and vertical position.

Solution

a) For Still air (free convection)

1-Horizontal Position
HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 73 of 142
 Air properties at Tf = (Tw+T∞) /2

Tf = (27+7)/2=17 oC=290 K

From air tables

Pr= 0.7105 υ= 1.4832*10-5 m2/s k=0.0254 W/m oC

Lc= d=0.3 m

β=1/ Tf = 1/ 290

Gr = ∞

Gr= 8.331× 107

Gr. Pr=5.915×107

From table 6 C=0.53, m=0.25

Nu=C (Gr. Pr) m

=(h Lc /k)=( h.d/k)= 46.5

h = 3.935 W/m2 oC

Q=hA (Tw-T∞)

=h (π dL) (Tw-T∞)

= 148.4 Watt

2-vertical Position

Lc = L = 2 m

Gr = ∞ 2.47 ×1010

Gr. Pr= 1.753×1010 C=0.021 , m=2/5 From table 6

Nu=C (Gr. Pr) m =(h Lc/k)

=262.84

h = 3.34 W/m2 oC

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 74 of 142
Q=hA (Tw-T∞)

=h (π dL) (Tw-T∞)

= 125.8 Watt

b- For Water(free convection)

1-Horizontal Position

Water properties at Tf =(Tw+T∞)/2

Tf=(27+7)/2=17oC

k=0.598

= 1.1594 × 1010 from Water Tables

Lc= d=0.3 m

Gr. Pr = ∞

Gr. Pr= 6.261 × 109 C = 0.13, m=1/3 From table

Nu=C (Gr Pr) m

= (hLc/k) =(hd/k)=239.6

h= 477.6 W/m2 oC

Q=hA (Tw-T∞) =h (π d L) (Tw-T∞)

=18005 W

2-vertical Position

= 1.1594 × 1010 from water Tables

Lc =L=2 m

Gr. Pr = ( ) ∞ = 1.855 × 1012

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 75 of 142
 Gr Pr= C=0.021 , m=2/5 From table 6

Nu=C (Gr Pr) m = (hLc/k)

=1696.5

h=507.3 W/m2 oC

Q=hA (Tw-T∞) =h (π d L) (Tw-T∞) = 19123 Watt

-----------------------------------------------

Example 30

Find the amount of heat transfer from a hot cylinder maintained at

127 C, d=30 mm, L=1.8 m, if it is exposed to air at 27 C in the
following cases:
a) Air flow inside the tube with a velocity 7 m/s. Nud=0.023 Red0.8 Pr0.4
b) Air flow across the tube with a velocity 7 m/s. ( c=0.193, n=0.618)
c) Air is considered still and cylinder in horizontal position. ( c=0.53, n=1/4).

Solution
a) For Flow inside the tube
Air properties at Tb1 = 27 C =300 K

ρ = 1.1774 Kg/m3 μ=1.8462×10-5 kg/m.s Pr = 0.708 k = 0.02624 W/m C

Cp = 1006.13 J/kgC

u = 7 m/s d = 30 mm = 0.03 m

Re = (ρ u d)/μ = (1.1774 ×7×0.03)/ 1.8462×10-5

=13394 > 4200

0.6 < Pr < 100

Then the flow is fully developed Turbulent flow

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 76 of 142
Nud = 0.023 Red0.8 Prn

Since the flow is heated then n = 0.4

Nud =40.11

Nu= h d/k , h= 35.08W/m2C

Q = h A (Tw - Tb av.) = m. Cp (Tb2- Tb1)

Tb av. = (Tb ,1+ Tb ,2) /2

A= πdL =π (0.03) 1.8

= 0.16956 m2

m. = ρ u a =ρ u (π/4) d2

= 1.1774(7)(π/4) (0.03)2

= 0.005823 kg/s

35.08 ×0.1696× (127- )= 0.005823 (1006.13) (Tb2- 27)

Tb2 = 94.35C

@ Tb,av = (Tb1 + Tb2 )/2 = 333.3 K Cp = 1007.3 J/kgC

35.08 ×0.1696× (127 - )= 0.005823 (1007.3) (Tb2- 27)

Tb2 = 94.3C

Q=1007.3× 0.005823 (94.3-27)

= 394.7 watt.

b) For Air flow across the tube

Air properties at Tf = (Tw+T∞)/2 = 77 C = 350 K

ρ= 0.998Kg/m3 μ =2.07 × 10-5 Kg/ms Pr = 0.695 K = 0.03003 W/mC

u = 7 m/s d = 30 mm = 0.03 m
-5
Re = (ρ u d)/μ = (0.998 ×7×0.03)/ 2.07 × 10
4
= 1.012× 10

From Table 6-2 using Re

c =0.193 , n = 0.618

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 77 of 142
Nud = c Redn Pr1/3

Nud = 57.6

Nu= h d/k , h= 57.7 W/m2C

Q = h A (Tw -T∞)

= h (πdL)(127-27)

= 978 W

c) For Air is considered still and cylinder in horizontal position

Air properties at Tf = (Tw+T∞)/2

Tf = (Tw+T∞)/2 = (127+27)/2 = 77C = 350 K

ρ= 0.998 kg/m3, μ =2.07 × 10-5 kg/ms,

Pr = 0.695, K = 0.03003 W/mC

β = 1/ Tf = 1/ 350 = 2.87 × 10-3

Lc=d= 0.03 m

Gr = ∞

ν = μ / ρ = 2.097 × 10-5m2/s

Gr=1.719 *105

GrPr =1.195*105 c = o.53 m=0.25

Nu = c (GrPr) m = hLc/K

= 9.85

h= 9.86W/m2C

Q = h A (Tw - T∞)

= h (πdL) (127-27)

= 167 W

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 78 of 142
 11 RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER

Radiation is the energy emitted by matter in the form of electromagnetic

waves (or photons) as a result of the changes in the electronic
configurations of the atoms or molecules. Unlike conduction and
convection, the transfer of energy by radiation does not require the
presence of an intervening medium. In fact, energy transfer by radiation
is fastest (at the speed of light) and it suffers no attenuation in a vacuum.
This is how the energy of the sun reaches the earth.

In heat transfer studies we are interested in thermal radiation, which is the

form of radiation emitted by bodies because of their temperature. It
differs from other forms of electromagnetic radiation such as x-rays,
gamma rays, microwaves, radio waves, and television waves that are not
related to temperature. All bodies at a temperature above absolute zero
emit thermal radiation.

Radiation is a volumetric phenomenon, and all solids, liquids, and gases

emit, absorb, or transmit radiation to varying degrees. However, radiation
is usually considered to be a surface phenomenon for solids that are
opaque to thermal radiation such as metals, wood, and rocks since the
radiation emitted by the interior regions of such material can never reach
the surface, and the radiation incident on such bodies is usually absorbed
within a few microns from the surface.

The maximum rate of radiation that can be emitted from a surface at an

absolute temperature Ts (in K or R) is given by the Stefan–Boltzmann
law as

Where ζ = 5.67 ×10-8 W/m2 K4is the Stefan–Boltzmann constant. The

idealized surface that emits radiation at this maximum rate is called a
blackbody, and the radiation emitted by a blackbody is called blackbody
radiation .The radiation emitted by all real surfaces is less than the
radiation emitted by a blackbody at the same temperature, and is
expressed as

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 79 of 142
Where ε is the emissivity of the surface. The property emissivity, whose
value is in the range 0 < ε < 1, is a measure of how closely a surface
approximates a blackbody for which ε =1.

Another important radiation property of a surface is its absorptivity α,

which is the fraction of the radiation energy incident on a surface that is
absorbed by the surface. Like emissivity, its value is in the range 0 < α <
1. A blackbody absorbs the entire radiation incident on it. That is, a
blackbody is a perfect absorber (α = 1) as it is a perfect emitter.

The difference between the rates of radiation emitted by the surface and
the radiation absorbed is the net radiation heat transfer. If the rate of
radiation absorption is greater than the rate of radiation emission, the
surface is said to be gaining energy by radiation. Otherwise, the surface is
said to be losing energy by radiation. In general, the determination of the
net rate of heat transfer by radiation between two surfaces is a
complicated matter since it depends on the properties of the surfaces,
their orientation relative to each other, and the interaction of the medium
between the surfaces with radiation.

When a surface of emissivity and surface area As at an absolute

temperature Ts is completely enclosed by a much larger (or black) surface
at absolute temperature Tsurr separated by a gas (such as air) that does not
intervene with radiation, the net rate of radiation heat transfer between
these two surfaces is given by

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 80 of 142
To account for the effects of orientation on radiation heat transfer
between two surfaces, we define a new parameter called the view factor
"F", which is a purely geometric quantity and is independent of the
surface properties and temperature. It is also called the shape factor,
configuration factor, and angle factor.
Q.rad =εσAsF (T14 – T24)
Q.rad = As [εσAsF (T1 + T2) ](T12 + T22)](T1 – T2)
= As hrad (T1 – T2)
Where;

Q: emitted heat transfer , watt

As: Area m2

ε: Emissivity

ζ: Stefan-Boltz man constant = 5.67 ×10-8 W/m2 · K4

F = shape factor

T1, T2 = Temperature K

Example 31
Determine the amount of heat transfer by convection and
radiation from a person (d =0.4 m, L=1.9 m, T = 24 oC, ε=0.95)
to ambient air at 10 oC and convection heat transfer coefficient, h =5
W/m2 oC.

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 81 of 142
 Solution
A = π d L = π (0.4)(1.9) = 2.38 m2
Qconv. = hA(T1 – T2) = 5 ×A (24 –10) = watt.
4
Q.rad =εζAsF (T14 – T24) = 5.67 ×10-8 × 0.95 × 2.38 × 1 [(24 +273) –
(10 +273)4] = watt

Qtotal = Qconv. + Q.rad = watt.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------

Heat exchange between two parallel plates:

Q.rad =εeq. ζAs (T14 – T24)

εeq. =

Example 32
Determine the amount of emitted heat from stainless steel plate (ε1 =0.8,
T1 = 600 oC) to brass plate (ε2 =0.22 T2 = 300K) assume the two plates in
parallel position and take A =1 m2.

Solution

Q.rad =εequ. ζAs (T14 – T24)

εequ. =

Q.rad = ζAs (T14 – T24)

= watt

--------------------------

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 82 of 142
 12 Heat Exchangers
Heat exchangers are devices that facilitate the exchange of heat between
two fluids that are at different temperatures while keeping them from
mixing with each other. Heat exchangers are commonly used in practice
in a wide range of applications, from heating and air-conditioning
systems in a household, to chemical processing and power production in
large plants. Heat exchangers differ from mixing chambers in that they do
not allow the two fluids involved to mix. In a car radiator, for example,
heat is transferred from the hot water flowing through the radiator tubes
to the air flowing through the closely spaced thin plates outside attached
to the tubes. Heat transfer in a heat exchanger usually involves
convection in each fluid and conduction through the wall separating the
two fluids.

Heat exchangers are widely used in:

- Petroleum refineries - Chemical plants- Heat recovery

- Petrochemical plants - Natural gas processing- Space heating.

- Refrigeration - Cryogenics industries - Automotive industries

Classification of heat exchanger

I) According to Flow arrangement

a) Parallel flow b) Counter Flow c) Cross Flow

II) According to Flow Construction

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 83 of 142
 a) Shell and Tube heat exchanger

b) Double Pipe heat exchanger

Q = hi Ai (Th,av - Ts,i)
Q= = hi Ai (Th,av - Ts,i)

Q = ho Ao (Ts,o - Tc,av) = = hi Ai (Th,av - Ts,i)

Where

Ai: Inner surface Area for inner tube, m2

Ao: outer surface Area for inner tube, m2

Th,av.: Average hot fluid temperature, oC

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 84 of 142
Tc,av.:Average cold fluid temperature

Ts,o : Outer surface temperature for inner tube, oC

Ts,i: Inner surface temperature for inner tube, oC

Q =ho Ao(Ts,o-Tc,av)
Q=

Q= hi Ai (Th,av - Ts,i)

By adding:

Th,av-Ts,i = Q/hi Ai

Ts,o-Tc,av = Q/ho Ao

Th,av -Tc,av = Q [(1/hi Ai)+ + (1/ho Ao)]

Q = (Thav -Tcav)/ [(1/hi Ai)+ + (1/ho Ao)]

Q = U Am Δ T m

UiAi = 1 / [(1/hi Ai)+ + (1/ho Ao)]

UoAo = 1 / [(1/hi Ai)+ + (1/ho Ao)]

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 85 of 142
 Design of heat exchanger
1-LMTD Method

Simple design for Double Pipe heat exchanger

Q hot = m.h CP h(Th,i-Th,o)

Q hot = hi Ai (Th,av-Ts,i)

Q hot =

Q hot = ho Ao(Ts,o-Tc,av)
Q hot = U Am Δ Tm
Q hot = m.c CP c (Tc,o-Tc,i) + Q loss = Q cold + Q loss

Heat exchanger efficiency;

HE = Q cold /Q hot
Q hot =Q cold +Q loss
For no losses , Qloss= 0, HE = 100 %
Q hot = Q cold = Q

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 86 of 142
 Q hot: Rate of heat transfer rejected by hot fluid, W
Q cold: Rate of heat transfer absorbed by cold fluid, W
Q loss: Rate of heat transfer loss, W

m.h : Hot fluid mass flow rate , kg/s

m.c :Cold fluid mass flow rate , kg/s

Cp h: Specific heat of hot fluid at constant pressure, (J/kg oC)

Cpc: Specific heat of cold fluid at constant pressure,(J/kg oC)

Th,i: Hot fluid inlet temperature, oC

Th,o: Hot fluid outlet temperature, oC

Tc,i: Cold fluid inlet temperature, oC

Tc,o: Cold fluid outlet temperature, oC

Tc,av: Average cold fluid temperature = (Tc,i+Tc,o)/2

Th,av: average hot fluid temperature = (Th,i+Th,o)/2

Parallel flow

ΔT1 = Th,i - Tc, i , ΔT2 = Th,o - Tc,o

LMTD= Logarithmic mean temperature difference

ΔTm = LMTD = (ΔT1 - ΔT2)/ln(ΔT1 / ΔT2 )

Counter flow

ΔTm = LMTD = (ΔT1 - ΔT2)/ln(ΔT1 / ΔT2 )

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 87 of 142
Example 33

Find overall heat transfer coefficient for a double pipe heat exchanger, if
hot water flows inside the inner tube in parallel with the cold water,
which flows in the annuals. Inner tube length was 1 m and diameter
(9.5mm / 8.6mm), Inlet and outlet hot water temperature are 80 oC and
62oC respectively. Hot water volume flow rate was 2 liter /min .
Inlet and outlet cold water temperature are 20 oC and 56oC respectively.
Solution

Water properties at Th,av = (Th,,i+ Th,,o)/2 = 71C;

Cph = 4176 J/kg C

Water properties at Th,,i = 80 C;

ρh = 971.65 Kg/ m3

m.h = ρh V.h = 971.65*(2*10-3 /60)

= 0.03239 kg/s

Q h= m.h CP h (Thi-Tho) = 0.03239 *4176*(80-62) =2434 watt

Q =U Am ΔTm

Am = πdmL=π [(di+do)/2]*L

= π [(8.6×10-3+9.5×10-3)/2]×1 = m2

ΔT1 = Th,i - Tc, i = 80 - 20 =60 oc

ΔT2 = Th,o - Tc,o = 62 - 56 =6 oC

ΔTm = LMTD = (ΔT1 - ΔT2)/ln(ΔT1 / ΔT2 )

o
=(60-6)/ln(60/6) = C

Q = UAm ΔTm

U= W/m2 oC
----------------------------------
HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 88 of 142
Example 34

Design a double pipe heat exchanger ( compute the required parameters

to perform the design of a double pipe heat exchanger) for the last
example, take the thermal conductivity (k) for the inner tube material was
20 W/moC

Solution

Water properties at Th,av = (Th,,i+ Th,,o)/2 = 71C;

Cph = 4176 J/kg C

Water properties at Th,,i = 80 C;

ρh = 971.65 Kg/ m3

m.h = ρh V.h = 971.65*(2*10-3 /60) = kg/s

Q h= m.h CP h (Thi-Tho)= watt

Cold water properties at Tc,av = (Tci+Tco)/2 =(20+56)/2 = 38 oC

Cpc = J/kg C
Water properties at Tc,,i = 20 C;

ρc = 997.67 kg/ m3

Q hot =Q cold +Q loss

For no losses , Qloss= 0
Q hot = Q cold = Q

Q = m.c CPc (Tc,o-Tc,i)

m.c= kg/s

V.c = m.c /ρc = m3 /s

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 89 of 142
For the flow inside tube

Properties of hot fluid at Th,i = Tb1= 80 oc

ρ= kg/m3 , μ = kg/ms

Pr = , k = W/mC

V.h= u×a =2/(1000*60)

Cross section area, a =(π/4) d2i , di=8.6×10-3 m

u= V.h/a = m/s

Red = ρudi /μ

the flow will be laminar or turbulent dependent on Reynolds number

(notice that for laminar flow Properties of hot fluid at Thav)

Re ----- Nu ------- hi = W/m2C

Q = hi Ai (Thav-Tsi) Tsi = C

Q= Tso= C

Q= ho Ao(Tso-Tcav) ho= W/m2C

--------------

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 90 of 142
Example 35

Water at the rate of 4 kg/s is heated from 35 oC to 55oC in a shell and tube
heat exchanger. On the shell side one pass is used with water as heating
fluid, 2 kg/s entering the heat exchanger at 95oC.
The overall heat coefficient is 1420 W/m2 oC , average water velocity for
cold fluid inside H E tubes (di = 18 mm) is 0.4 m/s. Req.)
Take do = 22 mm
Calculate number of tubes per single pass and tube length.
Solution

Q hot =Q cold +Q loss

For no losses , Qloss= 0
Q hot = Q cold = Q
Water properties at Tc,av = (Tc,i+ Tc,o)/2 = (35+55)/2= 45 C

Cpc = J/kg C, ρc = kg/s

Qc= m.cCPc(Tc,o-Tc,i) = 4*Cpc (55-35) = W

Water properties at Th,i = 95 C, Cph = J/kg C

Q = m.h Cp h (Th,i-Th,o) = 2*Cph (95- Th,o ) = W

o
Tho = C

At Th,av = (Th,i+ Th,o)/2

Cph = J/kg C

Q = m.h Cp h (Th,i-Th,o) = 2*Cph (95- Th,o ) = W

o
Tho = C

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 91 of 142
For double pipe and counter flow

ΔTm = LMTD = (ΔT1 - ΔT2)/ln(ΔT1 / ΔT2 )

LMTD= Logarithmic mean temperature difference

For the flow inside tube

a =(π/4) d2i
= (π/4) (0.018)2

M= number of passes =1
N =number of tubes per pass

m.c = (ρc u a) N

4 = (ρc 0.4 a) N

N=

Am = π dm L N M

Q = UAm ΔTm

Am=πdm L N M = π (0.02) L N (1) m2

M = number of passes = 1

L= m

------------------------------------------------------
Design of heat exchanger
HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 92 of 142
 2- Effectiveness-NTU method

This method is based on a dimensionless parameter called the heat

exchanger effectiveness () defined as

= =

The actual heat transfer rate in a heat exchanger can be determined from
an energy balance on the hot or cold fluids and can be expressed as

Qactual = Ch (Th,in - Th,out)

where Ch=m.hCph is the heat capacity rate of the hot fluid.

To determine the maximum possible heat transfer rate in a heat

exchanger, we first recognize that the maximum temperature difference in
a heat exchanger is the difference between the inlet temperatures of the
hot and cold fluids. That is,

Tmax = Th,in - Tc,in

Qmax = CminTmax = Cmin(Th,in - Tc,in)

where Cmin is the smaller of Ch=m.hCph and Cc=m.cCpc.

Effectiveness relations of the heat exchangers typically involve the

dimensionless group UAm /Cmin. This quantity is called the Number of
transfer units (NTU) and is expressed as

NTU = UAm /Cmin

where U is the overall heat transfer coefficient and Am is the heat transfer
surface area of the heat exchanger. Note that; NTU is proportional to Am .
Therefore, for specified values of U and C min, the value of NTU is a
measure of the heat transfer surface area As. In heat exchanger analysis, it
is also convenient to define another dimensionless quantity called the
capacity ratio C as
C= Cmin/Cmax

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 93 of 142
 Table 3.1 Effectiveness relations for heat exchangers

Table 3.1 NTU- relations for heat exchangers

Once the quantities C= Cmin /Cmax and NTU = UAs /Cmin have been
evaluated, the effectiveness  can be determined from either the charts or
(preferably) the effectiveness relation for the specified type of heat
exchanger. Then the rate of heat transfer Q and the outlet temperatures
Th,out and Tc,out can be determined.

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 94 of 142
Example 36

Double pipe heat exchanger is used to heat water from 20C to 80C at
mass flow rate 0.012 kg/s in counter direction. The inner tube is
thin walled and has a diameter of 1.5 cm .The overall heat transfer
coefficient is 640 W/m2 oC.
Determine the required length for the heat exchanger to achieve the
desired heating. If hot water inlet at 100C at mass flow rate 0.024 kg/s.
Solution

By logarithmic temperature difference method:

Water properties at Tc,av = (Tc,i+ Tc,o)/ 2 = 50C, Cpc =4175.3 J/kg C

Water properties at Th,1 =100 C Cph =4205.7 J/kg C

Q hot =Q cold +Q loss

For no losses , Qloss= 0
Q hot = Q cold = Q

Q = m.h CP h (Th,i - Th,o)=Qc= m.cCPc(Tc,o-Tc,i)= U Am ΔTm

Qc= m.cCPc(Tc,o-Tc,i)=0.012*4175.3*(80-20) =3006.2 Watt

o
Tho =70.22 C

Water properties at Th,av = (Th,i+ Th,o)/ 2 =85.1 oC Cph = 4196.6

J/kg C
o
Th,o =70.15 C

For Counter flow:

o
ΔT1 = Th,o - Tc,i = 70.15-20=50.15 C

ΔT2 = Th,i - Tc, o =100-80=20 oC

LMTD = ΔTm

= (ΔT1 - ΔT2)/ln(ΔT1 / ΔT2 ) = 32.8 oC

Q = 3006.2 Watt
= U Am ΔTm

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 95 of 142
 = 640* Am *32.8

Am = 0.143 m2

For thin walled di ≈ do ≈ dm

Am= π dm L = m2

L = 3.039 m

Effective-NTU method
Water properties at Tc,av = (Tc,i+ Tc,o)/ 2 = 50C, Cpc =4175.3 J/kg C

Water properties at Th,1 =100 C Cph =4205.7 J/kg C

Q hot =Q cold +Q loss

For no losses , Qloss= 0
Q hot = Q cold = Q

Q = m.h CP h (Th,i - Th,o)=Qc= m.cCPc(Tc,o-Tc,i)= U Am ΔTm

Qc= m.cCPc(Tc,o-Tc,i)=0.012*4175.3*(80-20) =3006.2 Watt

o
Tho =70.22 C

Water properties at Th,av = (Th,i+ Th,o)/ 2 =85.1 oC Cph = 4196.6

J/kg C

Th,o =70.15 oC

(m. Cp)h = 0.024* 4196.6 = 100.72 = Cmax

(m. Cp)c = 0.012*4175.3 = 50.1 = Cmin

C= Cmin/Cmax =0.497
Qactual =Qc= m.c Cpc(Tc,o – Tc,i)= 3006.2 W

Qmax = Cmin (Th,in - Tc,in) =50.1 *(100-20)

=4008.3 W

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 96 of 142
= =

 =0.75 , c=0.497
From Table for counter flow;

 
NTU =

NTU = 1.829 = UAm /Cmin

=640* Am /50.1

Am = 0.1432 m2
Am = πdm L = π * 0.015 * L

L = 3.038 m
--------------------------

Example 37

Water flows through the inner tube 1.4 cm in diameter, 4 m long with
flow rate 0.02 kg/s. Oil flows in the annuals of double pipe heat transfer
with mass flow rate 0.03 kg/s.
The overall heat transfer coefficient is 310 W/m2 oC,
Inlet water temperature = 20C. Take Cpw = 4.18 × 103J/kg C
and the inlet oil temperature = 150C, Take Cpoil = 2.13 × 103 J/kg C.
Assume parallel flow direction,
Determine the Actual heat transfer and outlet temperatures for water and
oil.
Solution
Effectivness-NTU method

For oil, (m. Cp) h = 0.03*2130 = Cmin

For water, (m. Cp) c =0.02 *4180 = Cmax

C= Cmin/Cmax

Am = πdm L = π * 0.014 *4 = m2

NTU = UAm /Cmin

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 97 of 142
=

=

Qmax = Cmin (Th,in - Tc,in) = W

= =

Qactual = W

Qactual = m.h CP h (Thi - Tho) = Qc = m.cCPc (Tco - Tci)

o o
Tho = C, Tco = C
----------------------------------------------------------------

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 98 of 142
 13 Mass Transfer
Diffusion Mass Transfer
The rate of heat conduction in a direction x is proportional to the
temperature gradient dT/dx in that direction and is expressed by
Fourier’s law of heat conduction as;

Qconduction =- k A dT/dx

where k is the thermal conductivity of the medium and A is the area

normal to the direction of heat transfer. Likewise, the rate of mass
diffusion m·diff of a chemical species A in a stationary medium in the
direction x is proportional to the concentration gradient dC/dx in that
direction and is expressed by Fick’s law of diffusion by

m. = -DA-B A (dCA / dx)

(m. /A) = DA-B( )

where DAB is the diffusion coefficient (or mass diffusivity) of the species
in the mixture and CA is the concentration of the species in the mixture at
that location. It can be shown that the differential equations for both heat
conduction and mass diffusion are of the same form. Therefore, the
solutions of mass diffusion equations can be obtained from the solutions
of corresponding heat conduction equations for the same type of
boundary conditions by simply switching the corresponding coefficients
and variables.

Example 38

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 99 of 142
 Pressurized hydrogen gas at 358 K is stored in container its wall thickness
0.06 m. The molar concentration of hydrogen in the nickel at inner
surface is 0.087 kmol/ m3 but in the outer surface is negligible.

Determine the mass transfer of hydrogen by diffusion from nickel plane

wall if A=1 m2 , DA-B = 1.2 × 10-12 m2/s (From Table ).

Solution

(m. /A) = DA-B( )

m. = 1[1.2 × 10-12 ((0.087- 0)/0.06)] = k mol/s

Molar mass of hydrogen = 2 kg /k mole

m. = ×2= kg/s

Convection mass transfer:

Analogy between heat and mass transfer

Convection Heat Transfer Convection Mass Transfer

T C
hconv. hmass

Pr : Prantl Number = Cpμ/k Sc : Schmidt Number = ν/ DA-B

NuL : Nusselt number = hconvL/k ShL : Sherwood number = hmassL/ DA-B

Flow over flat Plate :NuL =0.664 ReL0.5Pr1/3 Flow over flat Plate:ShL =0.664 ReL0.5Sc1/3

Flow inside circular Tube : Nud =0.023 Red0.8Pr0.4 Flow inside circular Tube : Shd =0.023 Red0.8Sc0.4

Free convection Heat Transfer : Nu=c (GrPr) m Free convection Mass Transfer : Sh=c (GrSc) m

Q =hc A (Tw –Tf ) m.ev = hm A (C1- C2 ), Qev =m.ev hfg

Example 39

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 100 of 142
Consider a circular pipe of inner diameter d =0.015 m whose inner
surface is wetted by water as a result of condensation. In order to dry a
pipe; air (at 300 K at 1 atm.) is forced inside the pipe with average
velocity 12 m/s.
Determine mass transfer coefficient inside the pipe.
Solution

1 atm= 76 cm Hg= 101.325 kPa

DA-B = DH20-air = 1.87 × 10-10

= 1.87 × 10-10

= 2.5377 × 10-5 m2/s

From air tables at T = 300 K , ν = 1.57597 × 10-5 m2/s

Sc = ν/D = 0.621

Lc = d = 0.015 m

Red = ud/ν = 12(0.015)/(ν) =11421 Greater than 4200

Shd = 0.023 Red0.8Sc0.4 =33.51

= hmassLc / DA-B = hmass d / DA-B

hmass =0.0567 m/s

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 101 of 142
Example 40

Water bath at (50) oC, 1 m wide and 4 m long and its top surface is open
to ambient air at (25) oC, 100 kPa and RH=(40) %. Effective sky
temperature 20 oC.

Find heat transferred by radiation, free convection and evaporation to air.

Take emissivity of water surface= 0.95, ζ = 5.67 × 10-8 W/m2K4

Nu=0.15 (Gr Pr)1/3, Sh=0.15 (Gr Sc)1/3 .

Diffusion coefficient; DH2O-air =1.87*10-10 (T2.072)/ 𝓟.

Water properties:

at 50 C ; Pv = 12350 Pa hfg = 2383000 J/kg

@ Tair =25 C Pv = 3170 Pa

Solution

Tsky= 20 C

ε = 0.95

ζ = 5.67 × 10-8 W/m2K4

Tair = 25 C Tair = 25 C

Tw =50 C Tsky= 20 C Tw =50C L

1) Radiation Heat transfer

Qr = ζ A ε (Tw4 - Tsky4)

= 5.67 × 10-8 × 0.95 × (4×1) × [(323)4 – (293)4]

= 757.23 Watt

2) Convection Heat transfer

Air properties at Tf = (Tw+T∞)/2

Tf = (Tw+T∞)/2 = (50+25)/2 = 37.5 oC = 310.5 K

ν = 1.678 ×10-5 m2/s Pr = 0.697 k= 0.03003 W/mC

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 102 of 142
 Water properties:

at 50 C ; Pv = 12350 Pa hfg = 2383000 J/kg

@ Tair =25 C Pv = 3170 Pa

Pv,= 0.4 × 3170 = 1268 Pa

@ Surface Anywhere from the surface

ρv,s = (Pv,s/ RvT) = =0.08285 kg/m3 ρv,= (Pv, / RvT) = =0.00922 kg/m3
ρair,s = (Pair,s/ RairT) = =0.9455 kg/m3 ρair,= (Pair, / RairT)= =1.1544 kg/m3
ρs= ρv,s + ρair,s=1.02835 kg/m3 ρ = ρv,+ ρair,=1.1636 kg/m3

ρav= (ρs+ ρ)/2=1.096 kg/m3

LC = Area / Perimeter

= (4×1)/[(4×2)+(1×2)] = 0.4 m

Gr = 

= 2.74 × 108

Gr Pr = 1.9159 × 108 C, m from table

C= 0.15 m= 1/3

Nu=0.15 (Gr Pr) 1/3

= 86.474

= hconv. Lc / k

hconv = 6.492 W/m2C

Qconv. = hconv. A (TW - T)

= 649.2 Watt

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 103 of 142
3) Evaporation Heat Transfer

𝓟 = 100/101.325=0.987

D = 1.87 × 10-10

= 1.87 × 10-10

= 2.115 × 10-5

Sc = ν/D = 1.678 ×10-5 / 2.115 × 10-5

= 0.668

Sh = 0.15 (Gr Sc) 1/3

= hm. Lc / D = 85.17

hm = 5.347 × 10-3 m/s

m.ev = hm A (ρv,s- ρv,)

= 5.347 × 10-3 (4×1) (0.08285 – 0.00922)

= 1.57 × 10-3 kg/s

Qev. = m.ev hfg = 1.57 × 10-3 × 2383000

= 3753.208 Watt.

Total Heat Transfer

Qtotal = Qr + Qconv. + Qev.

= 757.23 + 649.2+3753.208

=5159.64 Watt

--------------------------

.‫ غير يوافق‬41 ‫ يوافق‬8 ٌ‫َتيجّ االستثيا‬

5 ّ‫يتى عًم تقرير نجًيع انطالب وورد عهى احد تطثيقات اَتقال انحرارِ عهي‬
.‫درجات‬

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 104 of 142
-4-5 ‫ يوو انثالثاء انًوافق‬Quiz ٌ‫نًٍ وافق عهى االستثياٌ ونًٍ يريد سيتى عًم ايتحا‬
02= 02+ 5 +55 ‫ وتانتانى اجًانى اندرجات‬.ّ‫ درج‬02 ٍ‫ انساعّ انثايُّ يساءا ي‬0204
.

4.5 ‫) يعُى ضرب اندرجات فى‬12= 5+ 55( ‫واالتختيار االتخر اعادِ تُسية اندرجات‬
02= 4.5* ) 5 +55( ‫وتانتانى يكوٌ اجًانى اندرجات‬

14 Boiling heat transfer

1. Boiling:
Boiling occurs when a liquid is
brought into contact with a surface at a
temperature above the saturation
temperature of the liquid.

The boiling heat flux from a solid

surface to the fluid is expressed from
Newton’s law of cooling as:

qb" =Qb /As = hb (Ts -Tsat )

where ;
ΔTexcess =(Ts -Tsat ) called the excess temperature, which represents
the temperature excess of the surface above the saturation temperature of
the fluid.

2. Classification of Boiling:

Boiling is classified as pool boiling

or flow boiling, depending on the
presence of bulk fluid motion. Boiling
is called pool boiling in the absence
of bulk fluid flow and flow boiling
(or forced convection boiling) in the
presence of it.

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 105 of 142
 In pool boiling, the fluid body is stationary, and any motion of the fluid
is due to natural convection currents and the motion of the bubbles under
the influence of buoyancy. The boiling of water in a pan on top of a stove
is an example of pool boiling. Pool boiling of a fluid can also be achieved
by placing a heating coil in the fluid.

In flow boiling, the fluid is forced to move in a heated pipe or over a

surface by external means such as a pump. Therefore, flow boiling is
always accompanied by other convection effects.

Pool and flow boiling are further

classified as sub-cooled boiling or
saturated boiling, depending on the
bulk liquid temperature.

Boiling is said to be sub-cooled (or local) when the temperature of the

main body of the liquid is below the saturation temperature Tsat (i.e., the
bulk of the liquid is sub-cooled) and saturated (or bulk) when the
temperature of the liquid is equal to Tsat (i.e., the bulk of the liquid is
saturated).

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 106 of 142
3. Pool boiling, boiling regimes and boiling curve

Pool boiling takes different forms,

depending on the value of the
excess temperature ΔTexcess.
Four different boiling regimes are
observed:
natural convection boiling,
nucleate boiling,
transition boiling, and
film boiling.

These regimes are illustrated on the boiling curve, which is a plot of

boiling heat flux versus the excess temperature.

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 107 of 142
 Although the boiling curve given in this figure is for water, the general
shape of the boiling curve remains the same for different fluids. The
specific shape of the curve depends on the fluid–heating surface material
combination and the fluid pressure, but it is practically independent of the
geometry of the heating surface.

Heat transfer correlations in Pool boiling

1. Natural convection boiling

As natural convection relations

2. Nucleate boiling
Depends on nature of nucleation’s (number and size), rate … etc. which
is difficult to predict but experimental data show that:

Qboiling /A = q"nucleate
= µL× hfg × [g(ρL - ρv)/ ζ]1/2 ×[CpL (Ts-Tsat)/( Csf× hfg ×PrLn)]3

Properties calculated @ sat. temp.=Tsat

ρL= Density of liquid, kg/m3,

µL= Dynamic viscosity of liquid, kg/m.s,
kL = Thermal conductivity of liquid, W/m oC and
CpL= Specific heat of liquid, J/kg oC,
HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 108 of 142
PrL =Prandtl number of liquid, -

ζ = Surface tension, N/m

hfg = Latent heat of vaporization, J/kg
ρv= Density of vapor, kg/m3

Csf =Experimental constant that depends on surface-fluid combination.

n=Experimental constant that depends on the fluid.

3. Transition boiling

Peak heat flux;

q"max = Ccr× hfg [ζ ×g × (ρv)2 × (ρL- ρv)]1/4

Minimum heat flux;

q"min = 0.09 × ρv × hfg [ζ ×g × (ρL - ρv)2 / (ρL+ ρv)2 ]1/4

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 109 of 142
4. Film Boiling

q"film = Cfilm ×(Ts -Tsat )×[(g×kV3 × ρv× (ρL- ρv) ×[hfg + 0.4 Cpv (Ts -Tsat )] ) / ( μV×D×(Ts -Tsat ) ) ]1/4

where;
kV = Thermal conductivity of vapor, W/m oC
Cfilm = 0.62 for horizontal cylinder & Cfilm = 0.67 for spheres

q"rad = ζ ε ( Ts4 - Tsat4 )

q"total = q"film + (3/4) q"rad

Boiling Heat transfer correlations in Pool boiling

regimes
Natural As natural convection relations
convection
boiling

Nucleate
boiling
Properties calculated @ saturation temp. = Tsat
ρL= Density of liquid, kg/m3,
µL= Dynamic viscosity of liquid, kg/m.s,
kL = Thermal conductivity of liquid, W/m oC and
CpL= Specific heat of liquid, J/kg oC,
PrL =Prandtl number of liquid, -
σ = Surface tension, N/m
hfg = Latent heat of vaporization, J/kg
ρv= Density of vapor, kg/m3
Csf =Experimental constant that depends on surface-fluid
combination.
n=Experimental constant that depends on the fluid.
Peak heat flux

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 110 of 142
Minimum heat
flux
Film Boiling

;
kV = Thermal conductivity of vapor, W/m oC
Cfilm = 0.62 for horizontal cylinder & Cfilm = 0.67 for spheres

Example ( 41 )

Water is to be boiled at atmospheric pressure in St. St. heater pan (30 cm

in diameter) which maintained at 108 oC.
Determine the rate of boiling heat transfer to the water and the rate of
water evaporated.

Take: q"= µL× hfg [g(ρL- ρv)/ ζ]1/2 ×[CpL (Ts-Tsat)/( Csf× hfg ×PrLn)]3

Properties @ sat. temp.= 100 oC is;

ζ = 0.0589 N/m, ρL=957.9 kg/m3,

PrL =1.75, µL=0.282×10-3 kg/m.s,

CpL=4217 J/kg oC,

hfg=2257 × 103 J/kg, and ρv=0.6 kg/m3.

Take:

Csf =0.013, n=1.

Sol.

q"nucleate = Qboiling /A

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 111 of 142
 = µL× hfg [g(ρL- ρv)/ ζ]1/2 ×[CpL (Ts-Tsat)/( Csf× hfg ×PrLn)]3

= 7.2× 104 W/m2

A=π D2/4 = 0.0707 m2

Qboiling = (7.2× 104 ) × 0.0707 = 5093 W

m.ev = Qboiling / hfg

= 5093 / (2257 × 103 ) = 2.26 × 10-3 kg/s

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Example ( 42 )

Water in a tank is to be boiled at sea level (1 atm.) by 1 cm diameter

nickel plated steel heating element equipped with electrical resistance
wires inside.
Determine: the maximum heat flux and the corresponding surface
temperature of the heater.

Properties @ sat. temp.= 100 oC is;

ζ = 0.0589 N/m, ρL=957.9 kg/m3,

PrL =1.75, µL=0.282×10-3 kg/m.s,

CpL=4217 J/kg oC,

hfg=2257× 103 J/kg, and ρv=0.6 kg/m3.

Take: Csf =0.013 , n=1.

Take: Ccr =0.12

Solution:

q"max = Ccr× hfg [ζ ×g × (ρv)2 × (ρL- ρv)]1/4

=1.02 × 106 W/m2

q"max = q"nucleate

= µL× hfg [g(ρL- ρv)/ ζ]1/2 ×[CpL (Ts-Tsat)/( Csf × hfg ×PrLn)]3
Ts= 119 oC

------------------------------------------------

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 112 of 142
Example ( 43 )

Water is boiled at atmospheric

pressure (1 atm.) by a horizontal
polished copper heating element
of diameter 5 mm and emissivity,
ε = 0.05 immersed in water. If the
surface temperature of the heating
wire is; 350 oC.
Determine: heat transfer from wire to water per unit length of the wire.

Properties of vapor @ Tf = (350 + 100) /2 = 225 oC is;

ρV= 0.441 kg/m3, µV=1.73×10-5 kg/m.s,

CpV=1977 J/kg oC, kV = 0.0357 W/m.oC

Properties of water @ sat. temp.= 100 oC is;

ρL=957.9 kg/m3, hfg=2257 × 103 J/kg.

For horizontal cylinder heater; Cfilm = 0.62. Take ζ = 5.67 × 10-8 W/m2K4

Sol.
q"film = Cfilm ×(Ts -Tsat )×[(g×kV3 × ρv× (ρL- ρv) ×[hfg + 0.4 Cpv (Ts -Tsat )] ) / ( μV×D×(Ts -Tsat ) ) ]1/4

q"film = 5.93 × 104 W/m2

The radiation heat flux is;

q"rad =ε ζ ( Ts4 -Tsat4 )

= 0.05 × 5.67 × 10-8 × [( 350+273)4 - ( 100+273)4]

= 372.2 W/m2

q"total = q"film + (3/4) q"rad

= 5.93 × 104 + (3/4) ×372.2

= 5.9579 × 104 W/m2

As = π × D × L = π × 0.005× 1 = 0.0157 m2

Qtotal, boiling = q"total × As = 936 W . m.ev = Qboiling / hfg

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 113 of 142
 15 Condensation heat transfer
Condensation occurs when the temperature of a vapor is reduced below
its saturation temperature Tsat.

Two distinct forms of condensation are observed: film condensation and

drop- wise condensation.

a. Film condensation:
In film condensation, the condensate wets the surface and forms a liquid
film on the surface that slides down under the influence of gravity. The
thickness of the liquid film increases in the flow direction as more vapor
condenses on the film.

b. Drop-wise condensation:
In drop-wise condensation, the condensed vapor forms droplets on the
surface instead of a continuous film, and the surface is covered by count-
less droplets of varying diameters.
-------------------------------------

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 114 of 142
 1. Film condensation on vertical plate

The liquid film starts forming at the

top of the plate and flows downward
under the influence of gravity. The
thickness of the film δ increases in the
flow direction x because of continued
condensation at the liquid–vapor
interface. Heat in the amount hfg (the
latent heat of vaporization) is released
during condensation and is transferred
through the film to the plate surface at
temperature Ts. Note that Ts must be
below the saturation temperature Tsat
of the vapor for condensation to occur.

Re= ρL uL dhyd / µL
=4 m. / P µL

Where;
uL = average velocity at lowest part of the flow, m/s
dhyd = 4Ac / P
m. = ρL uL Ac
Ac = P δ
P= wetted perimeter, m In case of vertical plate;
P = W = plate width, m (as shown in the following figure)
δ = film thickness, m

Qconden = m. × hfg*
Qconden = hcoden A ( Tsat - Ts)
Where;
m. =mass flow rate of condensate at lowest part= ρL uL Ac
hfg = latent heat of vaporization which calculated @ sat. temp.
hfg*= modified latent heat of vaporization
= hfg + 0.68CpL × (Tsat - Ts)

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 115 of 142
 Solving for m· from the equation above and substituting it into Eq. of
Re gives yet another relation for the Reynolds number as:
Re = 4 Qconden / P µLhfg*

Vertical Plate Vertical cylinder Horizontal cylinder

P=W P=πD P=2L

Ac = W δ Ac = π D δ Ac = 2 L δ
Dhyd = 4 Ac /P = 4 δ Dhyd = 4 Ac /P = 4 δ Dhyd = 4 Ac /P = 4 δ

Flow regimes on vertical plate

1.Wave free (laminar) Re ≤ 30

2.Wavy laminar 1800 > Re >30
3.Turbulent Re ≥ 1800

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 116 of 142
Heat transfer correlations for film condensation on vertical plate

1.Wave free (laminar) Re ≤ 30

hver =0.943 [ (g× ρL (ρL - ρv )× hfg* × kL3 ) /( µL× (Tsat-Ts) × L)]1/4

where;

hfg*= hfg+ 0.68CpL × (Tsat - Ts)

L = plate height, m
g= gravitational acceleration = 9.8 m/s2
Tsat =saturation temperature, oC
Ts =surface temperature, oC

Liquid properties (calculated @ Tf = (Tsat + Ts) /2);

ρL=Density of liquid, kg/m3,

µL=Dynamic viscosity of liquid, kg/m.s,
kL =Thermal conductivity of liquid, W/m oC and

@ Tsat;
hfg = Latent heat, J/kg
ρv =Density of vapor, kg/m3
-------------------------------------------------------
2.Wavy laminar 1800 > Re >30

hver = Re × kL × (g/ νL2)1/3 /(1.08 ×Re1.22 - 5.2)

Re = [4.81+3.7× L× kL × ((Tsat-Ts) /( µL× hfg* )) ×(g/ νL2)1/3]0.82

--------------------------------------------------------

3.Turbulent Re ≥ 1800

hver = Re × kL × (g/ νL2)1/3 /(8750+ 58× Pr-0.5 ( Re0.75-523))

Re=[253 – 151× Pr0.5 +0.069× L× kL × Pr0.5 × ((Tsat-Ts) /( µL× hfg* )) ×(g/ νL2)1/3]4/3

Liquid properties calculated @ Tf = (Tsat + Ts) /2

2
νL =Kinematic viscosity of liquid, m /s,
CpL=Specific heat of liquid, J/kg oC.
Pr =Prandtl number.

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 117 of 142
2. Inclined Plates
The condensation heat transfer coefficient
on inclined plates is obtained from:

hinclined =hvert (cos Ɵ)1/4

where; Ɵ is the inclination angle of the plate from vertical

This equation gives satisfactory results especially for Ɵ ≤ 60°

This equation is developed for laminar flow of condensate, but it can

also be used for wavy laminar flows as an approximation.

3. Vertical Tubes
Equation for laminar film condensation on the outer surfaces of vertical
plates are used for vertical tubes.

4. Horizontal Tubes

Analysis of film condensation on vertical plates can also be extended to

horizontal tubes.

The average heat transfer coefficient for film condensation on the outer
surfaces of a horizontal tube is determined as;

hhoriz =0.729 [ (g× ρL (ρL - ρv )× hfg* × kL3 ) / ( µL× (Tsat-Ts) × D)]1/4

Where; D is the diameter of the horizontal tube

Therefore;
1/4
hver / hhoriz = 1.29*(D/L)

If hvertical = hhorizontal gives L = 1.294 D = 2.77D, which implies that for

a tube whose length is 2.77 times its diameter, the average heat transfer
coefficient for laminar film condensation will be the same whether the
tube is positioned horizontally or vertically.
---------------------------

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 118 of 142
5. Horizontal Tube Banks
Horizontal tubes stacked on top of each other commonly used in
condenser design.
The average film condensation heat transfer coefficient for all tubes can
be expressed as;

hhoriz, N tubes =0.729 [ (g× ρL (ρL - ρv )× hfg* × kL3 )/( µL× (Tsat-Ts)×N D)]1/4

i.e. hhoriz, N tubes = hhoriz, 1 tube * (1/N1/4)

Where; N is number of tubes in height.

----------------------------------------------------

Example ( 44 )
Saturated steam @ atmospheric
pressure condenses on a 2-m height
and 3-m wide vertical plate that is
maintained @ 80 oC by circulating
cooling water on the other side of the
plate.
Determine the rate of condensation
heat transfer and the rate of water
condensate.

Re=[4.81+3.7× L× kL × ((Tsat-Ts) /( µL× hfg* )) ×(g/ νL2)1/3]0.82

h= Re × kL × (g/ νL2)1/3 /(1.08 Re1.22-5.2),

hfg*= hfg+ 0.68CpL × (Tsat-Ts)

@ sat. temp.= 100 oC hfg=2257000 J/kg.

Solution

Properties of water @ Tf = (Tsat + Ts )/2 = 90 oC :

ρL=965.3 kg/m3, µL=0.315×10-3 kg/m.s, kL =0.675 W/m oC and
CpL=4206 J/kg oC,

L= plate height = 2 m

The modified latent heat of vaporization is

hfg* = hfg + 0.68CpL (Tsat - Ts)
= 2257 * 103 J/kg + 0.68 (4206 J/kg · °C)(100 - 80)°C
= 2314 * 103 J/kg

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 119 of 142
For wavy-laminar flow, the Reynolds number is determined
from

Re = [4.81+3.7× L× kL × ((Tsat-Ts) /( µL× hfg* )) ×(g/ νL2)1/3]0.82

=1287

Which; is between 30 and 1800, and thus our assumption of

wavy laminar flow is verified.

Then the condensation heat transfer coefficient is determined

from;

h= Re × kL × (g/ νL2)1/3 /(1.08 Re1.22 - 5.2),

h= 5848 W/m2 · °C

The heat transfer surface area of the plate is

As = W* L = (3 m) * (2 m) = 6 m2.

Then the rate of heat transfer during this condensation process

becomes;

Q = h As (Tsat - Ts) = (5848 W/m2·°C)(6 m2)(100 - 80)°C

= 7.02 * 105 W

(b) The rate of condensation of steam is determined from

m·= Q / hfg* = 0.303 kg/s

That is, steam will condense on the surface at a rate of 303

grams per second.

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 120 of 142
Example (45)
Repeat the last example in case of the plate which is inclined by 30 deg.
from vertical.

Solution:

(a) The heat transfer coefficient in this case

can be determined
from the vertical plate relation by replacing
g by g cos Ɵ.

hinclined =hvert (cos Ɵ)1/4

= (5848 W/m2 · °C)(cos 30°)1/4
= 5641 W/m2 · °C

The heat transfer surface area of the plate is still 6 m2. Then the rate of
condensation heat transfer :

Q = h As (Tsat - Ts) = (5641 W/m2 · °C)(6 m2)(100 - 80)°C

=6.77 *105 W

(b) The rate of condensation of steam is determined from

m·= Q / hfg* = 0.293 kg/s

----------------------------------------------
Example (46)
The condenser of a steam power plant operates at a pressure of 7.38 kPa.
Steam at this pressure condenses on the outer surfaces of horizontal pipe
through which cooling water circulates. The outer diameter of the pipe is
3 cm, and the outer surfaces of the pipe is maintained at 30°C .
Determine per unit length of a horizontal pipe:

(a) the rate of heat transfer to the cooling water circulating in the pipes.
(b) the rate of condensation of steam.
@ 7.38 kPa ; Tsat (sat. temp.) = 40 oC, ρv=0.05 kg/m3 hfg=2407000 J/kg.

Solution

Tsat= 40 oC
Ts= 30 oC

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 121 of 142
@ 7.38 kPa ; Tsat (sat. temp.) = 40 oC, ρv=0.05 kg/m3 hfg=2407000 J/kg.

Properties of water @ Tf = (Tsat + Ts )/ 2 = 35 oC:

ρL=994 kg/m3, µL=0.72×10-3 kg/m.s,
kL =0.623 W/m oC and CpL=4178 J/kg oC,

The modified latent heat of vaporization is

hfg* = hfg + 0.68CpL (Tsat - Ts)
= 2407 * 103 J/kg + 0.68 (4178 J/kg · °C)(40 - 30)°C
= 2435 * 103 J/kg

hhoriz =0.729 [ (g× ρL (ρL - ρv )× hfg* × kL3 ) /( µL× (Tsat-Ts) × D)]1/4

= 9292 W/m2 oC

The heat transfer surface area of the tube is;

A = π D L = π * 0.03 * 1 = 0.09425 m2.

Then the rate of condensation heat transfer :

Q = h As (Tsat - Ts) = (9292 W/m2 · °C)( 0.09425 m2)(40 - 30)°C

= 8758 W

(b) The rate of condensation of steam is determined from

m·= Q / hfg* = 0.0036 kg/s

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 122 of 142
Example (47)
Repeat the proceeding example problem for the case of 12 horizontal
tubes arranged in a rectangular array of 3 tubes height and 4 tubes deep,

Solution:

For; N =number of tubes in height = 3

M =number of tubes in deep= 4

hhoriz, N tubes = hhoriz, 1 tube * (1/N1/4)

= 9292*(1/31/4)
= 7060 W/m2 · °C

The heat transfer surface area of the tube is;

A = π D L* (N* M) = π * 0.03 * 1*(3*4) = 1.131 m2.

Then the rate of condensation heat transfer :

Q = h As (Tsat - Ts) = (7060 W/m2 · °C)(1.131 m2)(40 - 30)°C

= 79850 W

(b) The rate of condensation of steam is determined from

m·= Q / hfg* = 0.0328 kg/s

------------------------------------------------------------------

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 123 of 142
 Heat transfer correlations for condensation
CondensationFlow Regime
surface Correlation
1. On Wave free
vertical (laminar)
plate Re ≤ 30
Wavy laminar
1800 > Re >30

Turbulent
Re ≥ 1800

2. Inclined for laminar hinclined =hvert (cos Ɵ)1/4 , Laminar

Plates Re ≤ 30
For;
Ɵ ≤ 60°
For wavy hinclined =hvert, wavy (cos Ɵ)1/4
laminar flow
1800 > Re >30
3. Vertical Wave free hvert Tube =hvert
Tubes (laminar)
Re ≤ 30

4. Wave free
Horizontal (laminar)
Tubes Re ≤ 30

;
5. Wave free
Horizontal (laminar)
Tube Re ≤ 30
Banks

Liquid properties calculated @ Tf = (Tsat+Ts) /2

ρL=Density of liquid, kg/m3,
µL=Dynamic viscosity of liquid, kg/m.s,
kL =Thermal conductivity of liquid, W/m oC and
CpL=Specific heat of liquid, J/kg oC.
νL =Kinematic viscosity of liquid, m2 /s,
Pr =Prandtl number.
@ Tsat (sat. temp.) ρv& hfg.

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 124 of 142
Week Topic PDF Video
Prof. Hesham Mostafa
01 01. Introduction to Heat and Mass Part 01 001 Introduction to Heat and Mass
Transfer Transfer
Continue Part 01 002 Examples for introduction of
Heat and mass transfer
02 02. One dimension conduction Part 01 003 One dimension conduction
steady heat transfer.
03. Solids with heat generation. Part 01 004 Solids with heat generation.
005 Examples for Solids with heat
generation
03 04. Fins Part 02
05. One dimension conduction
unsteady.
04 06. Flow over flat plate
Continue
05 07. Flow inside tube
Continue
06 08. Flow across tube
09. Flow across tube bank
07
Review
Mid Term Exam.
08 Review
Review

09 10. Free convection H T

Continue
10 11. Radiation H T
12. Heat Exchangers
11 Continue
13. Mass Transfer
12 Continue
14. Boiling H T
13 Major Exam
15. Condensation H T
14 16. Application of Heat and Mass
Transfer
Review

-------------------------------------------------------------------------

ٍ‫انحًد هلل وانشكر هلل رب انعانًي‬

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 125 of 142
 Solved Problems
"Part One"
1) Consider a 1.2-m-high and 2-m-wide double-pane window consisting
of two 3-mm-thick layers of glass (k =0.78 W/m°C) separated by a 12-
mm-wide stagnant air space (k = 0.026 W/m °C). Determine the steady
rate of heat transfer through this double-pane window and the
temperature of its inner surface for a day during which the room is
maintained at 24°C while the temperature of the outdoors is -5°C. Take
the convection heat transfer coefficients on the inner and outer surfaces of
the window to be 10 W/m2 °C and 25 W/m2 °C respectively.
Solution
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer through the window is steady since the indoor and
outdoor temperatures remain constant at the specified values. 2 Heat transfer is one-
dimensional since any significant temperature gradients will exist in the direction
from the indoors to the outdoors. 3 Thermal conductivities of the glass and air are
constant. 4 Heat transfer by radiation is negligible.
Properties The thermal conductivity of the glass and air are given to be kglass = 0.78
W/m°C and kair = 0.026 W/m°C.
The area of the window and the individual resistances are Air

A  (12
. m)  (2 m)  2.4 m2
1 1
Ri  Rconv,1    0.0417C/W
h1 A (10 W/m .C)(2.4 m 2 )
2

L 0.003m
R1  R3  Rglass  1   0.0016C/W
k1 A (0.78 W/m.C)(2.4 m 2 )
L 0.012 m
R2  Rair  2   0.1923C/W
k2 A (0.026 W/m.C)(2.4 m 2 ) Ri R1 R2 R3 Ro
1 1 T 1 T2
Ro  Rconv,2    0.0167 o C/W
h2 A (25 W/m2 .o C)(2.4 m 2 )
Rtotal  Rconv,1  2 R1  R2  Rconv,2  0.0417 2(0.0016)  0.1923 0.0167
 0.2539C/W
The steady rate of heat transfer through window glass then becomes
T  T2 [24  (5)]C
Q  1   114W
Rtotal 0.2539C/W

The inner surface temperature of the window glass can be determined from
T T
Q  1 1   T1  T1  Q Rconv,1  24o C  (114 W)(0.0417C/W) = 19.2C
Rconv,1

------------------------------------------------------------------------

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 126 of 142
2)A 2-m1.5-m section of wall of an industrial furnace burning natural
gas is not insulated, and the temperature at the outer surface of this
section is measured to be 80°C. The temperature of the furnace room is
30°C, and the combined convection and radiation heat transfer coefficient
at the surface of the outer furnace is 10 W/m2°C. It is proposed to insulate
this section of the furnace wall with glass wool insulation (k = 0.038
W/m°C) in order to reduce the heat loss by 90 %. Assuming the outer
surface temperature of the metal section still remains at about 80°C;
determine the thickness of the insulation that needs to be used.
Solution
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer through the wall is steady and one-dimensional. 2
Thermal conductivities are constant. 3 The furnace operates continuously. 4 The
given heat transfer coefficient accounts for the radiation effects.
Properties The thermal conductivity of the glass wool insulation is given to be k =
0.038 W/m°C.
The rate of heat transfer without insulation is
A  (2 m)(1.5 m)  3 m2 Insulation
Q  hA(Ts  T )  (10 W / m . C)(3 m )(80  30) C  1500 W
2 2

Rinsulation Ro
In order to reduce heat loss by 90%, the new heat
T
transfer rate and thermal resistance must be
Ts
Q  010
.  1500 W  150 W L
T T (80  30) C
Q  
 Rtotal    0.333  C / W
Rtotal Q 150 W
,and in order to have this thermal resistance, the thickness of insulation must be
1 L
Rtotal  Rconv  Rinsulation  
hA kA
1 L
   0.333C/W
(10 W/m .C)(3 m ) (0.038 W/m.C)(3 m 2 )
2 2

L  0.034 m  3.4 cm
--------------------------------------------------------------

3) Water is boiling in a 25-cm-diameter aluminum pan (k = 237 W/m °C)

at 95°C. Heat is transferred steadily to the boiling water in the pan
through its 0.5-cm-thick flat bottom at a rate of 800 W. If the inner
surface temperature of the bottom of the pan is 108°C, determine (a) the
boiling heat transfer coefficient on the inner surface of the pan, and (b)
the outer surface temperature of the bottom of the pan.
Solution

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 127 of 142
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Heat transfer is one-dimensional
since the thickness of the bottom of the pan is small relative to its diameter. 3 The
thermal conductivity of the pan is constant.
Properties The thermal conductivity of the aluminum pan is given to be k = 237
W/m°C.
a) The boiling heat transfer coefficient is
D2 (0.25 m) 2
As    0.0491m 2
4 4 95C
Q  hAs (Ts  T )
108C
Q 800 W
h   1254W/m 2 .C
As (Ts  T ) (0.0491m 2 )(108 95)C 600 W
0.5 cm
(b) The outer surface temperature of the bottom of the pan is
Ts ,outer  Ts ,inner
Q  kA
L
Q L (800 W)(0.005 m)
Ts ,outer  Ts ,inner1   108C +  108.3C
kA (237 W/m.C)(0.0491m 2 )
-------------------------------

4)Two 5-cm-diameter, 15–cm-long

aluminum bars (k = 176 W/m°C) with
ground surfaces are pressed against each
other with a pressure of 20 atm (h =
11,400 W/m2C). The bars are enclosed
in an insulation sleeve and, thus, heat
transfer from the lateral surfaces is negligible. If the top and bottom
surfaces of the two-bar system are maintained at temperatures of 150°C
and 20°C, respectively, determine (a) the rate of heat transfer along the
cylinders under steady conditions and (b) the temperature drop at the
interface.
Solution
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Heat transfer is one-dimensional
in the axial direction since the lateral surfaces of both cylinders are well-insulated. 3
Thermal conductivities are constant.
Properties The thermal conductivity of aluminum bars is given to be k = 176
W/m°C. The contact conductance at the interface of aluminum-aluminum plates for
the case of ground surfaces and of 20 atm  2 MPa pressure is hc= 11,400 W/m2C
(Table 3-2).
(a) The thermal resistance network in this case consists of two conduction resistance
and the contact resistance, and are determined to be

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 128 of 142
 1 1
Rcontact    0.0447C/W
hc Ac (11,400 W/m2 .C)[ (0.05 m) 2 /4]

L 015
. m
Rplate    0.4341  C / W
kA (176 W / m. C)[ (0.05 m) 2 / 4]

Then the rate of heat transfer is determined to be

T T (150  20)C
Q     142.4W
R total Rcontact  2 R bar (0.0447 2  0.4341) C/W

Therefore, the rate of heat transfer through the bars is 142.4 W.

(b) The temperature drop at the interface is determined to be
Tinterface  Q Rcontact  (142.4 W)(0.0447C/W)  6.4C

---------------------------------------------------------------------------

5)Steam at 320°C flows in a cast iron pipe (k = 80

W/m · °C) whose inner and outer diameters are 5
cm and 5.5 cm, respectively. The pipe is covered
with 3-cm-thick glass wool insulation with k = 0.05
W/m ·°C. Heat is lost to the surroundings at 5°C by
natural convection and radiation, with a combined
heat transfer coefficient of h2= 18 W/m · °C. Taking the heat transfer
coefficient inside the pipe to be h1= 60 W/m2 °C, determine the rate of
heat loss from the steam per unit length of the pipe. Also determine the
temperature drops across the pipe shell and the insulation.
Solution

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 129 of 142
--------------------------------

6)Consider a 2-m-high electric hot water heater that has a diameter of 40

cm and maintains the hot water at 55°C. The tank is located in a small
room whose average temperature is 27°C, and the heat transfer
coefficients on the inner and outer surfaces of the heater are 50 and 12
W/m2°C, respectively. The tank is placed in another 46-cm-diameter
sheet metal tank of negligible thickness, and the space between the two
tanks is filled with foam insulation (k = 0.03 W/m °C). The thermal
resistances of the water tank and the outer thin sheet metal shell are very
small and can be neglected. Determine the heat loss from the tank. If 3
cm thick fiber glass insulation is used to wrap the entire tank with "K =
0.035W/m°C" what will be the heat loss?
Solution
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no indication of any change with
time. 2 Heat transfer is one-dimensional since there is thermal symmetry about the
center line and no variation in the axial direction. 3 Thermal conductivities are

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 130 of 142
constant. 4 The thermal resistances of the water tank and the outer thin sheet metal
shell are negligible. 5 Heat loss from the top and bottom surfaces is negligible.

Properties The thermal conductivities are given to be k = 0.03 W/m°C for foam
insulation and k = 0.035 W/m°C for fiber glass insulation

Consider only the side surfaces of the water heater for simplicity, and disregard the
top and bottom surfaces (it will make difference of about 10 percent). The individual
thermal resistances are

Ao  Do L  (0.46 m)(2 m)  2.89 m2

1 1
Ro    0.029C/W
ho Ao (12 W/m .C)(2.89 m 2 )
2

ln(r2 / r1 ) ln(23 / 20)

R foam    0.37 C/W
2 kL 2 (0.03 W/m2 .C)(2 m)
Rtotal  R o  R foam  0.029  0.37  0.40 C/W

The rate of heat loss from the hot water tank is

T  T2 (55  27) C

Q  w   70 W
Rtotal 0.40  C / W

The amount and cost of heat loss per year are

Q  Q t  (0.07 kW)(365  24 h / yr)  6132

. kWh / yr

Cost of Energy ( Amount of energy)(Unit cost) = (613.2 kWh)($0.08 / kWh) $49.056

$49.056
f   0.1752 17.5%
$280

If 3 cm thick fiber glass insulation is used to wrap the entire tank, the individual
resistances becomes

Ao  Do L  (0.52 m) (2 m)  3.267m 2
Rfoam Rfiberglass Ro
1 1 Tw T2
Ro    0.026 o C/W
ho Ao (12 W/m2 . o C)(3.267 m 2 )

ln(r2 / r1 ) ln(23 / 20)

R foam    0.371C/W
2 k1 L 2 (0.03 W/m2 .C)(2 m)
ln(r3 / r2 ) ln(26 / 23)
R fiberglass    0.279C/W
2 k2 L 2 (0.035W/m2 .C)(2 m)
Rtotal  Ro  R foam  R fiberglass  0.026 0.371 0.279  0.676C/W

The rate of heat loss from the hot water heater in this case is
T  T2 (55  27)C
Q  w   41.42 W
Rtotal 0.676C/W

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 131 of 142
--------------------------------------------

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 132 of 142
 Solved Problems
"Part Two"
1)Consider a large 3-cm-thick stainless steel plate (k = 15.1 W/m °C) in
which heat is generated uniformly at a rate of 5  106 W/m3. Both sides of
the plate are exposed to an environment at 30°C with a heat transfer
coefficient of 60 W/m2 °C. Explain where in the plate the highest and the
lowest temperatures will occur, and determine their values.
Solution
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no indication of any change with
time. 2 Heat transfer is one-dimensional since the plate is large relative to its
thickness, and there is thermal symmetry about the center plane 3 Thermal
conductivity is constant. 4 Heat generation is uniform.
PropertiesThe thermal conductivity is given to be k =15.1 W/m°C.
The lowest temperature will occur at surfaces of plate while the highest temperature
will occur at the midplane. Their values are determined directly from
gL (5 105 W/m3 )(0.015m)
Ts  T   30C   155C
h 60 W/m2 .C
gL2 (5  105 W/m3 )(0.015 m) 2
To  Ts   155C   158.7C
2k 2(15.1 W/m.C)

----------------------------------------------------------
2) In a nuclear reactor, 1-cm-diameter cylindrical uranium rods cooled by
water from outside serve as the fuel. Heat is generated uniformly in the
rods (k= 29.5 W/m · °C) at a rate of 7107 W/m3. If the outer surface
temperature of rods is 175°C, determine the temperature at their center.
Solution
Assumptions 1 Heat transfer is steady since there is no indication of any change with
time. 2 Heat transfer is one-dimensional since there is thermal symmetry about the
center line and no change in the axial direction. 3 Thermal conductivity is constant. 4
Heat generation in the rod is uniform.
PropertiesThe thermal conductivity is given to be k = 29.5 W/m°C.
The temperature at the center can be calculated from
gro 2 (7  107 W/m3 )(0.025 m) 2
To  Ts   175C   545.8C
4k 4(29.5 W/m.C)

-----------------------------------------------

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 133 of 142
3)Steam in a heating system flows through
tubes whose outer diameter is 3 cm and whose
walls are maintained at a temperature of
120°C. Circularaluminum fins (k =180 W/m ·
°C) of outer diameter 6 cm and
constantthickness of 2 mm are attached to the
tube. Thespace between the fins is 3 mm, and
thus there are 200 fins per meter lengthof the
tube. Heat is transferred to the surrounding air
at 25°C, with a combinedheat transfer
coefficient of h = 60 W/m2· °C. Determine the
increase in heat transfer from the tube per meter of its length as a result of
adding fins. (Fin efficiency = 95%).
Solution

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 134 of 142
4)A hot surface at 100ºC is to be cooled by attaching 3-cm-long, 0.25-
cm-diameter aluminum pin fins (k =237 W/m ºC) to it, with a center-to-
center distance of 0.6 cm. The temperature of the surrounding medium is
30°C, and the heat transfer coefficient on the surfaces is 35 W/m2°C.
Determine the rate of heat transfer from the surface for a 1-m 1-m
section of the plate. Also determine the overall effectiveness of the fins.
.(Fin efficiency = 95.9%).
Solution
The number of fins, finned and unfinned surface areas, and heat transfer rates from
those areas are
1 m2
n  27777
(0.006 m)(0.006 m)

 D2   (0.0025) 2 
Afin  27777 DL    27777 (0.0025)(0.03)    6.68 m
2

 4   4 
 D2   2
Aunfinned  1  27777   1  27777 (0.0025)   0.86 m 2
 4   4 
 
Q finned   fin Q fin,max   fin hAfin (Tb  T )
 0.959(35 W/m2 .C)(6.68 m 2 )(100 30)C
 15,700 W
Q unfinned  hAunfinned (Tb  T )  (35 W/m2 o C)(0.86 m 2 )(100 30)C  2107W

Then the total heat transfer from the finned plate becomes
Q total,fin  Q finned  Q unfinned  15,700 2107 1.78104 W  17.8 W

The rate of heat transfer if there were no fin attached to the plate would be
Ano fin  (1 m)(1 m)  1 m2
Q no fin  hAno fin (Tb  T )  (35 W / m2 .  C)(1 m2 )(100  30) C  2450 W

Then the fin effectiveness becomes

Q fin 17800
 fin    7.27

Qno fin 2450

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 135 of 142
Example

Find the amount of heat transfer from a hot plate(vertical position) of 50

cm * 100 cm
if Tw=77 oC exposed to:
a) Still air at 27 oC
b) Still water at 27 oC.
Solve in case :
a- Height =50 cm
b- Height=100 cm

Solution

a) For Still air (free convection)

1-Vertical Position

Air properties at Tf =Tw+T∞/2

Tf=(27+77)/2=325K

From air tables @ 325 K

Pr= 0.702 υ= 1.8155*10-5 k=0.0282 w/m oC

Lc= 0.5 m

β=1/ Tf = 1/ 325

Gr = ∞

Gr= 5.7178× 108

Gr Pr=4.014×108

From table 7-1 C=0.59,m=0.25

Nu=C (Gr Pr) m =(h Lc /k)=( hd/k)= 83.51

h = 4.71 w/m2 oC
HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 136 of 142
 Q=hA (Tw-T∞) =h (A) (Tw-T∞) = 117.8 Watt

2-Vertical Position

Air properties at Tf =Tw+T∞/2

Tf=(27+77)/2=325K

From air tables

Pr= 0.702 υ= 1.8155*10-5 k=0.0282 w/m oC

Lc= 1 m

β=1/ Tf = 1/ 325

Gr = ∞

Gr= 4.574× 109

Gr Pr=3.21113×109

From table 7-1 C=0.021,m=0.4

Nu=C (Gr Pr) m =(h Lc /k)=( hd/k)= 133.3

h = 3.76 w/m2 oC

Q=hA (Tw-T∞) =h (A) (Tw-T∞) = 94 Watt

Vertical Position

a- Water properties at Tf =(Tw+T∞)/2

Tf=(27+77)/2=52 oC

From tables

= 5.342619 × 1010 k=0.6464 w/m oC

L=1 m

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 137 of 142
 Gr Pr= L3 (Tw –T∞) =2.67131×1012

From table 7-1 C=0.021, m=0.4

Nu=C (Gr Pr) m =(h Lc /k)=( hd/k)= 1963

h = 1268.9 w/m2 oC

Q=hA (Tw-T∞) =h (A) (Tw-T∞) = 31721 Watt

b- Water properties at Tf =(Tw+T∞)/2

Tf=(27+77)/2=52 oC

From tables

= 5.342619 × 1010 k=0.6464 w/m oC

L=0.5 m

Gr Pr= L3 (Tw –T∞) = 3.33913×1011

From table 7-1 C=0.021, m=0.4

Nu=C (Gr Pr) m =(h Lc /k)=( hd/k)= 854.4

h = 1104.6 w/m2 oC

Q=hA (Tw-T∞) =h (A) (Tw-T∞) = 27615 Watt

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 138 of 142
1.) Find heat exchanger efficiency and effectiveness if hot water enters the inner tube
at 70 oC and exit at 60 oC with mass flow rate 0.05 kg/s. while cold water flow in the
annulus with mass flow rate 0.025 kg/s inlet at 24 oC and exit at 40 oC.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Given
Hot Cold

Th,i = 70 C Tc,i = 24 C

Th,o = 60 C Tc,o = 40 C

m.h = 0.05 Kg/s m.c= 0.025 Kg/s

Solution

Hot Cold
Water properties at Th,av = (Th,i+Th,o)/2 Water properties at Tc,av = (Tc,i+Tc,o)/2

(m.Cp)h = 0.05×4182.8 = 209.14 (m.Cp)c = 0.025×4175= 104.375 = Cmin

Qhot= m.hCph(Th,i–Th,o) Qcold= m.cCpc(Tc,o–Tc,i)

= 209.14 (70-60) = 2091.4 watt = 104.375 (40-24) = 1670 watt

Qloss = Qhot - Qcold = 2091.4 – 1670 = 421.4 watt

ηHE = Qcold/ Qhot = 0.7985 = 79.85 %

Qmax = CminΔTmax.
= 104.375 (70 – 24) = 4801.25 watt

ε = Qhot / Qmax= 2091.4 / 4801.25 = 0.4356

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 139 of 142
2) Hot oil (Cp=2130 J/kg.oC ) at 150 oC is to be cooled by water (Cp=4180 J/kg.oC )
at 20 oC in a double pipe heat exchanger. Water flows inside the inner tube at a
rate of 0.2 kg/s in counter flow with oil which flow in the annulus at a rate of 0.3
kg/s. Tube diameter was 16 mm and length 4 m. Overall heat transfer coefficient
310 W/m2 .oC. Take ε=[1-exp{-NTU(1-C)}]/[1-C.exp{-NTU(1-C)}] Find Actual
heat transfer, outlet water and oil temperatures.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Given
Hot Cold

Toil = 150 C TWater = 20 C

Cpoil= 2130 J/kgC CpWater= 4180 J/kgC

m.oil = 0.3 Kg/s m.Water= 0.2 Kg/s

d= 0.016 m
L=4m
U = 310 W/m2C
Solution
A= πdL = π (0.016) 4

(m.Cp)oil = 0.3 × 2130 = 639 = Cmin

(m.Cp)oil = 0.2 × 4180 = 836 = Cmax.

C = Cmin / Cmax = 0.764

NTU = UA/ Cmin = (310 × 0.201)/639 = 0.0975

ε=[1-exp{-NTU(1-C)}]/[1-C.exp{-NTU(1-C)}] = 0.09

ε = Qactual / Qmax= Qactual / (Cmin × 𝜟Tmax)

ΔTmax= 150-20 = 130 C

Qmax = CminΔTmax=639 *130 =83070 watt

Qactual = 7476 watt

= m.oilCpoil(Toil,i - Toil,o) = m.wCpw(Tw,o – Tw,i)

= 0.3× 2130 × (150 - Toil,o) = 0.2× 4180 × (Tw,o – 20)

Toil,o= 138.3C

Tw,o= 29 C

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 140 of 142
3. Find overall heat transfer coefficient, efficiency and effectivness for a double pipe
heat exchanger if hot water flows inside the inner tube in parallel flow with the cold
water, which flows in the annulus. Inner tube length was 1m and diameters are do=9.5
mm and di=8.5 mm. Hot water volume flow rates was 3 Lit/min. Inlet and outlet hot
water temperatures were 66 and 60 oC respectively. Inlet and outlet cold water
temperatures were 20 and 40 oC respectively. Cold water volume flow rates was 0.8
Lit/min.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Air properties at 350 K → ρ=0.998 kg/m3, µ=2.075*10-5 kg/m.s, Pr=0.697,

Cp=1009 J/kg.oC. and k=0.03003 W/m.oC

Water properties at 30 oC → ρ=995 kg/m3 , µ=0.0008 kg/m.s, Pr=5.4, Cp=4177

J/kg.oC. and k=0.62 W/m.oC

Water properties at 100 oC → µ=2.83*10-4 kg/m.s,

Water properties at 63 oC → ρ=982 kg/m3 , and Cp=4181 J/kg.oC.

Sol.

4) Given
Hot Cold

Th,i = 66 C Tc,i = 20 C

Th,o = 60 C Tc,o = 40 C

V.h = 3 liter/min V.c = 0.8 liter/min

Solution
ΔT1 / ΔT2 > 2

ΔTm = LMTD = = 31.2 C

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 141 of 142
Am = π dm L = π (0.009) 1= 0.02826 m2

ΔTmax. = Th,i - Tc,i = 46 C

Water properties at Th,av = (Th,i+ Th,o)/2 = 63 C , Cph = 4181 J/kg C

ρh = 982 Kg/ m3

Water properties at Tc,av = (Tc,i+ Tc,o)/2 = 30 C , Cpc = 4177 J/kg C

ρc = 995 Kg/ m3

m.h = V.h × ρh = 982× = 0.0491 Kg/s

m.c = V.c × ρc = 995 × = 0.01328 Kg/s

(m. Cp)h = 0.0491×4181 = 209.05

(m. Cp)c = 0.01326×4177 = 55.13 = Cmin

Qh = m.h Cph (Th,i – Th,o) = 1232 W

= U Am ΔTm

U = 1400 W/m2C

Qc = m.c Cpc (Tc,o – Tc,i) = 1108 W

ηHE = Qcold/ Qhot = 89.9 %

Qmax = Cmin ΔTmax. = 2536 W

ε = Qhot / Qmax = 1232 / 2536 = 0.485

HTI, Mech. Eng. Dept., Heat and Mass Transfer MEC 223. Prof. Hesham Mostafa. March 2022 Page 142 of 142