Chapter 1
Introduction to Digital Systems
(Digital Logic Design, ECEg 3142)
Faculty of computing and INFORMATICS
Sileshi A.
(sileshi120@gmail.com) 2021/2022
Analog and Digital quantities
Analog Quantities:
Physical quantities or signals having continuous values.
They can serve as an input for analog systems
For instance, an analog clock which is having hour, minute, and
second hands that gives information in a continuous form; the
movement of the hands are continuous.
Graphically, analog signals represented through sine wave.
Analog and Digital quantities…
Digital Quantities:
Physical quantities or signals having discreet set of values.
They can serve as an input for digital systems.
For Example, a digital clock which reports the hours and
minutes that will change suddenly from 10:00 to 10:01.
Graphically, digital signals represented through square wave.
Analog Vs Digital quantities
• Analog quantities • Digital quantities
Easier to process
Susceptible (distortable) to noise
Can be transmit more reliably
High error rate
Can be produce with greater accuracy
Slow transmission (FM or AM ) high bandwidth
There is bandwidth limitation It is not susceptible to noise
Fast to transmission (by TDMA and/or
Difficult to store (difficult to
CDMA)
compress)
Can be store more compactly
Error detection and correction is
possible (using parity bit)
Binary Digital Signal
• Signal is an information variable represented by physical quantity.
• For digital systems, the variable takes on discrete values.
Two level, or binary values are the most prevalent values.
• Binary values are represented abstractly by:
Digits using 0 and 1
Words (symbols) using False (F) and True (T), Low (L) and High
(H) or On and Off
Waveform using square waveform
• Binary values are represented by values or ranges of values of
physical quantities
Systems
System can be defined as:
A collection of elements or components that are organized for a
common purpose.
A way of working, organizing or doing something which follows a
set of rules.
A group of interacting or interdependent components that act
according to set of rules to form a unified whole.
Systems …
• Essential requirements of a system
Digital System
• Takes a set of discrete information inputs and discrete internal information (system
state) and generates a set of discrete information outputs.
• Digital systems are designed to store, process, and communicate
information in digital form.
• They are found in a wide range of applications, including process
control, communication systems, digital instruments, and consumer
products. • Digital systems: discrete inputs,
Discrete process, communication and
output
Information Discrete Telephone switching exchanges
Discrete
Inputs Processing Outputs Digital camera
System Digital TV
• Discrete information-processing
systems
System State Manipulate discrete elements
of information
Digital Vs Analog System
Sr. Key Digital System Analog System
No.
Signal Type Digital System uses discrete signals as Analog System uses continuous signals
1 on/off representing binary format. Off is 0, with varying magnitude.
On is 1.
2 Wave Type Digital System uses square waves. Analog system uses sine waves.
Technology Digital system first transform the analog Analog systems records the physical
waves to limited set of numbers and then waveforms as they are originally
3 record them as digital square waves. generated.
Transmission Digital transmission is easy and can be Analog systems are affected badly by noise
4 made noise proof with no loss at all. during transmission.
Flexibility Digital system hardware can be easily Analog system's hardwares are not flexible.
5 modulated as per the requirements.
Bandwidth Digital transmission needs more Analog transmission requires less
6 bandwidth to carry same information. bandwidth.
Memory Digital data is stored in form of bits. Analog data is stored in form of waveform
7
signals.
Power Digital system needs low power as Analog systems consume more power than
8 requirement compare to its analog counterpart. digital systems.
Best suited Digital system are good for computing and Analog systems are good for audio/video
9 for digital electronics. recordings.
10 Cost Digital system are costly. Analog systems are cheap.
Example Digital system are: Computer, CD, DVD, … Analog systems are: Analog electronics,
11 voice radio using AM or FM frequency,…
The end of chapter 1
