Class 10 Notes Science
Control and Co-ordination
1. Name one gustatory receptor and one olfactory receptor in human beings.
Ans.
Gustatory receptors are receptors for taste present in taste buds on tongue and
olfactory receptors are the receptors for smell present in nasal chambers.
2. Which is the largest and most prominent part of the brain?
Ans
Cerebrum is the largest and most prominent part of the brain.
3. Write the main functions of the following :
(a) sensory neuron
(b) cranium
(c) vertebral column
(d) motor neuron.
Answer:
(a) Sensory neuron occur in sense organs and receive stimuli through their dendrites.
The sensory neurons transmit impulses towards the central nervous system (brain
and spinal cord) with the help of their axons.
(b) Cranium : The bones of cranium or brain box protect the brain from mechanical
injury.
(c) Vertebral column : Major function of the vertebral column is protection of the
spinal cord and carries the weight of the upper body.
(d) Motor neuron: The dendrites of these neurons synapse with axons of
interneurons in central nervous system. They transmit impulses from central nervous
system towards effectors (muscles or glands). The latter respond to stimuli.
4. (a) Define reflex arc.
(b) Trace the sequence of events which occur in our body when a bright light
is focussed on your eyes.
Answer:
(a) The pathway taken by the nerve impulses in a reflex action, from receptor
organ to spinal cord and back to effector organ of reflex action is called reflex
arc. Receptor organ could be a sense organ such as eyes, skin, etc., and
effector organ could be muscles, glands, etc.
(b) When a bright light is focussed on eye, receptor cell receives the stimulus
and an impulse is generated. This impulse is passed on to sensory neuron,
then it goes to brain, brain sends the impulse to the motor neuron which
contracts the pupil. Sequence of events can be summarised as :
Photoreceptors in eye → Sensory (Receptor) neuron → Brain → Motor
(Effector) neuron → Eye muscle → Constriction of pupils
5. Which part of the human brain is:
(i) the main thinking part of the brain?
(ii) responsible for maintaining the posture and balance of the body?
Answer
(i) Forebrain which includes cerebrum, olfactory lobes and diencephalon,
is the main thinking part of the brain.
(ii) Cerebellum, part of hindbrain is responsible for maintaining the
posture and balance of the body.
7.Mentioh three major regions of brain. Write one function of each.
Answer:
Brain is divided into three main regions forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain.
(i) Forebrain consists of cerebrum, olfactory lobes and diencephalon. Its main
function is thinking and controlling various activities such as touch, smell, hearing,
speech and sight.
(ii) Midbrain controls reflex movements of the head, neck and trunk in response to
visual and auditory stimuli.
(iii) Hindbrain has three centres called pons, cerebellum and medulla. This part is
responsible for regulating respiration, maintaining posture and balance of body and
controlling involuntary actions such as heartbeat, breathing, swallowing, coughing,
sneezing, vomiting, etc.
8. State the two types of movements seen in plants. Give one example of each type.
Answer:
Two types of movements seen in plants are:
(i) Nastic movements are movements independent of growth that are non-directional
and occur due to turgor changes, e.g., closing of leaves in response to touch
stimulus in ‘touch me not’ plant.
(ii) Tropic movements or tropism are movements due to growth, that are directional
and very slow, e.g., movement of a part of the plant in response to light.
9.Define geotropism. Draw a labelled diagram of a plant showing geotropic
movement of its parts.
Answer:
Geotropism refers to the upward and downward growth of shoots and roots
respectively in response to the pull of earth or gravity. If the plant part moves in the
direction of gravity, it is called positive geotropism. Likewise, if the plant part moves
against the direction of gravity, it is termed as negative geotropism. Shoots are
usually negatively geotropic and roots are usually positively geotropic.
10.What are plant hormones? Name the plant hormones responsible for the
following :
(i) Growth of stem
(ii) Promotion of cell division
(iii) Inhibition of growth
(iv) Elongation of cells
Answer:
Plant hormones or phytohormones are chemical substances produced naturally in
plants and capable of translocation and regulating one or more physiological
processes when present in low concentration. These are also known as plant growth
substances or plant growth regulators.
The plant hormones responsible for different functions are as follows:
(i) Growth of stem : Gibberellins (Gibberellic acid) promote growth in stems.
(ii) Promotion of cell division : Cytokinins promote cell division in plants.
(iii) Inhibition of growth : ABA (Abscisic acid) promotes dormancy in seeds as well as
in buds and thus inhibits growth.
(iv) Elongation of cells : Auxin and cytokinin both cause cell elongation.
11.Define phototropism. Name the plant hormone which is responsible for
phototropism.
Answer:
Phototropism is the movement of a part of the plant in response to light. Shoots
generally grow towards light and are said to be positively phototropic, while roots
grow away from light and are said to be negatively phototropic.
The growth movement of the plant part (stem) is caused by the action of auxin
hormone. Auxin causes cell elongation. Thus, causing growth of stem towards the
light stimulus.
12.Name any three endocrine glands in human body and briefly write the function of
each of them.
Answer. Three endocrine glands with their function in human body are as follows:
1. Thyroid gland : It secretes a hormone called thyroxine which regulates
the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the body and so provide
the best balance for nutrients and mental ability.
2. Adernal gland : It secretes two hormones—adrenalin and corticoid
hormones regulate blood pressure, heartbeat, breathing rate and carbohydrate
metabolism.
3. Pancreas: It secretes two hormones—insulin and glucagon. Insulin hormone
lowers the blood glucose level. Glucagon hormone increases the blood glucose
level.
13.(a) How is brain protected from injury and shock?
(b) Name two main parts of hind brain and state the functions of each.
Answer.
(a) Brain is covered by a three layered membrane called meninges. In between the
layers of meninges and brain, cavity fluid named Cerebro Spinal Fluid (CSF) is filled.
The hard skull covers the meninges. Thus Meninges, CSF and Skull protects our
brain for a certain extent.
(b) Two main parts of hind-brain are — Medulla and Cerebellum. Their functions are:
Medulla : Involuntary actions such as blood pressure, salivation and vomiting.
Cerebellum : It is responsible for precision of voluntary actions and maintaining the
posture and balance of the body.
14.Smita’s father has been advised by a doctor to reduce his sugar intake.
1. Name the disease he is suffering from and name the hormone whose
deficiency is?
2. Identify the gland that secretes it and mention the function of this hormone.
3. Explain how the time and amount of secretion of this hormone is regulated in
human system.
Answer.
1. He is suffering from diabetes. Deficiency of insulin causes diabetes.
2. Pancreas secretes insulin. Insulin helps in regulating blood sugar.
3. When the sugar level in blood increases, it is detected by the a-cells of the
pancreas which responds by producing more insulin. As the blood sugar level
falls, insulin secretion is reduced.
