Digital Image Fundamentals

(Basic Concept)

Rizoan Toufiq1

1 Assistant Professor

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology
rizoantoufiq@yahoo.com

Course Title: Digital Image Processing

July 3, 2018

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 Overview

1 Image Sampling and Quantization

Spatial and Intensity Resolution
Image Interpolation
Nearest Neighbor Interpolation
Bilinear Interpolation
Bicubic Interpolation

2 Referred Books

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Spatial and Intensity Resolution

Intuitively, spatial resolution is a measure of the smallest discernible
detail in an image.
Quantitatively, spatial resolution can be stated in a number of ways,
with line pairs per unit distance, and dots (pixels) per unit distance
being among the most common measures.
Suppose that we construct a chart with alternating black and white
vertical lines,
each of width = W units (W < 1).
The width of a line pair is thus 2W ,
1
Total line pairs per unit distance = 2W

Question: If the width of a line is 0.1 mm, then total line pairs per
mm = ?
1
Solution: 2×0.1 = 10
2 =5
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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Spatial and Intensity Resolution

In the printing and publishing industry, dots per unit distance is a
measure of image resolution used.
Example: In the U.S., this measure usually is expressed as dots per
inch(dpi).
Sampling is the principle factor determining the spatial resolution of
an image.

The key point in the preceding paragraph is that measures of

spatial resolution must be stated with respect to spatial
units.

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Spatial and Intensity Resolution

Intensity (Gray-Level) resolution similarly refers to the smallest dis-
cernible change in intensity level.
It is common practice to refer to the number of bits used to quantize
intensity as the intensity resolution.
For example, it is common to say that an image whose intensity is
quantized into 256 levels has 8 bits of intensity resolution.

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Spatial and Intensity Resolution

Example : Illustration of the effects of reducing image spatial resolu-
tion

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Spatial and Intensity Resolution

The images in Figs. (a) through (d) are shown in 1250, 300, 150,
and 72 dpi, respectively.
Naturally, the lower resolution images are smaller than the original.
For example, the original image is of size 3692 × 2812 pixels, but the
72 dpi image is an array of size 213 × 162

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Spatial and Intensity Resolution

It is possible to improve on the results of Fig. (d) by the choice of
interpolation method used.

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Spatial and Intensity Resolution

Example : Typical effects of varying the number of intensity levels in
a digital image.

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Spatial and Intensity Resolution

The 32-level image in Fig. 2.21(d), however, has an imperceptible
set of very fine ridge-like structures in areas of constant or nearly
constant intensity (particularly in the skull).
This effect, caused by the use of an insufficient number of intensity
levels in smooth areas of a digital image, is called false contouring,
so called because the ridges resemble topographic contours in a map.

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Spatial and Intensity Resolution

Example : Typical effects of varying the number of intensity levels in
a digital image.

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Spatial and Intensity Resolution

Huang [1965] attempted to quantify experimentally the effects on
image quality produced by varying N and k simultaneously.

Database

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Spatial and Intensity Resolution

Sets of these three types of images were generated by varying N and
k, and observers were then asked to rank them according to their
subjective quality.
Results were summarized in the form of so-called isopreference curves
in the Nk-plane.

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Spatial and Intensity Resolution

The key point of interest in the context of the present discussion is
that isopreference curves tend to become more vertical as the detail
in the image increases.

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Spatial and Intensity Resolution

Larger values for N and k, which implies better picture quality.
Images with a large amount of detail only a few intensity levels may be
needed.

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Image Interpolation
Zooming, shrinking, rotating, and geometric corrections.
Interpolation is the process of using known data to estimate values at
unknown locations.
Nearest Neighbor Interpolation
Bilinear Interpolation
Bicubic Interpolation
Bicubic interpolation is the standard used in commercial image editing
programs, such as Adobe Photoshop and Corel Photo paint

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Image Interpolation: Nearest Neighbor

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Image Interpolation: Nearest Neighbor

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Image Interpolation: Nearest Neighbor

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Image Interpolation: Nearest Neighbor

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Image Interpolation: Bilinear Interpolation

Let (x,y) denote the coordinates of the location to which we want to
assign an intensity value (think of it as a point of the grid described
previously), and let v(x,y) denote that intensity value. For bilinear
interpolation, the assigned value is obtained using the equation

v (x, y ) = ax + by + cxy + d

Where four coefficient are determined from four equations in four

unknown that can be written using four nearest neighbor of point
(x,y).

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Image Interpolation: Bilinear Interpolation

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Image Interpolation: Bilinear Interpolation

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Image Interpolation: Bilinear Interpolation

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Image Interpolation: Bilinear Interpolation

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Image Interpolation: Bilinear Interpolation

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Image Interpolation: Bilinear Interpolation

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Image Interpolation: bicubic Interpolation

Involves the sixteen nearest neighbors of a point.
The intensity value assigned to point (x,y) is obtained using the equa-
tion
3 X
X 3
v (x, y ) = aij x i y j
i=0 j=0

where the sixteen coefficients are determined from the sixteen equa-
tions in sixteen unknowns that can be written using the sixteen
nearest neighbors of point (x,y).

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Image Interpolation: bicubic Interpolation

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 Image Sampling and Quantization

Image Interpolation: bicubic Interpolation

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 Referred Books

Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E. Woods

Digital Image Processing
Third Edition
William K. Pratt
Digital Image Processing
Third Edition
Kenneth R. Castleman
Digital Image Processing

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 The End

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