ES 202 - Theory of structures-IV

Dr. Beena K. P.
Dept. of Civil Engineering
 Theory of structures -IV

ES 202 - Theory of Structures - IV 2-1-0-0

Tuesday 8:30 – 9:00 am and 9.15 – 9.45 am

Thursday 10.10-10.40 am

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 Theory of structures -IV

Course Plan
Module Hours Semester Exam End Semester
Marks % Exam Marks
Module I 6 15% 9
Module II 6 15% 9
FIRST INTERNAL TEST (40 marks)
Module III 6 15% 9
Module IV 6 15% 9
SECOND INTERNAL TEST (40 marks)
Module V 7 20% 12
Module VI 7 20% 12
END SEMESTER EXAM (60 marks)
INTERNAL MARKS -40 (ASSIGNMENT -10 marks, SERIES Tests-30 marks)
 Theory of structures -IV

Module –II (6 hrs-15%)

 Design of Doubly reinforced beams under flexure and

shear by limit state method
 T-Beams and L-beams (analysis only)
 Doubly Reinforced Sections

 When the moment to be resisted is greater than Mu,lim

 Size of the beam is restricted due to architectural or other
considerations
 Additional steel is provided at the tension zone and
compression zone
d d

Mu=Mu,lim+Mu2
b b

Mu - Total moment to be resisted

Mu,lim - Moment of Resistance of a singly reinforced balanced section
Mu2 - Additional moment of resistance required
 Doubly Reinforced Sections

 Mu2 is provided by additional tension steel Ast2 and

compression steel Asc
Asc Asc
d’
d d
= d +
d’
b b b
Ast= Ast1 +Ast2 Ast1, Ast2

Mu Mu,lim Mu2

d’-effective cover
 Doubly Reinforced Sections

 Stress Strain Diagram for a doubly reinforced section

Εc=.0035
d’ εsc C2 𝑨𝒔𝒄𝒇𝒔𝒄
xu 𝑪𝟏 0.36fck b𝑥𝑢
d
NA

d’ 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑻𝑠𝑡
𝒇𝒚
εs= 𝟏.𝟏𝟓𝑬 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐
𝒔
b
Cross section Strain diagram Stress diagram

To find xu
Total compressive force= Total tensile force
C1+C2=T
C1+C2= 0.36fck b𝑥𝑢 +Asc fsc T=0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
0.36fck b𝑥𝑢 +Asc fsc =0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
 Doubly Reinforced Sections- Analysis
Asc
If 𝑥𝑢 < 𝑥𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 -under-reinforced, d’
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑀𝑢1 + 𝑀𝑢2 d 𝑑 − 𝑑′
𝑀𝑢 = 0.36fck b𝑥𝑢 𝑑 − 0.42𝑥𝑢 + Asc fsc 𝑑 − 𝑑′
d’
if 𝑥𝑢 ≥ 𝑥𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 -balanced or over reinforced b
Ast2
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 + 𝑀𝑢2 Mu2

𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑀𝑢 = 0.36 1 − 0.42 𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 + Asc fsc 𝑑 − 𝑑′
𝑑 𝑑
𝑓𝑠𝑐 = 𝐸𝑠 𝜀𝑠𝑐
0.0035 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 −𝑑 ′
𝜀𝑠𝑐 =
𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
For Fe250, 𝑓𝑠𝑐 =0.87𝑓𝑦 For Fe415 if 𝜀𝑠𝑐 >0.002, 𝑓𝑠𝑐 =0.87𝑓𝑦
Doubly Reinforced Sections
 Doubly Reinforced Sections - Analysis

Find the Moment of Resistance of a beam section

230X460mm effective depth is reinforced with 2,16mm dia as
compression reinforcement at an effective cover of 40mm and
4,20mm dia as tension reinforcement. The materials are M15
and Fe 250
 Doubly Reinforced Sections - Analysis

b = 230mm
Asc
d = 460 mm
d’=40mm d
fck=15N/mm2
fy=250N/mm2
𝜋𝑑 2 b
Area of compression steel, Asc= 2* 4 = Ast= Ast1 +Ast2

𝜋∗162 Mu
2* 4 =402.125mm2
𝜋𝑑 2
Area of tension steel, Ast= 4* 4 =
𝜋∗202
4* 4 =1256.64mm2
 Doubly reinforced sections -Analysis
To find xu
Total compressive force= Total tensile force
C1+C2=T
C1+C2= 0.36fck b𝑥𝑢 +Asc fsc T=0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
0.36fck b𝑥𝑢 +Asc fsc =0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
For Fe250, 𝑓𝑠𝑐 =0.87𝑓𝑦

0.36*15*230*460*𝑥𝑢 +402.124*0.87*250=0.87*250*1256.64

𝑥𝑢 =149.64mm
 Doubly reinforced sections -Analysis

𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
=0.53, for Fe 250
𝑑
=> 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 =0.53*460=243.8mm

𝑥𝑢 < 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 - 149.64<243.8mm, under reinforced section

𝑀𝑢 = 0.36fck b𝑥𝑢 𝑑 − 0.42𝑥𝑢 + Asc fsc 𝑑 − 𝑑 ′

= 0.36 ∗ 15 ∗ 230 ∗ 149.64 460 − 0.42 ∗ 149.64
+402.124 ∗ 0.87 ∗ 250 460 − 40)
= 110.546 kNm
 Doubly Reinforced Sections - Analysis

Pbm 2) Find the Moment of Resistance of a beam section

230X460mm effective depth is reinforced with 2,16mm dia as
compression reinforcement at an effective cover of 40mm and
4,20mm dia as tension reinforcement. The materials are M15
and Fe 415
 Doubly Reinforced Sections - Analysis

b = 230mm
Asc
d = 460 mm
d’=40mm d
fck=15N/mm2
fy=415N/mm2
𝜋𝑑 2 b
Area of compression steel, Asc= 2* 4 = Ast= Ast1 +Ast2

𝜋∗162 Mu
2* 4 =402.125mm2
𝜋𝑑 2
Area of tension steel, Ast= 4* 4 =
𝜋∗202
4* 4 =1256.64mm2
 Doubly reinforced sections -Analysis

To find xu
Total compressive force= Total tensile force
C1+C2=T
C1+C2= 0.36fck b𝑥𝑢 +Asc fsc T=0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
0.36fck b𝑥𝑢 +Asc fsc =0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡

For Fe415, 𝑓𝑠𝑐 = 𝐸𝑠 𝜀𝑠𝑐

0.0035 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 −𝑑 ′
𝜀𝑠𝑐 =
𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
For Fe 415, =0.48
𝑑
𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 =0.48*460=220.8mm
0.0035 220.8−40
𝜀𝑠𝑐 = = 0.0028 > .002 , ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑠𝑐 =0.87𝑓𝑦
220.8
0.36*15*230*460*𝑥𝑢 +402.124*0.87*415=0.87*415*1256.64

𝑥𝑢 =248.26mm
 Doubly reinforced sections -Analysis

𝑥𝑢 > 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
248.26mm >220.8mm - over reinforced section
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 + 𝑀𝑢2
𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑀𝑢 = 0.36 1 − 0.42 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 + Asc fsc 𝑑 − 𝑑 ′
𝑑 𝑑
= 0.36 ∗ 0.48 ∗ 230 ∗ 460 ∗ 460 ∗ 15 1 − 0.42 ∗ 0.48
+402.124 ∗ 0.87 ∗ 415 460 − 40
= 161.676 kNm
 Doubly Reinforced Sections - Analysis

Pbm 3)Find the moment of resistance of a beam 200mm wide

and 400mm effective depth reinforced with 4 bars of 20mm dia
for tension and 2 bars of 20mm for compression. The cover for
reinforcement is 50mm. Use M15 and Fe415.
b=200mm
d=400mm
d’=50mm
𝜋𝑑 2
Area of compression steel, Asc= 2* 4 =
𝜋∗202
2* =628.32mm2
4
𝜋𝑑 2
Area of tension steel, Ast= 4* =
4
𝜋∗202
4* =1256.64mm2
4
 Doubly reinforced sections -Analysis

To find xu
Total compressive force= Total tensile force
C1+C2=T
C1+C2= 0.36fck b𝑥𝑢 +Asc fsc T=0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
0.36fck b𝑥𝑢 +Asc fsc =0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡

For Fe415, 𝑓𝑠𝑐 = 𝐸𝑠 𝜀𝑠𝑐

0.0035 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 −𝑑 ′
𝜀𝑠𝑐 =
𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
For Fe 415, =0.48
𝑑
𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 =0.48*400=192mm
0.0035 192−50
𝜀𝑠𝑐 = = 0.00259 > .002 , ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑠𝑐 =0.87𝑓𝑦
192
0.36*15*200*𝑥𝑢 +628.32*0.87*415=0.87*415*1256.64

𝑥𝑢 =214.152mm
 Doubly reinforced sections -Analysis

𝑥𝑢 > 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
214.152 >192mm - over reinforced section
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 + 𝑀𝑢2
𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑀𝑢 = 0.36 1 − 0.42 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 + Asc fsc 𝑑 − 𝑑 ′
𝑑 𝑑
= 0.36 ∗ 0.48 ∗ 200 ∗ 400 ∗ 400 ∗ 15 1 − 0.42 ∗ 0.48
+628.32 ∗ 0.87 ∗ 415 400 − 50
= 144.07 kNm
 Doubly Reinforced Sections -Design

When 𝑀𝑢 > 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑚 Asc

𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.36 1 − 0.42 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 d’
𝑑 𝑑 d 𝑑 − 𝑑′
𝑀𝑢2 = 𝑀𝑢 − 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑚
d’
The area of tension steel
𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 b
𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡1 𝑑 1 − 0.42 Ast2
𝑑 Mu2
Calculation of Additional steel (compression steel )Required

𝑀𝑢2 = 𝐴𝑠𝑐 ∗ 𝑓𝑠𝑐 − 𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑑 − 𝑑 ′

𝑓𝑠𝑐 −stress in compression steel
𝑓𝑐𝑐 −stress in concrete at the level of compression steel, very small
hence neglected
𝑀𝑢2 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡2 ∗ 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − 𝑑′
 Doubly Reinforced Sections - Design

𝐴𝑠𝑡2 ∗ 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ =𝐴𝑠𝑐 𝑓𝑠𝑐 𝑑 − 𝑑 ′

𝐴𝑠𝑐 ∗ 𝑓𝑠𝑐
𝐴𝑠𝑡2 =
0.87𝑓𝑦
Annexure G 1.2 IS 456

For Fe250, 𝑓𝑠𝑐 =0.87𝑓𝑦

For Fe415 if 𝜀𝑠𝑐 >0.002, 𝑓𝑠𝑐 =0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡2 =𝐴𝑠𝑐
 Doubly Reinforced Sections - Design

Pbm 4) A rectangular beam 230mm wide and 500mm effective

depth is subjected to a factored moment of 175kNm. Find the
reinforcement for flexure? The materials are M15 and Fe415
b= 230mm
d=500mm
Mu=175kNm
fck=15N/mm2
fy=415N/mm2
 Doubly Reinforced Sections - Design
Assuming an effective cover of 40mm
d’=40mm
𝑀𝑢 = 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑚 + 𝑀𝑢2
𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.36 1 − 0.42 𝑏𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑑 𝑑
𝐱
For Fe 415, 𝐮,𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟖
𝐝
𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.36 ∗ 0.48 1 − 0.42 ∗ 0.48 ∗ 230 ∗ 500 ∗ 500*15
=118.994kNm<175kNm, hence compression steel is also required
To find the area of tension steel
𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡1 𝑑 1 − 0.42
𝑑
118.99X106=0.87*415*𝐴𝑠𝑡1 ∗ 500 1 − 0.42 ∗ 0.48
𝐴𝑠𝑡1 =825.57mm2
 Doubly Reinforced Sections - Design

Calculation of Additional steel (compression steel )Required

𝑀𝑢2 = 𝑀𝑢 -𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚
=175-118.994=56kNm

𝑀𝑢2 = 𝐴𝑠𝑐 ∗ 𝑓𝑠𝑐 𝑑 − 𝑑 ′

𝑓𝑠𝑐 = 𝐸𝑠 𝜀𝑠𝑐
0.0035 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑑′
𝜀𝑠𝑐 =
𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 =0.48*500=240mm
0.0035 240−40
𝜀𝑠𝑐 = =0.00291>0.002, 𝑓𝑠𝑐 =0.87𝑓𝑦
240
 Doubly Reinforced Sections - Design

56𝑋106 = 𝐴𝑠𝑐 ∗ 0.87 ∗ 415 500 − 40 Asc-2,16mm

d=500mm
𝐴𝑠𝑐 =337.22mm2 𝑓𝑠𝑐 =0.87𝑓𝑦

𝐴𝑠𝑐 𝑓𝑠𝑐
𝐴𝑠𝑡2 = = 𝐴𝑠𝑐 =337.22mm2 , 2-16mm dia bars b=230mm
0.87𝑓𝑦 Ast= Ast1 +Ast2
4,20mm dia

Total reinforcement in the tension side =

Ast=Ast1+Ast2
=825.95+337.22=1162.815mm2,
4,20 mm dia bars
 Doubly Reinforced Sections - Design

Pbm 5) Find the reinforcement required for the beam section

for the following details. Use M15 and Fe415
b= 250mm , d=500mm Working moment =120kNm
d’=40mm

Factored moment, Mu=120*1.5=180kNm

fck=15N/mm2
fy=415N/mm2
 Doubly Reinforced Sections - Design

𝑀𝑢 = 𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑚 + 𝑀𝑢2
𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.36 1 − 0.42 𝑏𝑑2 𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑑 𝑑
𝐱
For Fe 415, 𝐮,𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟖
𝐝
𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.36 ∗ 0.48 1 − 0.42 ∗ 0.48 ∗ 250 ∗ 500 ∗ 500*15
=129.34kNm<180kNm, hence compression steel is also
required
To find the area of tension steel
𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡1 𝑑 1 − 0.42
𝑑
129.34X106=0.87*415*𝐴𝑠𝑡1 ∗ 500 1 − 0.42 ∗ 0.48
𝐴𝑠𝑡1 =897.383mm2
 Doubly Reinforced Sections - Design

Calculation of Additional steel (compression steel )Required

𝑀𝑢2 = 𝑀𝑢 -𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚
=180-129.34=50.66kNm

𝑀𝑢2 = 𝐴𝑠𝑐 ∗ 𝑓𝑠𝑐 𝑑 − 𝑑 ′

𝑓𝑠𝑐 = 𝐸𝑠 𝜀𝑠𝑐
0.0035 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑑′
𝜀𝑠𝑐 =
𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 =0.48*500=240mm
0.0035 240−40
𝜀𝑠𝑐 = =0.00291>0.002, 𝑓𝑠𝑐 =0.87𝑓𝑦
240
 Doubly Reinforced Sections - Design

50.66𝑋106 = 𝐴𝑠𝑐 ∗ 0.87 ∗ 415 500 − 40 Asc-2,16mm

d=500mm
𝐴𝑠𝑐 =311.806mm2 𝑓𝑠𝑐 =0.87𝑓𝑦

𝐴𝑠𝑐 𝑓𝑠𝑐
𝐴𝑠𝑡2 = = 𝐴𝑠𝑐 =311.806mm2 , 2-16mm dia barsA b=250mm
0.87𝑓𝑦 =A A
st st1 + st2
4,20mm dia

Total reinforcement in the tension side =

Ast=Ast1+Ast2
=897.383+311.806=1209.19mm2,
4,20 mm dia bars
 Flanged Sections ( T beams and L Beams)

The portion of the slab which acts integrally with the beam to
resist loads is called as Flange of the T-beam or L-beam
The portion of the beam below the flange is called as Web or
Rib of the beam.
The intermediate beams supporting the slab are called as T-
beams and the end beams are called as L-beams.
Flanged Sections ( T beams and L Beams)
 Flanged Sections ( T beams and L Beams)

The effective width of flange

 Flanged Sections ( T beams and L Beams)
A slab which is assumed to act as a compression flange of a T-beam or L-beam
Section 23.1 – IS 456- 2000
The effective width of flange may be taken as the following
Effective flange width(bf)( Section 23.1.2)
For T beams
𝑙0
𝑏𝑓 = + 𝑏𝑤 + 6𝐷𝑓
6

For L beams
𝑙
𝑏𝑓 = 120 + 𝑏𝑤 + 3𝐷𝑓
𝒃𝒇 is never greater than ‘b’
𝑙0 - effective span of the beam 𝑏𝑤 - breadth of the web
𝐷𝑓 - thickness of flange b- actual width of flange
but in no case greater than the breadth of the web plus half the sum of the clear
distances to the adjacent beams on either side.
 Flanged Sections ( T beams and L Beams)
For Isolated beams
Effective flange width(bf)( Section 23.1.2)
For T beams
𝑙0
𝑏𝑓 = + 𝑏𝑤
𝑙0
+4
𝑏

For L beams
0.5𝑙0
𝑏𝑓 =
𝑙0
+4
𝑏
𝒃𝒇 is never greater than ‘b’
 Analysis of T sections
Case 1 : Neutral axis lies inside the flange

𝒙𝒖 < 𝑫𝒇 Same as that of a rectangular section

bf
0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝒙𝒖 𝑪 0.36fck 𝑏𝑓 𝒙𝒖
Df NA

d’ 𝑻 =0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
bw
 Analysis of T sections
Case 1 : 𝒙𝒖 < 𝑫𝒇 bf
0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑥𝑢 0.87fyAst Df 𝒙𝒖 𝑪
= NA
𝑑 0.36fck 𝑏𝑓 𝑑
d

Annexure G 1-IS 456-2000

d’ 𝑻 =0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
bw
𝑥𝑢
𝑑
<
𝑑
- Under reinforced section
𝑓𝑦𝐴𝑠𝑡
Ultimate Moment of Resistance, 𝑀𝑢 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 1 −
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑓𝑑
𝑥𝑢 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 𝑑 – balanced section and
𝑑
𝑥𝑢 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
> – Over reinforced section
𝑑 𝑑
𝑥 𝑥
Ultimate Moment of Resistance, 𝑀𝑢 = 0.36 𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 1 − 0.42 𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑓𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑑 𝑑
 Analysis of T sections
Case 2 : Neutral axis lies outside the flange 𝒙𝒖 > 𝑫𝒇<0.43𝒙𝒖
bf
0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘
Df 𝒙𝒖 𝟑/𝟕𝒙𝒖 =0.43𝒙𝒖
𝑪=0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 𝐷𝑓
d NA +0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 𝑥𝑢

d’ 𝑻 =0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
bw
A) 𝒙𝒖 < 𝒙𝒖,𝒎𝒂𝒙
and 𝑫𝒇<0.43𝒙𝒖 - the entire flange will have a uniform stress in
concrete equal to 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘 depth of flange < rectangular stress block
𝒙𝒖 > 𝒙𝒖,𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑫𝒇
and ≤0.2 - the entire flange will have a uniform stress in
𝒅
concrete equal to 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘 depth of flange < rectangular stress block
 Analysis of T sections Case 2 : Neutral axis lies outside the
flange 𝑥𝑢 > 𝐷𝑓 <0.43𝒙𝒖

Total area of concrete in compression

= area 𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 𝐷𝑓 + 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑏𝑤 𝑥𝑢
Total compression = 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 𝐷𝑓 + 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 𝑥𝑢
Total Tension = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 𝐷𝑓 + 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 𝑥𝑢 =0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
Find 𝒙𝒖
𝑰𝒇 𝒙𝒖 < 𝒙𝒖,𝒎𝒂𝒙 and 𝑫𝒇 <0.43𝒙𝒖 Annexure G 2 –IS 456:2000
𝑀𝑢
𝐷𝑓 𝑥𝑢 𝑥𝑢
= 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 𝐷𝑓 𝑑 − + 0.36 1 − 0.42 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 2
2 𝑑 𝑑
𝑫𝒇
If 𝒙𝒖 > 𝒙𝒖,𝒎𝒂𝒙 and ≤0.2
𝒅
𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝐷𝑓 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 𝐷𝑓 𝑑− + 0.36 1 − 0.42 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 𝑑2
2 𝑑 𝑑
 Analysis of T sections
Case 2 : Neutral axis lies outside the flange 𝒙𝒖 > 𝑫𝒇 > 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝒙𝒖

B) 𝒙𝒖 < 𝒙𝒖,𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑫𝒇 >0.43𝒙𝒖 - the flange will have a non -uniform stress , depth of
flange > rectangular stress block
𝒙𝒖 > 𝒙𝒖,𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑫𝒇
>0.2 - the flange will have a non -uniform stress , depth of
𝒅
flange > rectangular stress block
bf
0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘
Df yf 𝟑/𝟕𝒙𝒖 =0.43𝒙𝒖 𝑪=0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 𝑦𝑓
𝒙𝒖
+0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 𝑥𝑢
d NA

d’ 𝑻 =0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
bw
 Analysis of T sections Case 2 : Neutral axis lies outside the
flange 𝑥𝑢 > 𝐷𝑓

Total area of concrete in compression

= area 𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 𝑦𝑓 + 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑏𝑤 𝑥𝑢
Total compression = 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 𝑦𝑓 + 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 𝑥𝑢

Where 𝒚𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝒙𝒖 +0.65𝑫𝒇

Total Tension = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 𝑦𝑓 + 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 𝑥𝑢 =0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
Find 𝒙𝒖
𝑰𝒇 𝒙𝒖 < 𝒙𝒖,𝒎𝒂𝒙 and 𝑫𝒇 >0.43𝒙𝒖
𝑦𝑓 𝑥𝑢 𝑥𝑢
𝑀𝑢 = 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 𝑦𝑓 𝑑 − + 0.36 1 − 0.42 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 2
2 𝑑 𝑑
𝑫𝒇
If 𝒙𝒖 > 𝒙𝒖,𝒎𝒂𝒙 and >0.2
𝒅
𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑦𝑓 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 𝑦𝑓 𝑑− + 0.36 1 − 0.42 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 2
2 𝑑 𝑑
 Analysis of T sections

Pbm 1) A singly reinforced slab 120mm thick is supported by T

beam spaced 3m c/c. Effective depth is 580mm and breadth of web
is 450mm. 8,20mm dia M S bars have been provided in tension in
two layers. The beams are simply supported and effective span is
3.6m. Use M15 concrete. Calculate xu and Mu. fy=250MPa
le=3.6m
fck=15N/mm2
fy=250MPa
Df=120mm
d=580mm
bw=450mm
d=580mm
 Analysis of T sections
𝜋𝑑 2 bf=1770mm
Area of tension steel, Ast= 8* =
4 Df=120mm
𝜋∗202
8* =2513.27mm2 d=580mm
4

𝑙0 3600
𝑏𝑓 = + 𝑏𝑤 + 6𝐷𝑓 = + 450 + 6 ∗ 120 = 1770𝑚𝑚 d’
6 6
bw =450 mm

Assuming neutral axis within flange 8,20mm dia

𝑥𝑢 0.87fyAst 0.87∗250∗2513.27
= = 0.36∗15∗1770∗580 = 0.0986
𝑑 0.36fck 𝑏𝑓 𝑑
𝑥𝑢 =0.0986*580=57.191mm<𝐷𝑓 =120mm
i.e. N.A lies within the flange
 Analysis of T sections
Case 1 : 𝒙𝒖 < 𝑫𝒇 bf
0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑥𝑢 0.87fyAst Df 𝒙𝒖 𝑪𝟏
= NA
𝑑 0.36fck 𝑏𝑓 𝑑
d

Annexure G 1-IS 456-2000

d’ 𝑻 =0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
bw
𝑥𝑢
𝑑
<
𝑑
- Under reinforced section
𝑓𝑦𝐴𝑠𝑡
Ultimate Moment of Resistance, 𝑀𝑢 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 1 −
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑓𝑑
𝑥𝑢 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 𝑑 – balanced section and
𝑑
𝑥𝑢 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
> – Over reinforced section
𝑑 𝑑
𝑥 𝑥
Ultimate Moment of Resistance, 𝑀𝑢 = 0.36 𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 1 − 0.42 𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑓𝑑 2 𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑑 𝑑
 Analysis of T sections
𝑥𝑢 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
<
𝑑 𝑑
0.0986<0.53 – under reinforced section
Ultimate Moment of Resistance,
𝑓𝑦𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 1 −
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑓𝑑
250 ∗ 2513.27
= 0.87 ∗ 250 ∗ 2513.27 ∗ 580 1 −
15 ∗ 1770 ∗ 580
= 303.92kNm
 Analysis of T sections

Pbm 2) Find the moment of resistance for an isolated beam for

the following details.
Actual width, b=2400mm
Depth of flange, Df=120mm
Width of web, bw=450mm
Effective depth, d=600mm
l0=3.6m
Tension reinforcement consists of 10,25mm dia .
Span of simply supported beam is 3.6m. M 20 concrete and Fe
415 steel
 Analysis of T sections
For isolated beams bf=1104.55mm
𝑙0
Effective flange width , 𝑏𝑓 = 𝑙0 + 𝑏𝑤 Df=120mm
+4
𝑏
3600
= 3600 + 450=1104.55mm d=600mm
+4
2400
𝜋𝑑 2
Area of tension steel, Ast= 10* =
4
𝜋∗252 d’
10* =4908.74mm2
4 bw =450 mm

Assuming neutral axis within flange

𝑥𝑢 0.87fyAst 0.87∗415∗4908.74
𝑑
= 0.36f 𝑏 𝑑 = 0.36∗20∗1104.55∗600 = 0.3712
ck 𝑓
𝑥𝑢 =0.3712*600=222.74mm>𝐷𝑓 =120mm
i.e. N.A lies in the web portion
 Analysis of T sections
Case 2 : Neutral axis lies outside the flange 𝒙𝒖 > 𝑫𝒇<0.43𝒙𝒖
bf
0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘
Df 𝒙𝒖 𝟑/𝟕𝒙𝒖 =0.43𝒙𝒖
𝑪=0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 𝐷𝑓
d NA +0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 𝑥𝑢

d’ 𝑻 =0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
bw
A) 𝒙𝒖 < 𝒙𝒖,𝒎𝒂𝒙
and 𝑫𝒇<0.43𝒙𝒖 - the entire flange will have a uniform stress in
concrete equal to 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘 depth of flange < rectangular stress block
𝒙𝒖 > 𝒙𝒖,𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑫𝒇
and ≤0.2 - the entire flange will have a uniform stress in
𝒅
concrete equal to 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘 depth of flange < rectangular stress block
 Analysis of T sections

Case 2A
To find 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝒙𝒖
0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 𝐷𝑓 + 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 𝑥𝑢 =0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
0.45 ∗ 20 1104.55 − 450 120 + 0.36 ∗ 20 ∗ 450𝑥𝑢 =0.87 ∗ 415 ∗4908.74
𝒙𝒖 =330.76mm
0.43 𝑥𝑢 =0.43*330.76=142.23mm 0.43 𝑥𝑢 > 𝐷𝑓 ,
𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 =0.48*600=288mm 𝒙𝒖 > 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐷𝑓 120
= = 0.2
𝑑 600
𝐷𝑓
𝑥𝑢 >𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 and ≤ 0.2
𝑑
 Analysis of T sections
𝑫𝒇
If 𝒙𝒖 > 𝒙𝒖,𝒎𝒂𝒙 and ≤0.2
𝒅
𝑀𝑢,𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝐷𝑓
= 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 𝐷𝑓 𝑑 −
2
𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
+ 0.36 1 − 0.42 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 2
𝑑 𝑑
120
= 0.45 ∗ 20 1104.55 − 450 ∗ 120 600 −
2
+0.36 ∗ 0.48 1 − 0.42 ∗ 0.48 ∗ 20 ∗ 450 ∗ 600 ∗600

= 825.34kNm
 Analysis of T sections

Pbm 3) Calculate the moment of resistance of ‘T’ beam having

the following dimensions.
Effective flange width, bf=740mm
Depth of flange, Df=80mm
Width of web, bw=240mm
Effective depth, d=400mm
Tension steel 5, 20mm dia bars
Use M15 concrete and Fe 415 steel
 Analysis of T sections

𝜋𝑑 2 bf=740mm
Area of tension steel, Ast= 5* =
4 Df=80mm

𝜋∗202
5* =1570.8mm2 d=400mm
4
Assuming neutral axis within flange
d’
𝑥𝑢 0.87fyAst 0.87∗250∗1570.8 bw =240 mm
= = 0.36∗15∗740∗400 = 0.2137
𝑑 0.36fck 𝑏𝑓 𝑑 5,20mm dia

𝑥𝑢 =0.2137*400=85.5mm> 𝐷𝑓 =80mm
i.e. N.A lies in the web
 Analysis of T sections

Case 2 A
To find 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝒙𝒖
0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 𝐷𝑓 + 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 𝑥𝑢 =0.87𝑓𝑦
0.45 ∗ 15 740 − 240 80 + 0.36 ∗ 15 ∗ 240𝑥𝑢 =0.87 ∗
250 ∗1570.8
𝒙𝒖 =57.136mm
𝒙𝒖,𝒎𝒂𝒙 =0.53*400=212mm 𝑥𝑢 < 𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
0.43 𝑥𝑢 <𝐷𝑓
So Case 2 B
 Analysis of T sections
Case 2 : Neutral axis lies outside the flange 𝒙𝒖 > 𝑫𝒇 > 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝒙𝒖

B) 𝒙𝒖 < 𝒙𝒖,𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑫𝒇 >0.43𝒙𝒖 - the flange will have a non -uniform stress , depth of
flange > rectangular stress block
𝒙𝒖 > 𝒙𝒖,𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝑫𝒇
>0.2 - the flange will have a non -uniform stress , depth of
𝒅
flange > rectangular stress block
bf
0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘
Df yf 𝟑/𝟕𝒙𝒖 =0.43𝒙𝒖 𝑪=0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 𝑦𝑓
𝒙𝒖
+0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 𝑥𝑢
d NA

d’ 𝑻 =0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
bw
 Analysis of T sections

Find 𝒙𝒖 -Case 2B
0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 𝑦𝑓 + 0.36𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 𝑥𝑢 =0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝒚𝒇 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝒙𝒖 +0.65𝑫𝒇
=0.15*𝒙𝒖 +0.65*80
0.45 ∗ 15 740 − 240 ∗ (0.15∗𝒙𝒖 +0.65∗80) + 0.36 ∗ 15 ∗ 240𝑥𝑢 =0.87 ∗ 250 ∗1570.8
𝒙𝒖 =93.29mm 𝒙𝒖 <𝑥𝑢,𝑚𝑎𝑥
0.43 𝑥𝑢 =0.43*93.29=40.11mm 0.43 𝑥𝑢 <𝐷𝑓

𝒚𝒇 =0.15*93.29+0.65*80=65.995mm
 Analysis of T sections

Moment of Resistance ,
𝑀𝑢
𝑦𝑓 𝑥𝑢 𝑥𝑢
= 0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑓 − 𝑏𝑤 𝑦𝑓 𝑑− + 0.36 1 − 0.42 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 2
2 𝑑 𝑑
𝑥𝑢 93.29
= 400 = 0.233
𝑑

65.995
𝑀𝑢 =0.45*15(740-240)*65.995(400− 2 )
+0.36 ∗0.223(1-0.42*0.223)*15*240*400*400
=124.6kNm
Thank You