Tracing of Curves and Study of Some Solids _) 1, Introduction For evaluating areas, volumes of rovolution ete. we nest to know the general nature of hy ‘iven curve. In thi chapter wo chal eam the mathods of tracing a cura in genaral and the peopeien * Of soma standard curves commonly met in angingoring problems 2. Procedure for Tracing Curves given in Cartesian Equations g 1, Symmetry : Find out whether the curve Is symmetrical about any line with the Ret ofthe following rules (The curves symmetrical about the axis the equation ofthe curve remains unchanged when ys replaced by~y £2, ifthe equation contains only even powers of y. (i). The curve Is symmetrica about the y-axis ithe equation ofthe curve remains unchanged ” when xis replaced by — x Le. ifthe equation contains only even powers of x x (li) The curve is symmetrica in opposite quadrants if the equation of the curve remains unchanged when both x and y-ara replaced by ~ x and y. s (iv) The curve‘ symmetrical about the ina y= xi he equation ofthe curve remains unchanges ‘when xand y are interchanged. ™ 2. Origin: Find out whether the origin lies on the curve. If dows, find the equations of he tangents atthe origin by equating to zero the lowest degree terms. 3. Tangent at the origin : Tangents atthe origin are obtained by equating to zero, the lowest degree terms 4, Intersection with the coordinate axes : Find out the points of intersection of the cue ‘withthe coordinate axes, Find also the equations of the tangents at these points 5. Asymptotes : Find out the asympiotes i! any. 6. Regions where no part of the curve les : Find out the regions ofthe plane where no past curve lies. 7. Find out dy! dx : Find out dy / cx and the points where the tangents are parallel othe axl, ‘Straight Line “Goneral equation of straight line is of the form ax + by + c= 0. To plot a straight ine we put y= 0 and find x. Also, we put d join them to get the required line, particular cases of straight line are shown below, and find y, We plot these two=e neering Mathematics It id : et (1a) Lines paral te the coordinate asa, Fig. 1.1 (8) (Lines passing through origin ins une Fig. 14.2 (a) : Fig. 112) % {u)_Unes making oven intoreopts on coordinate axes, Fig. 11.3 (a) Fig. 11.3 (0) 4. Circle General equation of circle is x? + y? + 29x + 2fy + ¢= 0. Its centre is (- g,—F) and radius =\es Pe, ere nop (Circle with centre at origin and radius a. 2+ P= a? CFig. 11.4 (@)] allel to (il) Circle with centre at (- g, — f) and radius 2g? + fc, [ Fig. 1.4 (0)) y dertme nose t i Fig. 11.442) Fig. 11.4 (0) is ,(ai Cirete with conte on tho a-axis and passing through origin Its equation is of the form a? + yx 2ax= O.orr= 424.08 0 xityte2ax=0 r=" 2aco80 Fig. 11.5 (@) Fig. 11.5 (0) (iv) Circle with centre on the y-axis and passing through origin. Its equation is ofthe form x? + y? 2by= 0 or r= + 2b sin 0, 12—2bsin0 Fig, 11.6 (a) Fig. 11.6 (6) (9) Gircle with centre on the axes but not passing through ortgin Ds equation is of ho form x+y? 2gr+-0=0,x"4 y? 2219+ 00. [See Fig. 11.7 (a) and 11.7 (6)] “Circle touching both axes, its equation is of the form x? + y?+2ax# 2ay+a?=0, Fig. 11.7 (0) Fig. 11.8 jon of parabola is yaar’ +ox+c or x=ay + byte the square on x or on y and by shiting the origin the equation can be wrtien in f= dax or x? = dby. ig mothematies= ene Fig-- equation of oF re Se paral 1 . axis paraliel toh paral 9 ris paral Ellipse Equation of ellipse 20,0) F lt the centre of th As belore if a> Oto ree aeFig. 11.9 (a). “The equation of the parabot Fla tg i fa with vertex at 9 (by Pps pratt 9, opening one am allel to the x-axis, en ae tet cir wren omen cnpcget Ys, pening dovinwardnis (oo) Y=) NOS I6 (xh? =~ daly—k) hts (yogi Fig. 11.11 (a) Fig. 1.11 (0) sof the ellipse is at (h, ) the equation of the ellipse becomes (xm? U- KEL, «As before ita > b, the major axis Is parallel to the x-axis andita< bine major axis is parallela - eerie Ma mathematics (rs) ee ens Engineering , 7. Hyperbola Equation of hyporbola in standard form is. 2 — y at b note the Fig. 11.12 (0) Fig, 11.12 (0) bol: 10. Graph 8. Rectangular Hyperbola oad ifthe coordinate axes are the asymptotes the equation of the rectangular hyperbola is xy= erste a oye k oh! y = a Z ny=k nye-k a Fig. 11.13 (a) Fig. 11.13 (0) Siral line y=-+ x and y=— xa the asymptotes the equations of the rectangular hyperbola are y 6 xy Fig. 11.14 (a) Fig. 11.14 (b) mic and Exponential Graphs [Below some logarithmic and exponential graphs for different bases,=o Fig. 1.15.6) Fig. 11.15 fa) and y= a are symmetrical with respect tothe tina ya, oto tat the ahs of Y= 100 so. Graphs of the Form yh ax? sider the gtaphs of the form ‘we first oon teat wah come of tem ane You have come acr yP= x4. (Fig. 11.16 (1) t0.(1 On A omen crmnera ae wut eaten Eee ee yok bE ovat ’ Apair of vertical parabolas: (in) v= Fig. 1. 16 contd.ay A pair of horzontal parabolas yt h (96) y=108 (17) y= thkiery=t ‘rectangular hyperbola Fig. 11.16 11. Graphs of the Form y = (x - a) (x - b) (x - c) Geary the graph intersects the xaxis at x= a, x= b, x=. Also as x+=, yo, and ag x+—=. y-+—o We consider one particular case here. Example 1 : Plot the graph y= Sol. : We can factorise the rh.s. and get (2?-x-2) (2) (x= 1) Hence, (0,0), (1,0), (2,0) are the points on the graph. Wo 38 -2x- Since 7 = 9x -2x-2 Fig. 11.17sng Mathematics neering M " (ray |42-Strophoid Kmamplo:Te0c0 he CUNO Y* (844) KE yy, a" navical about tho ail ; through tho ogi andl the oni HO Fre cerane tango athe erin ara : y= + (bia +% [Fracurve mvets tho ax 0 (0, 0 ned (8a, 0) ie 2-2 oa. Y= Innny Hence, == nan tron x> pandwhes x <—a, y?is negative, Hence, Fig. 11.18 9 does not exists when x> band x<~ a, The curva is shown inthe Fig. 91.18 got above (yp Is called a loop. Wo show below cota common loops (Fla. 11.19) (Fig. 1.201 (Fig. 1241 Fig. 11.22) 5) (x ~ 50)? [ ig, 11.23 00 the net page | or Say? = x(x- a)? (Fig. 11.24 on the next page | (Fig, 11.25 0n the nox! page } Fig, 11.20 y ian) * Fig. 11:22Tracing of ¢ a9) iz >i. & % of aN Fig. 11.24 engineering Mathematic © 14, astroid or Fo example : Trace th ‘cure is sy sot. : 0) The (iy The curve cuts (i) Neithar 0° ¥ (Geo Fig. 11 Fig. 11.28 ssoid of Diocles voit (ea-x)=* 45. Witch of Ag Example 1 : Trae sol. : (The curveis 8 (i) The curve pas ns ra about the x-axis. a eee and th tangents atthe origin at the origin. Example 1: Tra : ‘ihe curves is symmettc r. igh tho origin and js ig @ double tangent curve passes throu 29 /¢, he xa 5 =, the line x = 2a Is an nae ae x9 28 ter than a. (Wy Asx 0,y- Example 2 : Tr + The curve is si ts negative. Henee, the curve does nat exist Tain 6, wo can show that the polar equation of Glesoig asin’ Bor x= asin’ t, y= 22" in parametric form. Trace the curve ¥ (ax) =*. to the above curve with 2a replaced by a. gh the origin and the x-axis is a tangent at the origin, xs at (0, 0) and (0, 2a). Further, dy/ dis zero at at this points is parallel to the x-axis, =y)/a? when y> 2aand y <0, xis negative ot exist for y> 2a and y <0, peu a? =s3(0a-y about the x-axis, ‘Origin and the point (2 ‘a, 0). Since Hangent at his points paraliel to theIEncineerine Mathematics -1 : (1120) cat P+ Astrold oF Four Cusped typo J Example Trace the curve 4 pts " i ty gn a * tT caves symmetcn cpa = 2 v0 fs symmetrical ae (i) The curve cts the waxistn a he (i) Neanar anor ycan be g (See Fig. 11.29) (24.0) andthe ‘nae ne Pm 2. 15. Witch of Agnesi Keample : Tis the binis: ay? a? ag (0) The cue is symmetrical about the ax, i (8) The curve passes through the point ao, (iy Since y? = a? =) x eater than a, Bol.: + Gannot be negative, Also, x cannot be | (¥) ASX 0.9, the yasis is an asymptote. Example 2: Teoe the cure ?= 4a? 2a x) co ol. The cure is sma othe curve shown above whet is place by 2a Example a: Trace the uve a? y2=2(9?_ x2, ol. :() The curve ie symmetrical about both he axes (0) The points (0,0). (, 0) and (= 2, 0) e.on the curve i) It x> a, ¥? is negative, Hence, there Is no curve beyond x= a, x (2a) (S00 Fig. 11.31 below) ] y a0), a0), Ly —a es y re 1.27 Fig. 11.31 Fig. 11.32 i) 4 Example 4: Trace thecuve x (a*-¥)=82 7. s . : Because the powers of both xand y are even, the curve is symmetrical about both the axes. > aorx<~a, there is no curve. ya, 0) Xx Equating to zero the lowest degree terms. The tangonts atthe origin are y= #2V2-x. 3 e (See Fig, 1.32 above) 3<< RO te aay Tracingot Engineering Mathematics! ple §: Trace the curve ya (6=2) £0 eee Lymmetica about ote axes, (800 FG 11.80) ‘ho point (0,0), (2.0), (2, 0} He.on the curve thas 2, 7s nagatve, Hence, there i no curve beyond ‘example 2 : Trace the eure sot: The curveis sitar tothe at (eg. 11.96) “The curves syrmetic abot sine chante | tine cure romaine unchanged Fig. 11.83 Fig. 11.34 Example 6: Trace tho curve a x = ay (a? — 7), When 1.x= 0. Then origin lies on the curve. {See Fig. 11.94 ] Wy> a. xis imaginary. Hence, the curve ies between a< y< a Equating to zero, the lowest degree terms, the equation of the tangents at the origina i=), by 47. Lemniscate of Be! olium of Decartes ple1: Trace thecive x34 y%=Saxy. ‘curve is symmettical about the tne x= y because = Since the curve has ever dy y-and iy is replaced by x, the equations Sols ee ro ee Be pes sich ocd oe Be iicecs ino no x= (0, 0} nd (goer. 8 is an asymptote. LY<0,|8.s.is negative while ch. is positive, Hence, no part ofthe curve sia epher, soldier and mathematician was bom in the town of La Haye At he age of 8 he entered the Jesuit College of Henvi IV in La ve he sera a grammar, science and mathematics. Because of poor heath he developed Cocoa unt late in the morning; he considered those times most productv 4nd travel through Europe for 5 years he retumed to Paris and0 Fig. 11.34] fangents at the origin Fig. 11.35 No part of the curve is s town of La Haye (no 3 Hen IV in La Fle oor health he develo "times most productive. returned to Paris and ceineeine Mathemates tay ‘uted Mahan werd fr went yoo NY’. But my eee OF importante ne Ergo Su" (tink, trenton s SPO tn (1) Discourse on ine tl Conducting the lesson anes © Methog of Righty ‘Meditations on Flest Philosophy and {ay Ponsa Science. (3) {utor het in Phiosophy Here he contacted banaue, iat : aoe Example 2: Trace thecune x3—y? = say ‘Sol: The curve i similar tothe above ane but esin the third qian, Fig 11.38) ‘Thecurve is symmotic about the ne y= xbecause the equation ‘ofthe curve remains unchanged iris replaced by - yan ys replaced by-* 17. Lemniscate of Bernoulli example: Trave thesia Re Saaea rea of Mao x e-x) « ee 01: irc ho cuve has aven powers th ad. le Syrietial about he xd "ha cune pesees tough (0), (0) and (+0 Th ines y= and yf anges he or (S00 Fg. 1.37) Example2:Tracethecuve XP =a(y-#) Solution ; Sines x and y both appsar in even powers the . 3 ‘cure is symmetrical about both the axes, it passes through the exign andthe tangents at the ~ origin ae y ‘The equation can be wen 38 Peele) 2 ete are the asympotes atthe origin (See Fig, 11,98) Fig. 11.98pe [abe~ gis (as) engineering Mathematics 1 i 18, Procedure for Tracing curves given I polar Equations | 4c Find ut tho mony ae : ,ymmetrical about the ‘initial ine, sth PO tay 112m replacing rbY pee curve ayant 8° 1 the totlowing 108 Fos th tt 1 rtortotm postive and Ne 3. Find ono => oto ports wherotaz0r0 oF Mn find the points at when ae nit i vpn ie tnt oe tatoo can ia at me teal OA nuttin lve ore in wou cat oe : re potar oust poa2acosd “re par ova i pas BDsin®. 19, Polar Equations of Lines cata apt etn fh asta SH Eat ESET 21. cardi fequition of tho paxis is 0 = 1/2, example ‘gol. : (2) () The oun replacing @ By ~ (@ When 0=¢ ‘Also when (i Further t Fig. 11.99 ithe line y= xis rsin0=rcos 0 ie. tanO=1,e.0=2/4 er ~xis rsin 0 =~roos 0 fe, tanO=~1 .e,0=9n/4. eet ta AlooeCtermucc ml ¥=bi0.o1 rsind = bis r= b/ sin Oi.e. 0Engineering Mathematies - 1) ; atta) 20. Polar Equations of Circle: The polar equation of ion of the circle x 4 a a? +P Pla? conto 4? 000 0 +7? ein? y r= 2b8in0: Fig. 11.40 (a) Aidt saa Pay —pby=0 ae Fig. 11.40 (b) Fig. 11.40 (¢) 6 polar equation of the circle podsaeces: f the circle x2 + 2 + 2ax=0is r? cos* 0+ r? sin? 0 = 2 2a cos Bie. ‘The polar equation eee quation of the ciclo x2 + y+ aby =0ie Poos* 0+ # sintia == 2brsin Oi 21. Cardioid Example 1 : Trace the curves (a) r= a(1 + 080), (o)r=a(1 cos) ine since its equation remains unchanged by Sol. : (a) () The curve is symmetrical about the intial replacing 0 by ~ 2. (i When 0 =0, r= 2a and when 9 = ‘Also when @ = %/2,r=aand when ® de _a(i+oos6) Furor en oe = Can 0) un(Ea2 = ' . mo =-ca(2)=in($+5) Ce ais eos0) > 2 ho the tangant ati point paren to the inital fine, When ne tangent at this point eoinees Wh initial tine, ome values of rand 0 a2 | 208 alz ‘When 0= oan Y= 2nie. (jv) The following table aves & e 0 3 r a | 3a/2| 211-18) 6 tngingering Mathernatet _— tho equation i? + 777 1 consi venison de! Awe ane at ‘example 2: Trace the cure ge saath) Fig. 1142 spot coeds with to tele whan ele ote a He J‘ = 0 ke the tangs tna a ect rang® 2a aa (1~sin0) are shown below. vo more carionae r= actin) and ‘example 1 : Trace the cure ‘Sol: we put x= e058. y= rorsinO= 8 eea(1-sino) Fig. 11.43 (b) raa(t+ane) Fig. 11.48 (@) Bernoulli's Lemniscate Pad cos28 ey? =. ay) oo ‘Example 2 : Trace the tengng by ~ rhe equation remains cosy fable petal aout inline, sate ee reeand=a Seton bara ~0 te eqaen mans “Site Fie, kg s(a-rsin es a®-2al only postive value cr, we get the following table.Teseing of cures Bat ae from x? ~y? Oba yw x he Example 2; Trace the curve si 28. sos sasaaiecon nau to Teoneh iamene saiieara sone nd = n/2 23. Rectangular Hyperbola Example :Tave the curve Fig. 11.45 o 250 20 or xtayteat Sol: we putxs 16080, 12 (cos 0st Je, Peoe2et or r= a? sec 28 Fig. 11.46 ‘The points (a, 0), ©, 0) re on the cure 0 = n/4 and = n/ 4 are the abymtats. 24, Parabola Example 1: Trace the cue r{1~and}=a Sol: we pu x= re080, y= sn, we have r= reino=a Peles rsino® Paabecarinde hata wPeytea?eaayey? x2=a(ar2y which isa parabola as shown in Fig, 11.47 (when y= 0, x= 2 (nen @ = 9x72, r= a2) Example? :Trace the cuve f(t +8in@)= 2: Sol, : we put x= 70080, ¥= rersind=a 7s (a-rsin OF sin 0+ Fin? 0 xeeyPaa?—2aysy® x? a(a-29) hich sa parabola as shown in Fig. 11.48 (when y= 0, x= 8 (When 0 = /2, r= a2)Engineering Mathematics -!i (iz) 25, Cycloids Acyeloidie @ curve traced by a thxod point on the circumference ofa circle which moves uniformly on @ straight ine without siding ifthe maving circle moves on anther etele rom cutside oF from inside we got an epicyciold or an hypooyeld Example 1 : The eyelold is generally given in one of the following forms. lw@xea(tcent, yeattscost) — (by #ea(t-sint), yoa(t +c08t) (xna(tesint), yea(i-cost) — (@) x=att=sint), y= a1 —cost) ‘a oy ay syle asin’. tag( t Sot: a) B= a(toosn, Gm =asint tPF aise Some of the values of x, yand dy/ dx are t [-«| -s2 | 0 = x |-ax +} 0 an y | o a 2a a 0 dyldx| 4 o | -1 [-# Fromithe above table we see that at t=—x and at y =asint “ai cos) Fig. 11.49 the tangents are parallel to the y-axis. ts are called cusps. Further, at ¢= 0, the tangent is parallel to the x-axis, x=a(t+sint) Engineering Mathematics C‘Tracing of Curves (1 +008) (1=c0s 1) allel to the axis, engineering Mathematics -i) en tee y Fig. 11.51 2 stan ee . at © Sati scost, & « asint = van( 5) some of the values of xy, 2 are 8 ues of xy. Fig. 1.52 , Hala ws ax \ex/at ~ att— cost) =a(1~c08), % = asint Some of the values of x, dy/ dx are x2 3x2 | 2e 2)Engineering Mathematis =i! (a9) uu 26. Tractrix 1 Example : Trace the cuye = x= eos t+ 3 alogtan’ sate 2s 2ianit/2) 98022) (1/2) eee vant(¢/2) asin rot ere =~ asin + Zain(t72) cos 172) ant Y. acost ar Some of the values of 3. ¥. dy dare t= [-a2[« [eal «= x[=f{eof--[o]| = P| 0 fae pao [ead se wie] o | -# | 0 | = | 0 From the above data wo s00 that as ¢—— x the point on the curve is (~, 0) and.as 1-4 Points ~, 0. Biplane anc! aight in tee dimensions We Bimensional solids such fe engineering Mathematics 1 simeloat planes ar the ye pana wh ya 0: the Hy plane whose equation 2) “Tre planes paral othe comet Fig. 1.58 “The plane ax+ by + e2= 1 culag common form ofthe plana is “This plane outs of intercept 29. Prisms It tree planes intersect in =u any two of them saline parale ts called prism. (See Fig. 1158) 30. Tetrahedron ‘The soli formed by four ‘2 point is called a tetrahedron Y (z, x) = 0 represent oyinds (Gee Fig. 1.60) (a) Right Circular Cyl cevlinder, whose generatorimptest planes are the Iy- 0; the xy plane whose equa ne plane wove aaustion, ‘Tha planes paral te mo e hone (=, 0) and.as ts gy ‘This plane cus of ierepts 4b con the cocina 29. Prisms tee planes intecsct in such way tat way tet te nrscton any of tem saline paral to the thed hn te sl ems called prism. (See Fig. 11.58) - 30. Tetrahedron ‘The solid formed by four planes any three of which imtersectin «2 polnt is calied a tetrahedron. The figure shows a tevahedron formed by the coordinate planes and the plana «S00 Fig. 11.69) 31. Cylinders 'An equation involving only two variables represents a cylinder Jn three dimensional geometry. Thus. f(x. ¥) = 0, f(y. 2) = 0, ¥ (z, x) =0 represent cylinders in three dimensions. (Soe Fig. 11.60) ons. We shall hare. (a) Right Circular Cylinders : x®+ y= ais aight kevlar cylinder, whose generator Is parallel to the Zaxis. Similarly, y°+22= 07 is acylinder whose generators are parallel to the x-axis. to the ‘c? is @ eylinder whose genoralors are parallel ten s (= 0; te 2 Facing ot Carve Fig, 11.60(ren) 1 neineering mathemati! Seen imenca- th el 32. Sphere Fr sees tm | poe 23. Cone “The og cat eben ian by? D totoning Fag 1 88h rig. 1481 “ho aherwocenas Fast a st the section a he oyinder By 3 re ER aac 2) ote Cvinere ors an oie then te inde emery tare powers cylinder whose oe Ries ellistc exlindr 4 Is: eylind Simla, we have elite wel ae tthe ena ' ane Cs V ¢) “oo * 34, Ellipsoid “The equation of liso in tan 2 eee “Tho sections of the stiossd Fig. 11.65 coordinate planes are clipes. See xx represents a parabola in two dimensio 35. Hyperboloid “The hyperbolld of ene & in Fig, 11.70 (a). Sections oft parallel to the olipses ‘plane are hypsttoas The hyperboloid of two { in the Fig. 1.700)53 ensions. tlowing Engineering Mathematics - i (1122) Tracing of Curves. 32. Sphere z is shown inthe — ™, ‘The right circular cone gh x ar cone given by x + y followin 9 Fa. 11.68 () ca ‘The other two cones y# + z?=.x®and x*+2=y?are shown in the following Fig. 11.68 (i) and (i). Te! iy Fig. 11.68 : Cone 34, Ellipsoid “The equation of elipsoid in standard form is ees eee The sections of the ellipsoid by planes parallel to the reat coordinate planes are elipses. (See Fig 1.69) 35. Hyperboloid “The equations of hyperbotoid of one sheet and two sheet are respectively z and WH ‘The hypetboloid of one sheet is shown in Fig. 11.70 (a). Sections of the hyperboloid y ry ‘of one sheet parallel to the x-planes are 4 flipses and sections parallel to yz-plane or % x £1 IN ‘zxplane are hyperbolas. “The hyperboloid of two sheets is shown ee ig. 11.700) in the Fig. 11.70 (b)