SOLUTION SET X FOR 18.

075-Fall 2004

12 SOLUTION SET X FOR 18.075–FALL 2004

5.11 Complete Fourier series

58. Expand each of the following functions in a Fourier series of period equal to the length
of the indicated interval of representation:

(a) f (x) = 
a + bx (0 < x < P ),
0 (x < 0)
(b) f (x) = (−1 < x < 1),
1 (x > 0)
(c) f (x) = sin x (0 ≤ x ≤ π),
(d) f (x) = x (1 < x < 2).

Solution. In this problem, we need to expand a function f (x) in a complete Fourier series
in (a, b); the periodic extension of f (x) has period equal to the length L = b − a of the
interval. With

∞
X nπx nπx
f (x) = A0 + [An cos + Bn sin ],
n=1
L/2 L/2

the coefficients are given by the formulas

b
1
Z
A0 = dx f (x),
L a
b
2 2nπx
Z
An≥1 = dx f (x) cos ,
L a L
b
2 2nπx
Z
Bn≥1 = dx f (x) sin ,
L a L

which are direct generalizations of the formulas derived in class for the symmetric interval
(−l, l) where L = 2l.
 SOLUTION SET X FOR 18.075–FALL 2004 13
P∞
An cos 2nπx 2nπx


(a) Let f (x) = A0 + n=1 P + Bn sin P in (0, P ); then,

P
1
Z
A0 = (a + bx)dx
P 0
bP
= a+ , and, for n ≥ 1,
2
2 P 2nπx
Z
An≥1 = (a + bx) cos dx
P 0 P
Z P  
1 2nπx
= (a + bx) d sin
nπ 0 P
P Z P !
1 2nπx  2nπx
= (a + bx) sin − b sin dx
nπ P 0 0 P
Z P  
bP 2nπx
= d cos
2n2 π 2 0 P
= 0,

2 P
2nπx
Z
Bn≥1 = (a + bx) sin dx
P 0 P
Z P  
1 2nπx
= − (a + bx) d cos
nπ 0 P
P Z P !
1 2nπx  2nπx
= − (a + bx) cos − b cos dx
nπ P 0 0 P
bP
= − .
nπ

It follows that

∞
bP bP X 1 2nπx
f (x) = a + − sin in (0, P ).
2 π n P
n=1
14 SOLUTION SET X FOR 18.075–FALL 2004
P∞
(b) Let f (x) = A0 + n=1 [An cos(nπx) + Bn sin(nπx)] in (−1, 1); then,
1 1
Z
A0 = f (x) dx
2 −1
1 1
Z
= dx
2 0
1
= ,
2
Z 1
An≥1 = cos(nπx) dx = 0,
0
Z 1
Bn≥1 = sin(nπx) dx
0
Z 1
1
= − d[cos(nπx)]
nπ 0
1
= [1 − cos(nπ)]
nπ
1
= [1 − (−1)n ]
nπ

0 if n is even
= 2
nπ if n is odd
So,
∞
!
1 2 X 1
f (x) = + sin[(2n − 1)πx] .
2 π n=1
2n − 1

P∞
(c) Let f (x) = A0 + n=1[An cos(2nx) + Bn sin(2nx)] in [0, π]; then,
Z π
1 2
A0 = sin x dx = ,
π 0 π
2 π
Z
An≥1 = sin x cos(2nx) dx
π 0
1 π
Z
= {sin[(2n + 1)x] − sin[(2n − 1)x]} dx
π 0
 
1 2 2
= −
π 2n + 1 2n − 1
4
= − ,
π(4n2 − 1)
2 π
Z
Bn≥1 = sin x sin(2nx) dx
π 0
Z π
1
= {cos[(2n − 1)x] − cos[(2n + 1)x]} dx = 0.
π 0
 SOLUTION SET X FOR 18.075–FALL 2004 15

So,
∞
!
2 4 X 1
f (x) = − 2
· cos(2nx) in [0, π].
π π 4n − 1
n=1

P∞
(d) Let f (x) = A0 + n=1 [An cos(2nπx) + Bn sin(2nπx)] in (1, 2); then,

2
3
Z
A0 = x dx = ,
1 2
Z 2
An≥1 = 2 x cos(2nπx) dx

Z 2

1
= x d(sin(2nπx))

nπ 1
 Z 2 
1 2
= x sin(2nπx)|1 − sin(2nπx) dx = 0,
nπ 1
Z 2
Bn≥1 = 2 x sin(2nπx) dx

Z 2
1
= − x d(cos(2nπx))
nπ 1
 Z 2 
1 2 1
= − x cos(2nπx)|1 − cos(2nπx) dx = − .
nπ 1 nπ

So
∞
3 1X1
f (x) = − sin(2nπx) in (1, 2).
2 π n
n=1

60. Obtain the Fourier series of period 2π which represents the solution of the problem

d2 y
+ Λy = h(x), y(−π) = y(π), y 0 (−π) = y 0 (π)
dx2

when

 0 (−π < x < 0),
h(x) = 1 (0 < x < π2 ),
0 ( π2 < x < π),


assuming that Λ 6= p2 (p = 0, 1, 2, . . .).

16 SOLUTION SET X FOR 18.075–FALL 2004
P∞
Solution. Let h(x) = a0 + n=1 [an cos(nx) + bn sin(nx)] in [−π, π]; then,
Z
π
1 2 1
a0 = dx = ,
2π 0 4
Z π
1 2 1 nπ
an≥1 = cos(nx) dx = sin ,
π 0 nπ 2
Z π
1 2 1  nπ 
bn≥1 = sin(nx) dx = 1 − cos .
π 0 nπ 2

So,
∞
1 1 X 1 h nπ  nπ  i
h(x) = + sin cos(nx) + 1 − cos sin(nx) .
4 π n 2 2
n=1

d2 y
Let y = A0 + ∞
P
n=1 (An cos nx + Bn sin nx) be the solution of dx2
+ Λy = h(x), y(−π) =
y(π), y 0 (−π) = y 0 (π). We determine An and Bn as follows:
∞
1 1X1h nπ  nπ  i
h(x) = + sin cos(nx) + 1 − cos sin(nx)
4 π n=1
n 2 2
d2 y

= + Λy
dx2
X∞
= ΛA0 + (A − n2 )[An cos(nx) + Bn sin(nx)],
n=1

1
by differentiating the Fourier series term by term. This relation gives A 0 = 4Λ , and, for
nπ
sin 1−cos nπ
n ≥ 1, An≥1 =
nπ(Λ−n2 ) ,
2
Bn≥1 = 2
nπ(Λ−n2 )
. Thus, the solution is

∞
1 X sin nπ nπ


1 2 cos(nx) + 1 − cos 2 sin(nx)
y= + in [−π, π].
4Λ π n=1 n(Λ − n2 )

61. a) If the representation

∞
X nπx
f (x) = A0 + An cos (0 ≤ x ≤ l)
l
n=1

is valid, show formally that

l ∞
2
Z
(f (x))2 dx = 2A20 +
X
A2n .
l 0 n=1
 SOLUTION SET X FOR 18.075–FALL 2004 17

Solution: Clearly,
Z l !2 ∞
l
nπx
Z
2
X
(f (x)) dx = An cos dx
0 0 l
n=0
∞ Z l 
X mπx nπx
= An Am cos cos dx .
m,n=0 0 l l
But 
Z l
mπx nπx  0, if m =
6 n
cos cos dx = l, if m = n = 0
0 l l 
l/2, if m = n ≥ 1.
It follows that
l ∞
lX 2
Z
2
(f (x)) dx = l · A20 + A .
0 2 n=1 n
Hence,
l ∞
2
Z
(f (x))2 dx = 2A20 +
X
A2n .
l 0 n=1
b) If the representation

∞
X nπx
f (x) = Bn sin (0 < x < l)
n=1
l
is valid, show formally that
l ∞
2
Z
(f (x))2 dx =
X
Bn2
l 0 n=1
Solution:
!2 ∞
l l
nπx
Z Z
2
X
(f (x)) dx = Bn sin dx
0 0 l
n=1
∞ Z l
X mπx nπx
= Bm Bn sin sin dx.
m,n=1 0 l l
But
l  l
mπx nπx
Z
2 m=n
sin sin dx =
0 l l 0 m 6= n
This implies that
l ∞
lX 2
Z
2
(f (x)) dx = B .
0 2 n=1 n
Hence,
l ∞
2
Z
(f (x))2 dx =
X
Bn2 .
l 0 n=1
18 SOLUTION SET X FOR 18.075–FALL 2004

c) If the representation

∞ 
X nπx nπx 
f (x) = A0 + An cos + Bn sin (−l < x < l)
l l
n=1
is valid, show formally that
∞
1 l
Z
2
X
2
(f (x)) dx = 2A0 + (A2n + Bn2 ).
l −l
n=1
Solution:
∞ 
!2
l l
nπx nπx 
Z Z
(f (x))2 dx =
X
A0 + An cos + Bn sin dx
−l −l l l
n=1
∞ l
mπx nπx
X Z
= Am An cos cos dx
−l l l
m,n=0
∞ l
mπx nπx
X Z
+ Bm Bn sin sin dx
m,n=1 −l l l
∞ X ∞ l
mπx nπx
X Z
+ 2 Am Bn cos sin dx
−l l l
m=0 n=1
By virtue of
l Z l
mπx nπx mπx nπx
Z
cos cos dx = sin sin dx = 0 for m =
6 n,
−l l l −l l l
Z l
mπx nπx
cos sin dx = 0, for all m, n,
−l l l
Z l
dx = 2l,
−l
and
l l
nπx 2 nπx 2
Z  Z 
cos dx = sin dx = l, n ≥ 1,
−l l −l l
we find that Z l ∞
2
X
(f (x)) dx = 2lA20 +l (A2n + Bn2 ).
−l n=1
Hence,
l ∞
1
Z
(f (x))2 dx = 2A20 +
X
(A2n + Bn2 ).
l −l n=1