CS-381 Network Security
Week 3 – Lecture 2
Block Ciphers
Dr. Razi Arshad
Classical Encryption
Techniques
Substitution Ciphers
Monoalphabetic Ciphers
• Caesar Cipher
Polyalphabetic Ciphers
• Vigenere Cipher
• Playfair Cipher
• Hill Cipher
• One-Time Pad
Vernam Cipher/
One-Time Pad
Motivation: Selection of keyword that is as long as the
plaintext and has no statistical relationship to it
Introduced by an AT&T engineer named Gilbert Vernam
in 1918
The system works on binary data rather than letters
The system can be expressed as follows:
Encryption:
Decryption:
Where Ci, Pi, Ki is the ith binary digit of C iphertext,
Plaintext and Key.
Vernam Cipher/
One-Time Pad
Use a random key (pad) which is as long as the
message, with no repetitions
Key used for once and then is discarded, each new
message requires a new key of the same length as the
new message
With such key, plaintext and ciphertext are
statistically independent
Unconditionally secure (Unbreakable)
One-Time Pad
Weaknesses: One time pad offers complete security
(unbreakable), but in practice has two fundamental
difficulties:
Random key generation
A heavily used system might require millions of
random characters on a regular basis
Key Distribution & Protection
For every message to be sent, a key of equal length
is needed by both sender and receiver
Relative Frequency of
Occurrence of Letters
Classical Encryption
Techniques
Transposition (Permutation) Ciphers
Rail Fence Technique
Block (Columnar) Transposition
Technique
Transposition (Permutation)
Techniques
Rearranging the letter order to hide the actual message
without altering the actual letters used
Example: Rail Fence Cipher (ZigZag Cipher)
Write message letters on alternate rows, and read off
cipher row by row
The key for the rail fence cipher is the number of rails.
Plaintext: MEET ME AFTER THE TOGA PARTY
Ciphertext: MEMATRHTGPRYETEFETEOAAT
M . E . M . A . T . R . H . T . G . P . R . Y
. E . T . E . F . E . T . E . O . A . A . T .
Transposition (Permutation)
Techniques
Decryption
Number of columns = length of ciphertext
Number of rows = key.
Write ciphertext letters on alternate columns,
filling the rows forming rails
Read off as rails
Ciphertext: ECLETXELN
E . C . L . E . T
. X . E . L . N .
Plaintext: EXCELLENT
Block (Columnar)
Transposition Ciphers
Write message in rectangle-row by row, and read it off
column by column; but permute the order of the
columns.
The order of columns becomes the key
Example:
• Plaintext : ATTACK POSTPONED UNTIL TWO AM XYZ
• Ciphertext: TTNA APTM TSUO AODW COIX KNLY PETZ
Key 4 3 1 2 5 6 7
Plaintext A T T A C K P
O S T P O N E
D U N T I L T
W O A M X Y Z
Block Transposition:
Example 01
Keyword: ZEBRAS
Length of Word= 6 (Alphabets in a row)
Alphabetical Order defines permutation. In this case “6 3 2 4 1 5”
Plaintext: “WE ARE DISCOVERED FLEE AT ONCE”
Key 6 3 2 4 1 5
Plaintext W E A R E D
I S C O V E
R E D F L E
E A T O N C
E x x x x x
Ciphertext: EVLNx ACDTx ESEAx ROFOx DEECx WIREE
Block Transposition:
Example 02
Keyword: CORNELL
Length of Word= 7 (Alphabets in a row)
Alphabetical Order defines permutation. In this case
“1 6 7 5 2 3 4”
Plaintext: “THE QUICK Key C O R N E L L
1 6 7 5 2 3 4
BROWN FOX JUMPED Plaintex T H E Q U I C
OVER THE LAZY DOG” t K B R O W N F
Ciphertext: TKODEG O X J U M P E
UWMRYx INPTDx CFEHOx D O V E R T H
E L A Z Y D O
QOUEZx HBXOLx ERJVAx G x x x x x x
CrypTool
https://www.cryptool.org/en/
Overview- Classical
Encryption Techniques
