Module 6: Towards Sustainable Development
Table of Contents
Introduction 2
Paulinian Essential Elements 3
Paulinian A rmation 3
Topic 1: Sustainable Development 4
Learning Outcomes 4
Learning Activities 4
Processing and Formation 4
Sustainable Development 4
The World’s Leading Environmental Problems 5
What Is Sustainable Development? 9
Models for Sustainable Development 10
Learn about the Sustainable Development Goals: What’s Your Goal? 13
“Catching Up” 20
Activity: Think-Pair-Share! 21
Synthesis 22
Assessments 24
Assignments 25
Topic 2: Global Food Security 26
Learning Outcomes 26
Learning Activities 26
Processing and Formation 26
Global Food Security 26
Importance of Global Food Security 31
What Causes Global Food Security? 31
Global Food Security and World Economic Forum 34
Conclusion: A Multidimensional Phenomenon 38
Synthesis 39
Assessments 40
Assignments 41
Topic 3: Global Citizenship 42
Learning Outcomes 42
Module 6: Towards Sustainable Development
Learning Activities 42
Processing and Formation 42
Introduction 42
What Is Global Citizenship? 43
What Is “Meant” by Global Citizenship? 44
What Is a Global Citizen? 44
Ethics 45
Global Citizenship Education 46
How to Teach Global Citizenship 47
Some Aims of Global Citizenship Education 48
Some Possible Advantage of Global Citizenship Education 48
Global Citizenship Education and Cognitive Skills 49
Synthesis 50
Assessments 50
Assignments 52
Re ection Guide 53
Expanded Opportunities 53
References 54
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Module 6: Towards Sustainable Development
Introduction
To take sustainability seriously requires us to reexamine our ideas about growth, social
equity, consumption, and "standard of living", that putative indicator of social well-being.
Sustainability is constrained at both ends of the economic throughput. At the starting point
it is constrained by the availability of resources, and at the end point by the accumulation of
the products of their use: waste, loss, and pollution. Consumption and systems of material
distribution, the processes that link those two ends, go to the heart of the matter. The scale
of global consumption, both public and private, depends on population size and on the
intensity of resource use.
This module will give information about sustainable development and global food security.
The goal of this module is to address the importance of the topics towards sustainability.
This topic will view the possibilities of the changing world. The scale and complexity of real
societies may help to buffer our individual impact, yet among all the living species, humans
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alone are capable of being guardians for global sustainability buttressed by justice. We must
act because we alone can choose to make a difference.
Paulinian Essential Elements
Cutting-Edge, Resilient Visionaries, and Innovators who
● stay abreast of emerging social and technological trends and proactively pursue
fruitful ways of capitalizing on them, and
● devise and carry out programs and strategies that drive society toward consciously
preserving and improving the viability of our planet’s eco- and social support system.
Dedicated Transformative Supporters and Stewards of All Creation who
● promote and actively participate in initiatives that benefit and directly support the
right of all creatures to exist and flourish,
● devise and carry out program and strategies that drive society toward consciously
preserving and improving the viability of our planet’s eco- and social support
systems,
● mobilize others in advocating and implementing public policies and programs that
foster peace, justice, solidarity, and respect for life and cultures, and
● act decisively to inform and lead others to ways of tangibly reducing environmental
problems and improving the quality of life in their local and larger communities.
Paulinian A rmation
“As a Christ-centered Paulinian, I am a reliable, productive expert, and implementer,
competently pursuing my mission in life.”
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Topic 1: Sustainable Development
Learning Outcomes
During the learning engagement, you should be able to
● explain the origins and manifestations of environmental crises,
● differentiate stability and sustainability,
● examine and exhibit understanding on the global sustainable development goals,
and
● articulate models of global sustainable development.
Learning Activities
Processing and Formation
Sustainable Development
If you live in Metropolitan Manila and
travel to school (or to work) every day, the
moment you step out of your home, you
are already exposed to the most serious
problem humanity faces today: the
deteriorating state of the environment. As
you walk out of the gate, the fetid smell of
uncollected garbage hits you and you go
near the trash bins, curious about what is
causing the smell. You see rotting vegetables, a dead rat, and a bunch of whatnot packed in
plastic. These three “wastes” are already indicative of some environmental problems the -
vegetables ought to be added to a compost pile; the rat either buried or burned (also to get
rid of the lice that might jump into the hair of the children playing nearby); and the plastics
washed and recycled because, unlike the other two wastes, it cannot decompose.
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You hop on the first bus and as it approaches. Epifanio de los Santo Avenue (EDSA), the
traffic slows down considerably. It is the normal Manila morning traffic where, as the joke
goes, the turtle can out pace even the fastest of motor vehicles. You look out of the window
and see the smoke coming out of diesel vehicles, and as you lift you head up to the sky, you
see nothing but smog, courtesy of the cars and buses, as well as the coal plant and several
industrial sites located alongside the Pasig River. You notice the oil spots on the river, not to
mention the tons of effluents (human and non-human wastes) floating alongside each
other. In the city you live in, there is a dying river, an increasingly poisonous sky, an
enormous amount of waste, and a declining quality of life.
It is at this point that you recognize the ecological crisis happening around you, and how the
deterioration of the environment destabilized populations and species, raising the specter
of extinction for some and a lesser quality of life for the survivors of their offspring.
Are you familiar with sights like this?
The World’s Leading Environmental Problems
The Conserve Energy Future website listed the following environmental challenges that the
world faces today:
1. Pollution: Pollution of air, water, and soil requires millions of years to recoup.
Industry and motor vehicle exhaust are the number one pollutants. Heavy metals,
nitrates and plastic are toxins responsible for pollution. While water pollution is
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caused by oil spill, acid rain, urban runoff; air pollution is caused by various gases
and toxins released by industries and factories and combustion of fossil fuels; soil
pollution is majorly caused by industrial waste that deprives soil from essential
nutrients.
2. Global Warming: Climate changes like global warming is the result of human
practices like emission of greenhouse gases. Global warming leads to rising
temperatures of the oceans and the earth’ surface causing melting of polar ice caps,
rise in sea levels and also unnatural patterns of precipitation such as flash floods,
excessive snow or desertification.
3. Overpopulation: The population of the planet is reaching unsustainable levels as it
faces shortage of resources like water, fuel, and food. Population explosion in less
developed and developing countries is straining the already scarce resources.
Intensive agriculture practiced to produce food damages the environment through
use of chemical fertilizer, pesticides and insecticides. Overpopulation is one of the
crucial current environmental problems.
4. Natural Resource Depletion: Natural resource depletion is another crucial current
environmental problem. Fossil fuel consumption results in emission of greenhouse
gases, which is responsible for global warming and climate change. Globally, people
are taking efforts to shift to renewable sources of energy like solar, wind, biogas and
geothermal energy. The cost of installing the infrastructure and maintaining these
sources has plummeted in recent years.
5. Waste Disposal: The overconsumption of resources and creation of plastics are
creating a global crisis of waste disposal. Developed countries are notorious for
producing an excessive amount of waste or garbage and dumping their waste in the
oceans and less developed countries. Nuclear waste disposal has tremendous health
hazards associated with it. Plastic, fast food, packaging, and cheap electronic wastes
threaten the well-being of humans. Waste disposal is one of urgent current
environmental problems.
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6. Climate Change: Climate change is yet another environmental problem that has
surfaced in the last couple of decades. It occurs due to rise in global warming which
occurs due to increase in temperature of atmosphere by burning of fossil fuels and
release of harmful gases by industries. Climate change has various harmful effects
but is not limited to melting of polar ice, change in seasons, occurrence of new
diseases, frequent occurrence of floods and change in overall weather scenario.
7. Loss of Biodiversity: Human activity is leading to the extinction of species and
habitats and loss of biodiversity. Ecosystems, which took millions of years to perfect,
are in danger when any species population is decimating. Balance of natural
processes like pollination is crucial to the survival of the ecosystem and human
activity threatens the same. Another example is the destruction of coral reefs in
various oceans, which support the rich marine life.
8. Deforestation: Our forests are natural sinks of carbon dioxide and produce fresh
oxygen as well as help in regulating temperature and rainfall. At present, forests
cover 30% of the land, but every year, tree cover is lost amounting to the country of
Panama due to growing population demand for more food, shelter, and cloth.
Deforestation simply means clearing of green cover and making that land available
for residential, industrial or commercial purpose.
9. Ocean Acidification: It is a direct impact of excessive production of carbon dioxide
(CO2). Twenty-five percent of carbon dioxide is produced by humans. The ocean
acidity has increased by the last 250 years but by 2100, it may shoot up by 150%. The
main impact is on shellfish and plankton in the same way as human osteoporosis.
10. Ozone Layer Depletion: The ozone layer is an invisible layer of protection around
the planet that protects us from the sun’s harmful rays. Depletion of the crucial
ozone layer of the atmosphere is attributed to pollution caused by chlorine and
bromide found in chloro-fluoro carbons (CFCs). Once these toxic gases reach the
upper atmosphere, they cause a hole in the ozone layer, the biggest of which is
above the Antarctic. The CFCs are banned in many industries and consumer
products. Ozone layer is valuable because it prevents harmful UV radiation from
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reaching the earth. This is one of the most important current environmental
problems.
11. Acid Rain: Acid rain occurs due to the presence of certain pollutants in the
atmosphere. Acid rain can be caused due to combustion of fossil fuels or erupting
volcanoes or rotting vegetation which release sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides into
the atmosphere. Acid rain is a known environmental problem that can have serious
effects on human health, wildlife and aquatic species.
12. Water Pollution: Clean drinking water is becoming a rare commodity. Water is
becoming an economic and political issue as the human population fights for this
resource. One of the options suggested is using the process of desalination.
Industrial development is filling our rivers, seas, and oceans with toxic pollutants
which are a major threat to human health.
13. Urban Sprawl: Urban sprawl refers to migration of population from high density
urban areas to low density rural areas which results in spreading of city over more
and more rural land. Urban sprawl results in land degradation, increased traffic,
environmental issues and health issues. The ever-growing demand for land displaces
the natural environment consisting of flora and fauna instead of being replaced.
14. Public Health Issues: The current environmental problems pose a lot of risk to the
health of humans and animals. Dirty water is the biggest health risk of the world and
poses threat to the quality of life and public health. Run-off to rivers carries along
toxins, chemicals and disease carrying organisms. Pollutants cause respiratory
disease like asthma and cardiac-vascular problems. High temperatures encourage
the spread of infectious diseases like dengue.
15. Genetic Engineering: Genetic modification of food using biotechnology is called
genetic engineering. Genetic modification of food results in increased toxins and
diseases as genes from an allergic plant can transfer to the target plant. Genetically
modified crops can cause serious environmental problems as an engineered gene
may prove toxic to wildlife. Another drawback is that increased use of toxins to make
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insect resistant plants can cause resultant organisms to become resistant to
antibiotics.
Many of these problems are caused by natural changes. Volcanic eruptions release toxins in
the atmosphere and lower the world’s temperature. The US Geological Survey measured
the gas emissions from the active Kilauea volcano in Hawaii and concluded “that Kilauea has
been releasing more than twice the amount of noxious sulfur dioxide gas (SO₂) as the single
dirtiest power plant on the United States mainland.” The 15 million tons of sulfur dioxide
that were released when Mount Pinatubo erupted on 15 June 2001 created a “hazy layer of
aerosol particles composed primarily of sulfur acid droplets” that brought down the average
global temperature by 0.6 degrees Celsius for the next 15 months. Volcanologists at the
University of Hawaii added that Pinatubo had released “15 to 20 megaton… of [sulfur
dioxide] into the stratosphere to offset the present global warming trends and severely
impact the ozone budget.”
What Is Sustainable Development?
Sustainable development (SD) implies economic growth together with the protection of
environmental quality, each reinforcing the other. Sustainable development, thus, is
maintaining a balance between the human need to improve lifestyles and feeling of
well-being on one hand, and preserving natural resources and ecosystems, on which we
and future generations depend.
Sustainable development may also be defined as follows:
“To improve the quality of life while living within the carrying capacity of ecosystems” – IUCN (The
World Conservation Union), 1991
“Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs” – Brundtland Report, 1987
“‘Our Common Future’ Sustainability is just another way of saying ‘the good life’ as a combination
of (a) a high level of human well-being and (b) the high level of ecosystem well-being that
supports it.” – Allen Prescott
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Models for Sustainable Development
Models help us understand the concepts of sustainability better. They help us gather, share,
and analyze information, help coordinate work, and educate and train professionals,
policymakers, and the public in general.
Three Pillar Basic Model
This is one of the most well-known models
created using the three dimensions Economy,
Environment and Society. The diagram shows
three interlocking circles with the triangle of
environmental (conservation), economic
(growth), and social (equity) dimensions.
Sustainable development is modeled on these
Bearable Equitable three pillars.
The Egg of Sustainability
It illustrates the relationship between people and ecosystem as one circle inside another,
like the yolk of an egg. This implies that people are within the ecosystem, and that ultimately
one is entirely dependent upon the other.
Thus according to this model:
sustainable development = human well-being + ecosystem well-being
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Prism of Sustainability
This model defines sustainable development with the help of four components—economy,
environment, society, and institution. In recent years, alternative models to the triangle of
sustainability have been proposed. Among the most interesting one are prisms and eggs.
The ‘prism of sustainable development adapted from Spangenberg and Bonniot (1998),
Valentin and Spangenberg (1999) stipulates four dimensions: (1) economic dimension
(man-made capital), (2) environmental dimension (natural capital), and (3) social
dimension (human capital) as the base for (4) institutional dimension (social capital). In
each dimension of the prism of sustainable development, there are imperatives (as norms
for action). Indicators are used to measure how far one has actually come in comparison to
the overall vision of sustainable development (cf. Valentin and Spangenberg, 1999).
Criticizing this prism of sustainable development, Kain (2000: 25) argues that ‘the economic
dimension tends to include assets emanating from all four dimensions, thus, adding
confusion to the description and analysis’. Consequently, the same author proposes a ‘MAIN
prism of sustainable development’. In this model, Kain uses the terms of mind, artefact,
institution and nature in order to relieve the prism from the burden of expressions as social
and economic, which are judged to be more confusing than explanatory. The environmental
dimension (nature) comprises all natural capital, which may be subdivided into stocks of
non-renewable and stocks of renewable resources. The economic dimension (artefact)
stands for all man-made material assets such as buildings and roads. The social dimension
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(mind) should be perceived as the awareness of the individual subject (worldview,
knowledge, and experience). The institutional dimension concerns the organization of our
society and the relation between people. The model points out the impossibility that
man-made capital, social capital and human capital can increase at the same time at the
same amount. The focus has to be on the interaction between the four dimensions.
Regarding all four dimensions simultaneously, sustainable development can be achieved
(Stenberg, 2001, 44).
Did You Know?
In the Year 2015, Leaders from 193 Countries of the World Came Together to
Face the Future
And what they saw was daunting. Famines. Drought. Wars. Plagues. Poverty. Not
just in some faraway place, but in their own cities and towns and villages. They
knew things didn’t have to be this way. They knew we had enough food to feed
the world, but that it wasn’t getting shared. They knew there were medicines for
HIV and other diseases, but they cost a lot.
They knew that earthquakes and floods were inevitable, but that the high death
tolls were not. They also knew that billions of people worldwide shared their
hope for a better future. So leaders from these countries created a plan called
the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This set of 17 goals imagines a future
just 15 years off that would be rid of poverty and hunger, and safe from the
worst effects of climate change. It’s an ambitious plan. But there’s ample
evidence that we can succeed. In the past 15 years, the international community
cut extreme poverty in half.
Now we can finish the job. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
is one of the leading organizations working to fulfil the SDGs by the year 2030.
Present in nearly 170 countries and territories, we help nations make the Goals a
reality. We also champion the Goals so that people everywhere know how to do
their part. UNDP is proud to continue as a leader in this global movement.
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Learn about the Sustainable Development Goals: What’s Your Goal?
As of 2015, about 736 million people still lived on less than
US$1.90 a day; many lack food, clean drinking water and
sanitation. Rapid growth in countries such as China and India
has lifted millions out of poverty, but progress has been
uneven. Women are more likely to be poor than men because
they have less paid work, education, and own less property.
Progress has also been limited in other regions, such as South
Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, which account for 80 percent of
those living in extreme poverty. New threats brought on by climate change, conflict and
food insecurity, mean even more work is needed to bring people out of poverty.
The number of undernourished people has dropped by almost
half in the past two decades because of rapid economic growth
and increased agricultural productivity. Many developing
countries that used to suffer from famine and hunger can now
meet their nutritional needs. Central and East Asia, Latin
America and the Caribbean have all made huge progress in
eradicating extreme hunger. The SDGs aim to end all forms of
hunger and malnutrition by 2030, making sure all
people—especially children—have sufficient and nutritious food all year. This involves
promoting sustainable agriculture, supporting small-scale farmers and equal access to land,
technology and markets. It also requires international cooperation to ensure investment in
infrastructure and technology to improve agricultural productivity.
We have made great progress against several leading causes of
death and disease. Life expectancy has increased dramatically;
infant and maternal mortality rates have declined, we’ve turned
the tide on HIV and malaria deaths have halved. Good health is
essential to sustainable development and the 2030 Agenda
reflects the complexity and interconnectedness of the two. It
takes into account widening economic and social inequalities,
rapid urbanization, threats to the climate and the environment,
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the continuing burden of HIV and other infectious diseases, and emerging challenges such
as noncommunicable diseases. Universal health coverage will be integral to achieving SDG
3, ending poverty and reducing inequalities. Emerging global health priorities not explicitly
included in the SDGs, including antimicrobial resistance, also demand action.
Since 2000, there has been enormous progress in achieving the
target of universal primary education. The total enrolment rate
in developing regions reached 91 percent in 2015, and the
worldwide number of children out of school has dropped by
almost half. There has also been a dramatic increase in literacy
rates, and many more girls are in school than ever before.
These are all remarkable successes. Progress has also been
tough in some developing regions due to high levels of poverty,
armed conflicts and other emergencies. In Western Asia and North Africa, ongoing armed
conflict has seen an increase in the number of children out of school. This is a worrying
trend. While Sub-Saharan Africa made the greatest progress in primary school enrolment
among all developing regions – from 52 percent in 1990, up to 78 percent in 2012 – large
disparities still remain. Children from the poorest households are up to four times more
likely to be out of school than those of the richest households. Disparities between rural
and urban areas also remain high.
Ending all discrimination against women and girls is not only a
basic human right, it’s crucial for sustainable future; it’s proven
that empowering women and girls helps economic growth and
development. UNDP has made gender equality central to its
work and we’ve seen remarkable progress in the past 20 years.
There are more girls in school now compared to 15 years ago,
and most regions have reached gender parity in primary
education. But although there are more women than ever in
the labour market, there are still large inequalities in some regions, with women
systematically denied the same work rights as men. Sexual violence and exploitation, the
unequal division of unpaid care and domestic work, and discrimination in public office all
remain huge barriers. Climate change and disasters continue to have a disproportionate
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effect on women and children, as do conflict and migration. It is vital to give women equal
rights, land, and property, sexual and reproductive health, and to technology and the
internet. Today there are more women in public office than ever before, but encouraging
more women leaders will help achieve greater gender equality.
Water scarcity affects more than 40 percent of people, an
alarming figure that is projected to rise as temperatures do.
Although 2.1 billion people have improved water sanitation
since 1990, dwindling drinking water supplies are affecting
every continent. More and more countries are experiencing
water stress, and increasing drought and desertification is
already worsening these trends. By 2050, it is projected that at
least one in four people will suffer recurring water shortages.
Safe and affordable drinking water for all by 2030 requires we invest in adequate
infrastructure, provide sanitation facilities, and encourage hygiene. Protecting and restoring
water-related ecosystems is essential. Ensuring universal safe and affordable drinking water
involves reaching over 800 million people who lack basic services and improving
accessibility and safety of services for over two billion. In 2015, 4.5 billion people lacked
safely managed sanitation services (with adequately disposed or treated excreta) and 2.3
billion lacked even basic sanitation.
Between 2000 and 2016, the number of people with electricity
increased from 78 to 87 percent, and the numbers without
electricity dipped to just below one billion. Yet as the
population continues to grow, so will the demand for cheap
energy, and an economy reliant on fossil fuels is creating
drastic changes to our climate. Investing in solar, wind and
thermal power, improving energy productivity, and ensuring
energy for all is vital if we are to achieve SDG 7 by 2030.
Expanding infrastructure and upgrading technology to provide clean and more efficient
energy in all countries will encourage growth and help the environment.
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Over the past 25 years the number of workers living in extreme
poverty has declined dramatically, despite the lasting impact of
the 2008 economic crisis and global recession. In developing
countries, the middle class now makes up more than 34 percent
of total employment—a number that has almost tripled
between 1991 and 2015. However, as the global economy
continues to recover we are seeing slower growth, widening
inequalities, and not enough jobs to keep up with a growing
labour force. According to the International Labor Organization, more than 204 million
people were unemployed in 2015. The SDGs promote sustained economic growth, higher
levels of productivity and technological innovation. Encouraging entrepreneurship and job
creation are key to this, as are effective measures to eradicate forced labor, slavery, and
human trafficking. With these targets in mind, the goal is to achieve full and productive
employment, and decent work, for all women and men by 2030.
Investment in infrastructure and innovation are crucial drivers
of economic growth and development. With over half the world
population now living in cities, mass transport and renewable
energy are becoming ever more important, as are the growth of
new industries and information and communication
technologies. Technological progress is also key to finding
lasting solutions to both economic and environmental
challenges, such as providing new jobs and promoting energy efficiency. Promoting
sustainable industries, and investing in scientific research and innovation, are all important
ways to facilitate sustainable development. More than 4 billion people still do not have
access to the Internet, and 90 percent are from the developing world. Bridging this digital
divide is crucial to ensure equal access to information and knowledge, as well as foster
innovation and entrepreneurship.
Income inequality is on the rise—the richest 10 percent have up to 40 percent of global
income whereas the poorest 10 percent earn only between 2 to 7 percent. If we take into
account population growth inequality in developing countries, inequality has increased by
11 percent. Income inequality has increased in nearly everywhere in recent decades, but at
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different speeds. It’s lowest in Europe and highest in the Middle
East. These widening disparities require sound policies to
empower lower income earners, and promote economic
inclusion of all regardless of sex, race or ethnicity. Income
inequality requires global solutions. This involves improving the
regulation and monitoring of financial markets and institutions,
encouraging development assistance and foreign direct
investment to regions where the need is greatest. Facilitating the
safe migration and mobility of people is also key to bridging the widening divide.
More than half of us live in cities. By 2050, two-thirds of all
humanity—6.5 billion people—will be urban. Sustainable
development cannot be achieved without significantly
transforming the way we build and manage our urban spaces.
The rapid growth of cities—a result of rising populations and
increasing migration—has led to a boom in mega-cities,
especially in the developing world, and slums are becoming a
more significant feature of urban life. Making cities sustainable
means creating career and business opportunities, safe and affordable housing, and
building resilient societies and economies. It involves investment in public transport,
creating green public spaces, and improving urban planning and management in
participatory and inclusive ways.
Achieving economic growth and sustainable development
requires that we urgently reduce our ecological footprint by
changing the way we produce and consume goods and
resources. Agriculture is the biggest user of water worldwide,
and irrigation now claims close to 70 percent of all freshwater
for human use. The efficient management of our shared
natural resources, and the way we dispose of toxic waste and
pollutants, are important targets to achieve this goal.
Encouraging industries, businesses and consumers to recycle and reduce waste is equally
important, as is supporting developing countries to move towards more sustainable
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patterns of consumption by 2030. A large share of the world population is still consuming
far too little to meet even their basic needs. Halving the per capita of global food waste at
the retailer and consumer levels is also important for creating more efficient production
and supply chains. This can help with food security, and shift us towards a more resource
efficient economy.
There is no country that is not experiencing the drastic effects
of climate change. Greenhouse gas emissions are more than 50
percent higher than in 1990. Global warming is causing
long-lasting changes to our climate system, which threatens
irreversible consequences if we do not act. The annual average
economic losses from climate-related disasters are in the
hundreds of billions of dollars. This is not to mention the
human impact of geo-physical disasters, which are 91 percent
climate-related, and which between 1998 and 2017 killed 1.3 million people, and left 4.4
billion injured. The goal aims to mobilize US$100 billion annually by 2020 to address the
needs of developing countries to both adapt to climate change and invest in low-carbon
development. Supporting vulnerable regions will directly contribute not only to Goal 13 but
also to the other SDGs. These actions must also go hand in hand with efforts to integrate
disaster risk measures, sustainable natural resource management, and human security into
national development strategies. It is still possible, with strong political will, increased
investment, and using existing technology, to limit the increase in global mean temperature
to two degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, aiming at 1.5°C, but this requires urgent
and ambitious collective action.
The world’s oceans; their temperature, chemistry, currents and
life drive global systems that make the Earth habitable for
humankind. How we manage this vital resource is essential for
humanity as a whole, and to counterbalance the effects of
climate change. Over three billion people depend on marine
and coastal biodiversity for their livelihoods. However, today we
are seeing 30 percent of the world’s fish stocks overexploited,
reaching below the level at which they can produce sustainable
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yields. Oceans also absorb about 30 percent of the carbon dioxide produced by humans,
and we are seeing a 26 percent rise in ocean acidification since the beginning of the
industrial revolution. Marine pollution, an overwhelming majority of which comes from
land-based sources, is reaching alarming levels, with an average of 13,000 pieces of plastic
litter to be found on every square kilometer of ocean. The SDGs aim to sustainably manage
and protect marine and coastal ecosystems from pollution, as well as address the impacts
of ocean acidification. Enhancing conservation and the sustainable use of ocean-based
resources through international law will also help mitigate some of the challenges facing
our oceans.
Human life depends on the earth as much as the ocean for our
sustenance and livelihoods. Plant life provides 80 percent of the
human diet, and we rely on agriculture as an important
economic resource. Forests cover 30 percent of the Earth’s
surface, provide vital habitats for millions of species, and
important sources for clean air and water, as well as being
crucial for combating climate change. Every year, 13 million
hectares of forests are lost, while the persistent degradation of
dry lands has led to the desertification of 3.6 billion hectares, disproportionately affecting
poor communities. While 15 percent of land is protected, biodiversity is still at risk. Nearly
7,000 species of animals and plants have been illegally traded. Wildlife trafficking not only
erodes biodiversity, but creates insecurity, fuels conflict, and feeds corruption. Urgent action
must be taken to reduce the loss of natural habitats and biodiversity which are part of our
common heritage and support global food and water security, climate change mitigation
and adaptation, and peace and security.
We cannot hope for sustainable development without peace,
stability, human rights and effective governance, based on the
rule of law. Yet our world is increasingly divided. Some regions
enjoy peace, security and prosperity, while others fall into
seemingly endless cycles of conflict and violence. This is not
inevitable and must be addressed. Armed violence and
insecurity have a destructive impact on a country’s
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development, affecting economic growth, and often resulting in grievances that last for
generations. Sexual violence, crime, exploitation and torture are also prevalent where there
is conflict, or no rule of law, and countries must take measures to protect those who are
most at risk. The SDGs aim to significantly reduce all forms of violence, and work with
governments and communities to end conflict and insecurity. Promoting the rule of law and
human rights are key to this process, as is reducing the flow of illicit arms and strengthening
the participation of developing countries in the institutions of global governance.
The SDGs can only be realized with strong global partnerships
and cooperation. Official Development Assistance remained
steady but below target, at US$147 billion in 2017. While
humanitarian crises brought on by conflict or natural disasters
continue to demand more financial resources and aid. Many
countries also require Official Development Assistance to
encourage growth and trade. The world is more interconnected
than ever. Improving access to technology and knowledge is an
important way to share ideas and foster innovation. Coordinating policies to help
developing countries manage their debt, as well as promoting investment for the least
developed, is vital for sustainable growth and development. The goals aim to enhance
North-South and South-South cooperation by supporting national plans to achieve all the
targets. Promoting international trade, and helping developing countries increase their
exports is all part of achieving a universal rules-based and equitable trading system that is
fair and open and benefits all.
“Catching Up”
The need for change in our daily lives and the movements of our government is growing.
Because so many different factors come into play; voting, governmental issues, the desire to
stick to routine, many people don’t consider that what they do will affect future generations.
If humans continue moving forward in such a harmful way towards the future, then there
will be no future to consider. Although it’s true that we cannot physically stop our ozone
layer from thinning (and scientists are still having trouble figuring out what is causing it
exactly,) there are still so many things we can do to try and put a dent in what we already
know. By raising awareness in your local community and within your families about these
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issues, you can help contribute to a more environmentally conscious and friendly place for
you to live.
Perhaps no issue forces people to think about their role as citizens of the world than
environmental degradation. Every person, regardless of his/her race, nation, or creed,
belongs to the same world. When one looks at an image of the earth, he/she will realize that
he/she belongs to one world; a world that is increasingly vulnerable. In the fight against
climate change, one cannot afford to simply care about his/her own backyard. The carbon
dioxide emitted in one country may have severe effects on the climate of another. There is
no choice but to find global solutions to these global problems.
Activity: Think-Pair-Share! 30 minutes
Questions for Discussion
1. How do poor countries balance their need for development with the necessity to
protect the environment?
2. How do you define sustainable development?
3. What are the major environmental problems you are exposed to? How are these
problems addressed in achieving sustainable development?
4. Differentiate stability from sustainability.
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Assessment: Finding Everyday Pollution
Go around your campus and list the different kinds of pollutants that you see. Widen your
observation by looking at the areas surrounding your campus.
Make a list of these pollutants and check which ones can be recycled and which ones need
to be put together for the garbage men to collect. With the recycled ones, list the possible
things that you can do to make them usable and explain this in a report. Do not simply limit
yourself to what you can do with the recyclables. Your report must include suggestions to
the campus, the barangay, and the city district.
Synthesis
In the light of the vast array of definitions and descriptions of sustainable development, the
best way to understand it is an evocative vision rather than as a nearly defined concept. We
can hence delimit the notion of sustainable development as follows:
● Sustainable development is perhaps more a moral precept than a scientific concept,
linked as much with notions of fairness as with theories of global warming.
● Sustainable development involves the natural sciences and economics, but it is
primarily a matter of culture. It is connected with values people cherish and with the
ways in which they perceive their relationship with others.
● Sustainable development is a response to the unavoidable need to develop a new
approach to relations between peoples and a new understanding of habitat – the
foundation and nourishing source of human existence.
● Sustainable development occurs when we acknowledge the relationship between
human needs and the natural environment. The interdependence of humans and
the environment necessitates a refusal of the obsessive pursuit of any single
development or environmental objective to the detriment of others. The
environment cannot be protected in a way that leaves half of humanity in poverty.
● Linking social, economic, and environmental concerns is a crucial aspect of
sustainable development. Creating such links demands a deeper, more ambitious
way of thinking about education, one that retains a commitment to critical analysis
while fostering creativity and innovation. In short, it demands an ethic and value
system sensitive to the value of cultural identity and multicultural dialogue.
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● To avoid false dilemmas, we must understand sustainable development as a new
and viable long-term relationship between human beings and their habitat, one that
places humanity in the forefront.
We can also affirm what sustainable development should be by formulating its opposite:
● Sustainable development does not embody a new, fully formed theory of human
existence. Rather, it incarnates a plea for integral thinking—thinking responsive to
the complexity of the real systems of everyday life.
● Sustainable development is not a magic answer; it is a new vision of the future. It
requires, on the one hand, that the countries of the North take radical steps to
address problems related to consumption, production and their impact. On the
other hand, developing countries must promote fairness, alleviate poverty, reinforce
justice and democracy, adopt development strategies that benefit all strata of
society, and address today’s serious environmental problems.
● Sustainable development is not a new method of analysis. It is a new way of looking
at reality. It requires that we reject four intolerable and commonplace features of
contemporary life that put the future of the world in jeopardy:
a. inequality, caused by excessive confidence in the distribution of savings
revenue in times of crisis;
b. instability, brought about by an excess of State intervention, lax monetary
policies and inflationary processes;
c. inefficiency, caused by countries turning in on themselves, accompanied by
market shifts that seriously affect the rural areas; and finally,
d. exclusion and inequality which are still very much in evidence and wrongly
accepted as inevitable.
● Sustainable development is not an end in itself but a way of managing possible
feasible scenarios for the future and fostering new approaches to social dialogue. It
is about searching for ways of promoting new equilibria, new priorities and new
options and possibilities, while maintaining harmony in all things.
● The idea of sustainable development brings nothing new. It is an invitation to
goodwill in fostering prevention, risk control and harmony. It contributes to the
creation of new synergy among social actors and of strategies that promote more
efficient and transparent governance.
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● Sustainable development is not a new way of dividing society into sectors. It reflects
and promotes a quest for unity, a respect for multicultural, acceptance of diversity
and integrative responses to the complex problems we are obliged to face.
● Sustainable development does not imply the affirmation of a neo-liberal economic
model; rather, it proposes (a) a world of solidarity that would accompany profound
changes in existing economic arrangements; and (b) a reassurance of democratic
procedures.
● Sustainable development is not a new Utopian vision. Rather, the call for sustainable
development is an alarm bell set off by the lack of respect for humane values in
everyday life.
● Sustainable development is not an abstraction. Rather, it is rooted in common sense
and gives value to what is essential, thus placing it at the service of new ways of
living.
● A commitment to sustainable development is in not a search for new forms of
government that ensure the continued exercise of power by minorities in ways that
reflect a disregard for human security, freedom and autonomy.
Assessments
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. The following are parts of the Egg of Sustainability except
a. Human well-being
b. Ecosystem well-being
c. Social well-being
2. Sustainable development does not imply the affirmation of a neo-liberal economic
model; rather, it proposes
a. a world of solidarity that would accompany profound changes in existing
economic arrangements.
b. a reassurance of democratic procedures.
c. both (a) and (b)
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3. Sustainable development is not a new method of analysis. Choose what requires the
people reject four intolerable and commonplace features of contemporary life that
put the future of the world in jeopardy.
a. inequality, caused by excessive confidence in the distribution of savings
revenue in times of crisis
b. instability, brought about by an excess of State intervention, lax monetary
policies and inflationary processes
c. inefficiency, caused by countries turning in on themselves, accompanied by
market shifts that seriously affect the rural areas
d. exclusion and inequality which are still very much in evidence and wrongly
accepted as inevitable.
e. all of the above
4. Sustainable development is not an end in itself but a way of managing possible
feasible scenarios for the future and fostering new approaches to social dialogue.
a. True
b. False
5. Sustainable development involves the natural sciences and economics, but it is
primarily a matter of culture. It is connected with values people cherish and with the
ways in which they perceive their relationship with others.
a. True
b. False
Assignments
Learning Activity: Finding Everyday Pollution
Do the activity following the instructions:
Instructions:
1. Go around your neighborhood and list the different kinds of pollutants that you see.
Widen your observation by looking at the areas surrounding your neighborhood.
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2. Make a list of these pollutants and check which ones can be recycled and which ones
need to be put together for the garbage men to collect.
3. With the recycled ones, list the possible things that you can do to make them usable
and explain this in a report. Do not simply limit yourself to what you can do with the
recyclables. Your report must include suggestions to the neighborhood, the
barangay, and the city district.
4. Present your outputs in class on the following day.
Topic 2: Global Food Security
Learning Outcomes
During the learning engagement, you should be able to
● define and explain global food security and insecurity concepts, and
● analyze existing models of global food security through critiquing.
Learning Activities
Processing and Formation
Global Food Security
Food security is defined as the availability of
food and one's access to it. A household is
considered food secure when its occupants do
not live in hunger or fear of starvation. Stages of
food insecurity range from food secure
situations to full-scale famine. The World Food
Summit of 1996 defined food security as existing
"when all people at all times have access to
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sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life."
Global food security will remain a worldwide concern for the next 50 years and beyond.
Recently, crop yield has fallen in many areas because of declining investments in research
and infrastructure, as well as increasing water scarcity. Climate change and HIV/AIDS are
also crucial factors affecting food security in many regions. Although agro-ecological
approaches offer some promise for improving yields, food security in developing countries
could be substantially improved by increased investment and policy reforms.
The global food security challenge is straightforward: by 2050, the world must feed 9 billion
people. The demand for food will be 60% greater than it is today. The United Nations has
set ending hunger, achieving food security and improved nutrition, and promoting
sustainable agriculture as the second of its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for
the year 2030.
To achieve these objectives requires addressing a host of issues, from gender parity and
ageing demographics to skills development and global warming. Agriculture sectors have to
become more productive by adopting efficient business models and forging public-private
partnerships. And they need to become sustainable by addressing greenhouse gas
emissions, water use and waste.
The Risks of Global Food Security
● Malnutrition – lack of proper nutrition, caused by not having enough to eat, not
eating enough of the right things, or being unable to use the food that one does eat
● Hunger – a feeling of discomfort or weakness caused by lack of food, coupled with
the desire to eat
● Conflict – a fight, battle, or struggle, especially a prolonged struggle; strife
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Level
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Availability
National Average dietary energy supply adequacy
Average value of food production
Share of dietary energy supply derived from cereals, roots, and
tubers
Average protein supply
Average supply of protein of animal origin
Accessibility
Household Percentage of paved roads over total roads
Road density
Rail-lines density
Domestic Food Price Level Index
Prevalence of undernourishment
Share of food expenditure of the poor
Depth of the food deficit
Prevalence of food inadequacy
Utilization
Access to improved water sources
Access to improved sanitation facilities
Percentage of children under 5 years of age affected by wasting
Percentage of children under 5 years of age who are stunted
Percentage of children under 5 years of age who are underweight
Percentage of adults who are underweight
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Stability/
Vulnerability Cereal import dependency ratio
Percent of arable land equipped for irrigation
Value of food imports over total merchandise exports
Political stability and absence of violence/terrorism
Domestic food price level index volatility
Per capita food production variability
Per capita food supply variability
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Official Concept of Food Security
This definition is again refined in The State of Food Insecurity 2001:
“Food security is a situation that exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and
economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food
preferences for an active and healthy life.”
This new emphasis on consumption, the demand side and the issues of access by
vulnerable people to food, is most closely identified with the seminal study by Amartya Sen.
Eschewing the use of the concept of food security, he focuses on the entitlements of
individuals and households.
The international community has accepted these increasingly broad statements of common
goals and implied responsibilities. But its practical response has been to focus on narrower,
simpler objectives around which to organize international and national public action. The
declared primary objective in international development policy discourse is increasingly the
reduction and elimination of poverty. The 1996 WFS exemplified this direction of policy by
making the primary objective of international action on food security halving the number of
hungry or undernourished people by 2015.
Essentially, food security can be described as a phenomenon relating to individuals. It is the
nutritional status of the individual household member that is the ultimate focus, and the
risk of that adequate status not being achieved or becoming undermined. The latter risk
describes the vulnerability of individuals in this context. As the definitions reviewed above
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imply, vulnerability may occur both as a chronic and transitory phenomenon. Useful
working definitions are described below.
Remember
Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social
and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food which meets
their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.
Household food security is the application of this concept to the family
level, with individuals within households as the focus of concern.
Food insecurity exists when people do not have adequate physical,
social or economic access to food as defined above.
What can you say about the picture?
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Importance of Global Food Security
Growth in the agriculture sector has been found, on average, to be at least twice as effective
in reducing poverty as growth in other sectors. Food insecurity—often rooted in
poverty—decreases the ability of countries to develop their agricultural markets and
economies.
Access to quality, nutritious food is fundamental to human existence. Secure access to food
can produce wide ranging positive impacts, including:
● Economic growth and job creation
● Poverty reduction
● Trade opportunities
● Increased global security and stability
● Improved health and healthcare
Why Is Food Security Such a Major Global Challenge?
The obvious reason is that everybody needs food.
But the complexity of delivering sufficient food to
a national population and to the whole world’s
population shows why food security is such a
priority for all countries, whether developing or
developed.
In short, this is a global challenge because it’s not
just about food and feeding people but also about practically all aspects of an economy and
society.
What Causes Global Food Security?
1. Population Growth: This varies considerably across countries. Africa is expected to
double its population from 1 to 2 billion by 2050. Populations in the developing world
are also becoming increasingly urbanized, with 2.5 billion additional urban residents
projected in Africa and Asia.
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Projected Population Growth, in billions (Source: World Resources Institute)
2. Changing Tastes: Not only is the population growing, but its diet is changing too. As
people become more affluent they start eating food that is richer in processed foods,
meat and dairy. But to produce more meat means growing more grain.
Global Consumption of Meat and Milk Products (Source: World Resources Institute)
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3. Climate Change: Currently, 40% of the world’s landmass is arid, and rising
temperatures will turn yet more of it into desert. At current rates, the amount of
food we’re growing today will feed only half of the population by 2050.
4. Water Scarcity: This is another impending crisis: 28% of agriculture lies in
water-stressed regions. It takes roughly 1,500 litres of water to produce a kilogram of
wheat, and about 16,000 litres to produce a kilogram of beef. In 2050, we’ll need
twice as much water.
5. Troubled Farmers: In developed countries, less than 2% of people grow crops or
breed animals for food. Fewer and fewer people are choosing farming as an
occupation. Meanwhile, food prices are rising, arable land continues to be lost to
sprawl and soil is being degraded by over-farming.
Ensuring Food Security as a Complex
Consider India. Agriculture accounts for 18% of the economy’s output and 47% of its
workforce. India is the second biggest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world. Yet
according to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, some 194
million Indians are undernourished, the largest number of hungry people in any single
country. An estimated 15.2% of the population of India are too malnourished to lead a
normal life. A third of the world’s malnourished children live in India. Addressing the
problem of hunger and malnourishment in an economy such as India’s requires
improvements in the productivity of the agriculture sector, particularly smallholder farms.
Rural and farming communities typically experience a higher incidence of poverty and
hunger.
Agriculture Must Also Be Sustainable
The sector accounts for 30% of greenhouse gas emissions and 70% of freshwater
withdrawals so attention has to be paid to energy and water use is farming. Waste is also a
problem, with an estimated one third of food consumption, some $750 billion in value, lost.
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Global Food Security and World Economic Forum
In 2007 and into the first half of 2008, global food prices increased sharply stirring social
unrest and riots in both developing and developed economies, from Bangladesh to Brazil,
from Mexico to Mozambique. This prompted the World Economic Forum and its partners,
members and other constituents to define in 2009 a New Vision for Agriculture (NVA) to
achieve through market-based public-private approaches 20% improvement in food
security, environmental sustainability and economic opportunities every decade till 2050.
The World Economic Forum’s action portfolio of locally driven public-private partnerships
under the NVA has mobilized over $10 billion, with some $1.2 billion already implemented,
reaching nearly 9 million smallholder farmers.
Altogether the forum has launched five targeted initiatives, which aim to bring together
farmers, government, civil society and the private sector, facilitating partnerships at regional
and country levels, and encouraging the exchange of knowledge.
Household Measurement in Global Food Security (Hunger Incidence)
Upper-middle income countries, % of undernourished people
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Lower-middle income countries, % of undernourished people
Low income countries, % of undernourished people
Table 1. Hunger incidence by household size and composition
Number Overall Number Overall
Household Size Young Dependents
One to two 3.7 None 5.3
Three to four 6.4 One to two 9.8
Five to six 15.3 Three to four 22.3
Seven to eight 28.8 Five to six 45.3
Nine or more 37.4 Seven or more 56.3
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Trends in hunger incidence
Trends in self-rated hunger
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Table 2. Hunger incidence by characteristics of household head, 2006
Characteristic Overall Characteristic Overall
Age Educational Attainment
15–24 7.6 No grade completed 32.5
25–35 11.5 Elementary undergraduate 23.8
36–50 16.4 Elementary graduate 18.0
51–65 12.8 High school undergraduate 13.6
65 and above 10.2 High school graduate 7.6
Gender College undergraduate 4.0
Male 14.6 College graduate 1.1
Female 9.0
Looking at provinces, hunger incidence is highest in Tawi-Tawi and Zamboanga del Norte;
most cases are of moderate hunger in the former and severe to chronic in the latter. Figure
4 shows that the other provinces with high hunger incidence are mostly found in Mindanao
(Camiguin, Surigao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao and Misamis Occidental). Davao
del Sur is the only province with less than 12% hunger incidence. Moreover, landlocked
provinces (e.g., CAR provinces) as well as provinces located along the typhoon belt (e.g.,
Bicol and Eastern Visayas provinces) register higher incidence figures. Provinces where
major cities are situated have lower incidence.
In terms of demographic characteristics, as expected, bigger households tend to experience
hunger compared to smaller households. The incidence starts to increase sharply between
four-member households (6.4%) to five-member households (15.3%). When looking at
household composition, incidence more than doubles when comparing households with
three to four young dependents (22.3%) to those with only at most two (9.8%).
In terms of educational attainment, better educated household heads have lower incidence
of hunger amongst them (one out of one hundred households for college graduates). The
difference between households with heads not completing any grade level and households
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with heads finishing at least elementary is about 14.5 percentage points. Differences are
even higher as each level of schooling is completed, 25 percentage points if compared to
households with heads finishing high school and 31 percentage points if compared to those
with heads finishing college.
Conclusion: A Multidimensional Phenomenon
Food security is a multidimensional phenomenon. National and international political
action seems to require the identification of simple deficits that can be the basis for setting
of targets, thus necessitating the adoption of single, simplistic indicators for policy analysis.
Something like the “State of global food insecurity” analysis has to be undertaken. Since
food insecurity is about risks and uncertainty, the formal analysis should include both
chronic sub-nutrition and transitory, acute insecurity that reflects economic and food
system volatility.
Such formal exploration is usefully complemented by multi-criteria analysis (MCA) of food
security. This should lead to qualitative, if not quantitative, comparisons. Where the focus of
investigation is on sub-nutrition, then the linkages between sub-nutrition and inadequate
food intake need to be carefully explored. Some elements that need to be considered are as
follows:
● sources of dietary energy supply – taking account, for example, of different foods,
trends in the acquisition of food from subsistence to marketing
● climatic variability as a source of volatility and short-term nutritional stress
● health status, especially changes in the incidence of communicable diseases, most
obviously HIV/AIDS
● spatial distribution within countries of poverty and forms of food insecurity, drawing
on evidence from vulnerability assessment and mapping supported by the Food
Information and Vulnerability Mapping Systems (FIVIMS), the FAO and the World
Food Programme (WFP) interagency initiative
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It is sometimes suggested that there should be more practical use of Sen’s entitlement
theory. If this were to involve the re-labelling of indicators of food needs as entitlements, it
would be less useful than, for example, reflecting entitlement failure in a formal MCA.
Entitlement as a construct introduces an ethical and human rights dimension into the
discussion of food security. There has been a tendency to give food security a too narrow
definition, little more than a proxy for chronic poverty. The opposite tendency is
international committees negotiating an all-encompassing definition, which ensures that the
concept is morally unimpeachable and politically acceptable, but unrealistically broad. As
the philosopher, Onora O’Neill, recently noted:
“It can be mockery to tell someone they have the right to food when there is nobody with the
duty to provide them with food. That is the risk with the rights rhetoric. What I like about
choosing the counterpart, the active obligation of duties rather than the rights, you can’t go
on and on without addressing the question who has to do what, for whom, when.”
Process Questions
1. If the world produces enough food to feed itself, why does hunger still exist?
2. Do we need to take action of these?
Synthesis
● Food security is referred to as the availability of food and one's access to it. The
World Food Summit of 1996 defined food security as existing "when all people at all
times have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active
life."
● Global food security takes a major part in the agricultural sector and the economy.
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● Food security is often defined as a global challenge because it’s not just about food
and feeding people but also about practically all aspects of an economy and society.
● Population growth, changing tastes, climate change, water scarcity, and troubled
farmers are primary causes which contribute to global food security.
Assessments
Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. What is food security?
a. The state of not being able to access a reliable source of nutritious, healthy
and affordable food
b. The state of being able to access a reliable source of nutritious, healthy and
affordable food
c. The same as food insecurity
d. All of the above
2. What causes global food security?
a. water scarcity and climate change
b. human
c. the weather
d. introduced species
3. The risk of Global Food Security exclude
a. malnutrition
b. hunger
c. conflict
d. climate change
4. Which level of household income experiences the highest percentage of food
insecurity?
a. Low
b. Middle
c. Upper-middle
d. Highest
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5. The Importance of Global Food Security (Positive outcome):
Secure access to food can produce wide ranging positive impacts, including
a. Economic growth and job creation
b. Poverty reduction
c. Decreased global security and stability
d. None of these
Assignments
Do the following items:
1. Do advance reading and research on the following topics on Global Citizenships:
a. Contemporary problems associated with globalization
b. Ethical obligations of global citizenship
c. Ideas and perspective on globalization
2. Answer the following questions:
a. In your own opinion, what is the most pressing problem related to
globalization? How can it be resolved?
b. Why do Third World countries typically lag behind First World nations with
regard to technology? How can such gaps be bridged?
c. For countries like the Philippines, how can agricultural modernization and
industrialization lead to development and prosperity?
d. How can progressive taxation help governments achieve development for
their people?
e. Why do some international groups campaign for debt reduction and/ or
condo nations?
f. How can a grassroots approach to globalization be implemented in the
Philippine context?
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Topic 3: Global Citizenship
Learning Outcomes
During the learning engagement, you should be able to
● define global citizenship,
● synthesize ideas and perspective on globalization, and
● propose solutions to contemporary problems associated with the existence of
globalization and with global citizenship through research topic and content
proposal:
a. What globalization issue or concept has the most significant impact for you
and in your locality?
b. How do you describe these issues and impacts and how does your
community respond or react to it?
c. Do your proposed solutions on these problems address or respond to the
needs of your locality?
Learning Activities
Processing and Formation
Introduction
In a world that is full of dangerous and serious global issues, preserving human rights and
keeping peace and stabilization seem to be very difficult. EFL (i.e., English as foreign
language) teachers should be wary of the global issues in addition to the suspicious events,
such as violence, inequality, injustice, disrespect and other negative aspects, which happen
outside their classrooms.
The globalized world that is characterized by inequality, injustice and all forms of violence
and intimidation is a need of some standards, which may reduce the social and political
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problems and bring back social equilibrium to communities
worldwide. Ethics of global citizenship are the principles,
which help citizens overcome these problems, building
rapport with one another, maintaining peace and stability
and realizing justice and equality among people from
different cultures. Global citizenship is not only about
keeping the positive aspects, such as justice and peace, but
it is also about respecting all kinds of membership. This
means valuing and esteeming people’s backgrounds,
differences and cultural belongings.
A global citizen is someone who is committed to certain values, attitudes and behaviors.
This person is acquainted with the basic ethics required for a socially appropriate behaving
and sustainable social relationships among the members of his/her community. In fact, a
global citizen is defined as “someone who identifies with being part of an emerging world
community and whose actions contribute to building this community’s values and
practices”.
Teaching the ethics of global citizenship has a preeminent role in educational contexts. It
contributes to the development of the students’ cognitive skills. For instance, through
learning the ethics of global citizenship, a student would be able to critically think about the
social situations and analyze issues related to real-life, in addition to identifying possible
solutions creatively and innovatively.
What Is Global Citizenship?
A global citizen is someone who is aware of and understands the wider world - and their
place in it. They take an active role in their community, and work with others to make our
planet more equal, fair and sustainable.
Education for global citizenship is not an additional subject—it's a framework for learning,
reaching beyond school to the wider community. It can be promoted in class through the
existing curriculum or through new initiatives and activities.
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What Is “Meant” by Global Citizenship?
As a concept, global citizenship has become popular in Europe and the Americas in
government, civil society and educational discourses. Citizenship is the membership, the
fact of being related to a certain group that is determined by particular characteristics, such
as age, gender, political affiliation and other features. However, global citizenship implies
thinking for the whole world, having an intention of improving it and creating a sustainable
environment. Basically, “the United Nations Secretary-General’s Global Education First
Initiative (GEFI) has established education as a means to foster global citizenship.
The benefits are felt across the school and beyond. Global citizenship helps young people to
do the following:
● Build their own understanding of world events.
● Think about their values and what's important to them.
● Take learning into the real world.
● Challenge ignorance and intolerance.
● Get involved in their local, national and global communities.
● Develop an argument and voice their opinions.
● See that they have power to act and influence the world around them.
What Is a Global Citizen?
The words citizenship and citizen usually refer to a national or regional identity. One who is
recognized as a citizen of a particular nation has the special rights and duties prescribed by
the government of that nation.
A global citizen is someone who
● respects multiculturalism.
● realizes that unity and cooperation are the basic features of global citizens.
● is aware that his/her actions affect the world around him/her. d. Behaves
respectively, and acts in an empathetic way.
● has team-work spirit.
● helps other people and appreciates cooperation.
● takes the responsibility of global issues concerned with his/her society. Knows
his/her duties and rights very well.
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● acts as an active member of the society for the sake of improving it.
● understands that all parts of the world are interconnected.
● behaves ethically in all situations.
Ethics
Ethics is the moral values that control one’s attitudes, behaviors and actions. It is the
standards, which determine what is socially accepted and/or rejected. Ethics is the virtues
that organize a particular society and guide its citizens. Angle (2004) presumes that ethics
refer to the degree of respect that one shows in his/her behavior. It is used as a judgment of
proper behavior. Respect is the core aspect of good and bad behavior, which means the
more one acts respectively, the more s/he sounds ethical. Global citizenship is not given its
importance although it may bring positive changes and ensure a stabilized society. It is
observed that global citizenship is not given its real value, especially in education.
“Global citizenship remained almost entirely absent
from public debate”. This may be due to people’s
unawareness of its importance and lack of
knowledge in the arena of global citizenship ethics.
The first reason may be referred to the
non-inclusion of the ethics of global citizenship in
education as a means of guiding learners in their
social life and organizing the relationship among
citizens. There should be a clear difference to be
considered between ‘Ethic’ and Ethics’. The former refers to the set of norms and standards,
which imply how one should act and which guides the behaviors and decisions of a person
or group of people, whereas the latter alludes to the systematic and sustained reflection on
the nature of morality or ethics. These reflections can be informal, such as the moral values
and principles. Ethics can be used to mean a plural noun when talking about the set of
principles, values and standards that organize the relationships among people, while it can
be used to allude to a singular one when referring to the study of these principles, values,
standards and behaviors of the members of a particular society.
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Global Citizenship Education
Global citizenship is being embraced by educators, scholars, politicians and even business
people. It is required in education due to its importance and advantages, which may change
the world into a better place. The present world is characterized by violence, inequality and
injustice; therefore, global citizenship can bring change through the inclusion of its elements
in the educational programs of schools and even universities. The aim of global citizenship
education is equipping learners of different age categories with knowledge, values and
skills, which reinforce instill respect for human rights, social justice, gender equality,
diversity and environmental sustainability, in addition to empowering these learners to be
responsible global citizens. “Global citizenship is not an additional subject _it is an ethos. It
can best be implemented through a whole-school approach, involving everyone with a stake
in educating children, from the children themselves to those with teaching and
non-teaching roles in the school, parents, governors/school board members, and the wider
community. Nonetheless, it is noticed that there is not much emphasis on global citizenship
in educational institutions and academic areas.
Graham Pike discusses how the idea of global citizenship was formed for at least a century
and how various educational institutions and other arenas of education provided its content
and characteristics. After that, Pike poses the question of why the concept of global
citizenship is rarely used in education. Citizenship education is based on the concept of
helping young people, such as pupils and students to understand that they have rights and
responsibilities and that their society works in a certain way in which they should play an
active role. Education about citizenship will help learners to consider their worth and value
as individuals, being unique citizens, differentiating between what is right and wrong,
valuing difference and understanding that all people are different in many ways, take into
account that one has duties and responsibilities as well as rights and understanding that
one lives in a multicultural world where all people are equal.“Urry’s (1999) model of global
citizenship looks beyond relying only on legal, nation-based constructions to instead rely
upon the significance of one’s culture, minority status, ecological footprint, consumerism,
and mobility as ways for conceptualizing citizenship”.
Global citizenship education is transformative since it gives learners the competencies and
opportunity to know their rights and obligations in order to form a better place and build a
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prosperous future. It is based on learning from other transformative education processes,
particularly human rights education, education for international/intercultural
understanding, education for sustainable development and education for peace.
How to Teach Global Citizenship
The concept of global citizenship in relation to education is used by educators in varied
contexts in order to bring the world into their classrooms or send their learners to the
world, so that they can be exposed to new content and various experiences. Developing
international communication can be achieved by engaging students in global citizenship,
and several materials, methods, approaches and activities can be used to teach global
citizenship. For instance, videos can be useful to show how a global citizen behaves in
his/her society and how the relationships can be maintained among globalized citizens. In
the United States, a survey of social studies teachers revealed that 60% claimed that global
citizenship is required for civics education Many universities introduce specific programs for
the ethics of global citizenship, especially in the USA; for example, they offer certificates in
intercultural communication to promote the ethics of global citizenships. This is mainly
because these programs help students to be more aware of the different global issues and
be accustomed with the ethics of global citizenship.
Global citizenship education is deemed an ethos, the moral ideas and attitudes that
belong to a particular group or society; it is not just a subject to be taught in educational
contexts. UNESCO in cooperation with many experts worldwide identified the key
conceptual dimensions of global citizenship. These dimensions, which learners should be
exposed to include the following: Cognitive skills (i.e., acquiring knowledge and
understanding and critically think about the global issues), socio-emotional skills (i.e.,
developing a sense of belonging to a common humanity and sharing responsibilities, rights
and values), and behavioral skills (i.e., responsibly and effectively acting at local, national
and international levels for a peaceful world). In other terms, global citizenship education
can be used as a holistic approach to reduce the negative global issues, such as injustice,
victimization, harassment and many other features.
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Global citizenship can be reflected in the way one relates to people around him/her: “it is as
much to do with how visitors are welcomed as it is about what and how teachers teach.”
This is because global citizenship in schools is based on the following principles:
● The importance of reaffirming or developing a sense of identity and self-esteem
● Valuing all pupils and addressing inequality within and outside school
● Acknowledging the importance of relevant values, attitudes, and personal and social
education
● Willingness to learn from the experiences of others around the world
● Relevance to young people’s interests and needs f. Supporting and increasing young
people’s motivation to effect change
● A holistic approach to Global Citizenship-that it should be an ethos permeating all
areas of school life (cited in Oxfam, 1997)
Global citizenship should be closely related to the school curriculum and applied in all
educational institutions, being as a subject to be taught to pupils and students. This can
contribute to forming global citizens and developing the global citizenship skills. Thus,
schools should be the first source of promoting global citizenship education worldwide.
There should be a bridge, which relates schools to the outdoor environment.
Some Aims of Global Citizenship Education
Global citizenship education aims at:
● creating a better world that is based on considering and respecting others,
● listening carefully to one another,
● being understandable and avoiding misunderstanding,
● stabilizing the notion of fairness, diversity and peace,
● appreciating solidarity, and
● promoting responsibility.
Some Possible Advantage of Global Citizenship Education
In the future, EFL teachers would
● promote the sense of partnership through mutual agreement and interdependence.
● develop the students’ competencies, enable them to be active members of the
society and engage them effectively in the world.
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In the future, students would be
● respectful citizens.
● collaborative and united members of the society.
More importantly, education will be improved because teachers would be wary of the world
challenges that their students may encounter, and learners would be also aware of their
responsibilities towards their environment, being good citizens whose first aim is creating a
better world. Global citizenship is meant to create a stable place in which everyone can live
in peace, and the relationship among the citizens of a certain society can be based on
respect, fairness and other positive aspects. It is claimed that “the adoption of ideas of
global citizenship would help to make the world a better place in which to live”. Therefore,
global citizenship is the way to a stable and well-organized society worldwide. The concept
of global citizenship can guide the citizens in terms of moral responsibilities and develop
their sense of social duties. It can also involve them in their community through showing
empathy, cooperation and assistance. Helping one another and contributing to the
development of one’s community is a fundamental component of global citizenship
education.
Global Citizenship Education and Cognitive Skills
Global citizenship education can train the human brain to work faster in situations where it
can be difficult to make a decision or react over a particular issue in an appropriate manner.
Sometimes, one may commit mistakes, which can be due to the bad decision taken or the
bad behavior shown under specific conditions. For instance, when one humiliates another
person, treats him/her badly or makes a misleading judgment on this person; what is the
best way to react over these situations? Here, it comes the role of Global Citizenship
Education programs. If one had been exposed to instruction related to the different global
issues, which may be encountered in his/her daily life, s/he would be knowledgeable about
the best way to react over the global issues, such as humiliation, injustice and other
matters.
Global citizenship programs help students to develop some cognitive skills, such as critical
thinking through enabling them to think clearly about what they are supposed to do in their
daily life, especially when encountering a particular problem. The cognitive skills also help
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them to think systematically and creatively. This implies using a multi perspective approach,
which involves different perspectives, dimensions, issues and angles, such as
problem-solving skills and reasoning.
Further, global citizenship deals with how cognitive abilities affect social relationships. That
is, developing a mental competence that allows one to behave more appropriately in
different situations can preserve and strengthen the social links among people. Global
citizenship education develops “a better understanding of how mental health impacts on an
interconnected global society and a recognition of the global importance of tolerance and
respect for an individual’s human rights with respect to mental health issues.”
Synthesis
Global citizenship education can be used as a pedagogical approach to raise the students’
awareness towards the global issues and how they can ethically deal with different
problems they may encounter in their daily life. Global citizenship education implies
providing students with instruction on various values and skills to create a better world,
which is characterized by peace, fairness, stability and other positive features. Imparting
knowledge that is related to ethical virtues in educational institutions and academic areas,
such as schools and universities can bring positive effects for both individuals and
communities.
Assessments
I. Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. It is someone who is aware of and understands the wider world—and their place in
it.
a. Global citizen c. Politicians
b. Global citizenship d. None of the above
2. It is being embraced by educators, scholars, politicians and even business people.
a. Global citizen c. Politicians
b. Global citizenship d. None of the above
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Module 6: Towards Sustainable Development
3. Someone who is committed to certain values, attitudes and behaviors
a. Politicians
b. Educator
c. Global citizen
d. Global citizenship
4. Moral values that control one’s attitudes, behaviors and actions
a. Morality
b. Ethics
c. Respects
d. None of the above
5. It can train the human brain to work faster in situations where it can be difficult to
make a decision or react over a particular issue in an appropriate manner.
a. Ethics
b. Morality
c. Global citizenship education
d. None of the above
II. True or False
_____________1. A global citizen is someone who is not committed to certain values,
attitudes and behaviors.
_____________2. Global citizenship education can be used as a holistic approach to
reduce the negative global issues, such as injustice, victimization,
harassment and many other features.
_____________3. Citizenship education is based on the concept of helping young people.
_____________4. The concept of global citizenship in relation to education is used by
educators in varied contexts in order to bring the world into their
classrooms or send their learners to the world, so that they can be
exposed to new content and various experiences.
_____________5. The human brain to work faster in situations where it can be difficult to
make a decision or react over a particular issue in an appropriate
manner in global citizenship education.
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Module 6: Towards Sustainable Development
_____________6. The concept of global citizenship can guide the citizens in terms of moral
responsibilities and develop their sense of social duties.
_____________7. Global citizenship programs help students to develop some cognitive
skills, such as critical thinking through enabling them to think clearly
about what they are supposed to do in their daily life, especially when
encountering a particular problem.
_____________8. Global citizenship deals with how cognitive abilities affect social
relationships.
_____________9. Developing international communication can be achieved by engaging
students in global citizenship, and several materials, methods,
approaches and activities can be used to teach global citizenship.
_____________10. In the United States, a survey of social studies teachers revealed that
80% claimed that global citizenship is required for civics education Many
universities introduce specific programs for the ethics of global
citizenship, especially in the USA; for example, they offer certificates in
intercultural communication to promote the ethics of global citizenships.
Assignments
Do the following items:
1. Research using reliable sources on the following topics:
a. Politics and governance
b. Peace and order
c. Economics and poverty
d. Culture and language disintegration
e. Religious amalgamation and extremism
f. Food security and production
g. Women and children’s rights
h. Human rights
i. Racial tension
j. Climate change and sustainability
k. Health and aging
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l. Poverty and malnutrition
m. Women and malnutrition
2. Come up with one problem to each of the topics presented.
3. Submit research problems to be scrutinized on the following day.
Re ection Guide
1. What have I LEARNED this day that has helped me do all aspects of this better?
2. What have I DONE this week that has made me better at doing all aspects of this?
3. How can I IMPROVE at doing all aspects of this?
Expanded Opportunities
For Topic 1:
Do the following:
1. Research on the global environmental crises: global warming, desertification, ozone
depletion, and many others with a larger picture of environmental degradation.
2. Present pictures as evidence of the global environmental problems. Submit a
research-based narrative report on the attribution of different countries in solving
the environmental problems.
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Module 6: Towards Sustainable Development
For Topic 2:
Research on different problems related to food global security. Present the problems with
pictures and then share the alternative solutions that each of the countries did.
For Topic 3:
Answer the following question:
What is the most significant attribute of global citizenship? Explain.
References
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Andreotti, O. V. and Souza T. M. M. L. Postcolonial Perspectives on Global Citizenship
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(accessed 10 August 2020)
Claudio, L. and Abinales P. (2018). The Contemporary World. Quezon City: C&E
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Collins, M. (2008). “Global Citizenship for Young Children.” Retrieved from
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Noddings, N. (2005). “Educating Citizens for Global Awareness.” Retrieved from
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Photo Credits
● https://i.pinimg.com/736x/3b/eb/26/3beb2637c4b2841a9cd0bf70e1858bb3--globa
l-food-food-security.jpg
● https://weforum-assets-production.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/editor/large_V8
CwSCbRpLBG53ldxptZMOZC-4J7HA4Lho0z4A1NhIU.jpg
● https://weforum-assets-production.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/editor/large_YL
zA9YEcVKVQGf90_DX1Jchj1NdB9con1jmotWZqmyE.jpg
(All the above websites were last accessed on 10 August 2020.)
Tables
Napoli, Marion. “Towards a Food Insecurity Multidimensional Index (FIMI).” Universita
Degli Studi, 2011. Retrieved from
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2020)
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