‫ﺑﺴﻢ اﷲ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﯿﻢ‬

Foundation
Engineering

by
Prof. Adel Ahmed Dif
Structural Eng. Dept.
Faculty of Engineering
El-Mansoura University

Foundation Engineering

Contents
Chapter 1 : Introduction to Foundation Engineering
Chapter 2 : Deep Foundations : Pile Foundations :
Pile Types - Classification of Piles
Chapter 3 : Pile Installation Methods - Pile Selection -
Function of Piles
Chapter 4 : Structural Design of piles
Chapter 5 : Axial Pile Capacity :
Pile Load Test - Pile Driving Formulae
Correlations with SPT and CPT tests

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 Foundation Engineering

Contents
Chapter 6 : Axial Pile Capacity :
Correlations Based on Soil Shear Strength Parameters
Negative Skin Friction - Pile Spacing - Pile Groups

Chapter 7 : Lateral Loads for Piles

Chapter 8 : Settlement of Piles
Chapter 9 : Design of Pile caps

Foundation Engineering

Reference Books:
•Foundation Analysis and Design
By Joseph E. Bowles

•Foundation Design
By Donald P. Coduto

•Soil Mechanics and Foundations

By Muni Budhu

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 Foundation Engineering

Chapter 1

Introduction

Foundation Engineering

Foundation Engineering:
The art of selecting, designing, and
constructing the elements that transfer
the weight (Weight may also include
horizontal loads in addition to vertical
loads) of a structure to the underlying soil
or rock.

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 Foundation Engineering

Geo-Laboratory Design Office

soil properties ~ for design & analysis
~ for testing

construction site

Foundation Engineering
The geotechnical engineer is responsible for all geotechnical
requirements of all types of structures. For any construction
project, the geotechnical engineer’s responsibilities include:

•developing a soil exploration plan;

•preparing the Preliminary Geotechnical Report (PGR) to
assist in the selection of foundation type and to perform a
preliminary seismic analysis/evaluation;
•identifying the proposed boring locations and anticipated
foundation type;
•assisting the Construction engineers by preparing pile
driving criteria, reviewing pile installation plans and
determining acceptance of as-built piles. Also assisting
bridge designer in determining pile production lengths
based on field load tests.

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 Foundation Engineering

n The term "foundation engineering" is used to

include the design of foundations for buildings
and other structures and also for such non-
foundation problems as designs of retaining
walls, bulkheads, cofferdams, tunnels, and earth
dams, as well as the design of natural slopes,
dewatering of soils, and stabilization of soils
mechanically and chemically.
n A foundation is interfacing element between the
superstructure and the underlying soil or rock.
The loads transmitted by the foundation to the
underling soil must not cause soil shear failure or
damaging settlement of the superstructure.

Foundation Engineering

foundations
tunneling

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 Foundation Engineering

Tunneling

Concrete Dams

Foundation Engineering
Tunneling Method
Shielded Open face TBM

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 Foundation Engineering

Tunneling Method
Cut and cover tunnel

Foundation Engineering

Retaining Walls

Shoring

Soil Nailing
Reinforced Earth Walls

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 Foundation Engineering
Landslides

Ground
Improvement

Waste Disposal

Foundation Engineering

Deep Excavations

The excavation is of
a 23 m deep garage

Tieback being installed

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 Foundation Engineering

Bridge Piles:
More Capacity Over Time?

platform of the piers

Liquefaction

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 Foundation Engineering

Jet grouting

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 Foundation Engineering

Raft or piles on
Cofferdam

Foundation Engineering

A cofferdam is a temporary structure designed to

keep water and/or soil out of the excavation in
which a bridge pier or other structure is built.

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 Foundation Engineering

Foundation Engineering

Classification of Foundations
Shallow Foundation Deep Foundation

Foundation Type
Shallow Foundation
a. Isolated, Combined or Strap Footings& Strip
b. Mat/Raft Foundation
Deep Foundation
a. Pile foundation
b. Drilled Pier or Caissons
Combined (Shallow/Deep)
a. Mat foundation supported by piles

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 Foundation Engineering
Shallow Foundation
For transferring building loads to underlying ground

firm
ground

bed rock

Foundation Engineering
Deep Foundation
For transferring building loads to deep underlying ground

weak soil Pile

bed rock

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 Foundation Engineering

n The first consideration in the foundation

design should be the subsurface investigation.

n The data from such investigations should be

evaluated to determine whether or not the use
of a deep foundation is necessary.

n If such studies, together with studies of the soil

properties, reveal that detrimental settlement
can be avoided by more economical methods,
then deep foundations should not be used.

Foundation Engineering
FOUNDATION DESIGN APPROACH :
1-Determine the foundation loads to be supported.
2-Evaluate the subsurface exploration and elaborator
testing programs.
3-Prepare a final soil profile. Determine soil layers suitable
or unsuitable for shallow foundations or deep foundations.
Also consider if ground improvement techniques could
modify unsuitable layers into suitable support layers.
4-Consider and prepare alternative designs.
Shallow foundations or Deep foundations.
5-Prepar cost estimates for feasible alternative foundation
designs including all associated substructure cost.
6-Select the optimum foundation alternative.

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 Foundation Engineering

Site Investigation boring

Clay
Silt
Silty Clay

Silt
Clay

Silt

Sand

Site Characterization

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 Foundation Engineering

Site Investigation

Subsurface profile based on boring data

q
Foundation Engineering

Site Investigation
B
H1 E1

H2 E2

“Rigid”

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 Ground Investigation and Testing
For high-rise and industrial structures, a grid pattern with
points at 15 m to 40 m distance;
For large-area structures, a grid pattern with points at not
more than 60 m distance;
For linear structures, a spacing of 20 m to 200 m;
For special structures, two to six investigation points per
foundation;"

Regarding the depth of investigation, for piles the

investigation depth should be the largest of:
• Pile length + foundation width
• Pile length + 5.0 m
• Pile length + (3 x pile base diameter).

Foundation Engineering

Q. Why worry about FOUNDATONS?

A. They hold everything up !!

Q. What factors does the Geotechnical Engineer

need to consider in selecting a proper foundation?
A. 1. Type of Structure 2. Loads (how heavy)
3. Type of Ground (“good” soil vs. “bad” soil)
4. Schedule 5. Cost
6. Accessibility

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 Foundation Engineering

The foundation takes the load from a structure

and transmits it to safely to the ground

Q. What kinds of loads do we need to worry about ?

A. 1. Compression (downward)
2. Tension (upward)
3. Lateral (sideways)
4. Torsion (twisting)
5. Combinations of the above

Shallow Foundations

Deriving support at or near the ground surface and

are usually used when the load is small

Footing

1.5m

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 Shallow Foundations

n Shallow Foundation Types

1. Pad or column footings (Isolated or Combined)
2. Strip footings
3. Trench footings
4. Slab on grade with thickened edge
5. Interior footings for bearing walls
6. Mat (Raft) footings (Thickened slabs)
Common Types of Shallow Foundations
• Strip Footings
• Isolated Pad Footings
• Mat

Shallow Foundations

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 Shallow Foundations

Wall Footing

Shallow Foundations

Combined Footings
property line property line

P1 P2 P1 P2

2 footings close P1 close to property If 1/2 < P2/P1 < 1

to each other line and P2 > P1 use trapezoidal footing
property line

If P2/P1 < 1/2, use strap combined footing

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 Shallow Foundations

n Mat (or Raft) Foundation

consists of one footing usually placed under the entire
building area. They are used, when soil bearing capacity is
low, column loads are heavy single footings cannot be used,
piles are not used and differential settlement must be
reduced.

Shallow Foundations

n Mat (or Raft) Foundation

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 Shallow Foundations

n Mat (or Raft) Foundation

Shallow Foundations

n Mat (or Raft) Foundation

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 Deep Foundations

• Deep foundations are those founding too deeply

below the finished ground surface for their base
bearing capacity to be affected by surface conditions,
this is usually at depths >3 m below finished ground
level. Deep foundations can be used to transfer the
loading to a deeper, more competent strata at depth
if unsuitable soils are present near the surface.

• Deep foundations are used when there are weak

(“bad”) soils near the surface or when loads are very
high, such as very large skyscrapers.

• Deep foundations derive their support from deeper

soils or bedrock

Deep Foundations

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 Deep Foundations

Common Types of Deep Foundations are :

1. Pile foundations
2. Piers
3. Caissons
4. Compensated foundations

Deep Foundations

n Pile foundations are the part of a structure used

to carry and transfer the load of the structure to
the bearing ground located at some depth below
ground surface. The main components of the
foundation are the pile cap and the piles.
n Pile foundations are frequently needed because
of the relative inability of shallow footings to
resist inclined, lateral, or uplift loads and
overturning moments.

n Pile foundations are used in areas of expansive

or collapsible soils to resist undesirable
seasonal movements of the foundations.

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 Deep Foundations

o Piles are columnar elements in a foundation

which have the function of transferring load from
the superstructure through weak compressible
strata or through water, onto stiffer or more
compact and less compressible soils or onto rock.
o Piles may be required to carry uplift loads when
used to support tall structures subjected to
overturning forces from winds or waves.

o Piles used in marine structures are subjected to

lateral loads from the impact of berthing ships
and from waves.

Deep Foundations

o Combinations of vertical and horizontal loads

are carried where piles are used to support
retaining walls, bridge piers and abutments, and
machinery foundations.

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 Deep Foundations

n Pile caps are thick slabs used to tie a group of

piles together to support and transmit column
loads to the piles.

Deep Foundations

Pile Caps

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 Deep Foundations

n Piles are long and slender members which

transfer the load to deeper soil or rock of high
bearing capacity avoiding shallow soil of low
bearing capacity.

Deep Foundations

Piles are relatively long, slender members that

transmit foundation loads through soil strata of low
bearing capacity to deeper soil or rock strata having
a high bearing capacity. They are used when for
economic, constructional or soil condition
considerations it is desirable to transmit loads to
strata beyond the practical reach of shallow
foundations. In addition to supporting structures,
piles are also used to anchor structures against
uplift forces and to assist structures in resisting
lateral and overturning forces.

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 Deep Foundations

Piles

Deep Foundations

Piles

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 Deep Foundations
Piles
Burj Khalifa, Dubai
World’s tallest building (828m)
Founded on a piled raft
Raft 3.7m thick
A total of over 900 bored piles

Deep Foundations
Barrettes
It concerns a type of drilled and cast-in-place pile, the
distinctive characters of which are the shape and way of
drilling. Grab-bucket or Hydrofraise type drilling tools
are used. The size of these tools determines that of the
piles. The simplest piles are made with one stroke of a
standard size grab-bucket (or Hydrofraise cutting
drums). The sizes are :
• width : 0.52, 0.62, 0.82, 1.02, 1.22, 1.52 m
• length : 1.80, 2.20, 2.70, 3.0 m

The methods of calculation and

measurement are the same as those for
drilled and cast-in-place circular piles.

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 Deep Foundations
Barrettes

Deep Foundations
Diaphragm wall

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 Deep Foundations
Diaphragm wall

Deep Foundations
Diaphragm wall

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 Deep Foundations

Diaphragm wall

Deep Foundations

Diaphragm
wall

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 Deep Foundations

Deep Foundations

Piers are foundations for carrying a heavy

structural load which is constructed in
situ in a deep excavation.
A pier is a drilled shaft varying in diameter
and depth. After the pier hole is drilled, it is
filled with concrete and Steel reinforcement is
sometimes utilized for a portion of the length
of the pier.

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 Deep Foundations

Piers
Piering a foundation is the process of
installing steel piers under the footing
of a foundation and driving the piers
through the soil down to load bearing
stratum.
The piers can be used to either
support the structure or lift the
structure.
Four Types of Piering
• Helical
• Compaction
• Caissons
• Resistance

Deep Foundations

Piers

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 Deep Foundations

Piers

Deep Foundations
Piers
1- Construction of the pier begins by
digging a hole with an excavator or
drill rig.
2- Cranes set an outer corrugated metal
can in the hole.
3- Sand-cement slurry is placed as
backfill between the outer metal can
and the excavation sides.
4- Threaded steel rods (encased in PVC
sleeves) are arranged with a template
that matches the base flange of the
tower.

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 Deep Foundations

Piers
5- These rods are set and bolted to
an embedment ring within the
annular space between CMP cans.
6- A smaller, inner CMP is set
concentric within the hole.
7- A lower plug of concrete and the
excavated spoils are placed within
the inner can.

8- Foundation concrete is placed between the two CMP

cans, forming a hollow cylinder. A concrete floor slab and
top collar is cast.

Deep Foundations

Caissons
The term caisson is normally used to identify large bored
concrete piles. Caissons are constructed by drilling a hole in
the ground and filling it with concrete. A reinforcement
cage is placed prior to concreting. The diameter of caissons
can be as high as 15 ft.
Other commonly used names to identify caissons are
a. Drilled shafts
b. Drilled caissons
c. Bored concrete piers
d. Drilled piers

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 Deep Foundations

WHAT IS CAISSONS?

• It’s a prefabricated hollow box or cylinder.

• It is sunk into the ground to some desired depth and then
filled with concrete thus forming a foundation.
• Most often used in the construction of bridge piers &
other structures that require foundation beneath rivers &
other bodies of water.
• This is because caissons can be floated to the job site and
sunk into place.
• Basically it is similar in form to pile foundation but
installed using different way
•used when soil of adequate bearing strength is found
below surface layers of weak materials such as fill or peat.

Deep Foundations

• A caisson foundation consists of concrete columns

constructed in cylindrical shafts excavated under the
proposed structural column locations.

• Caissons are drilled to bedrock or deep into the underlying

strata if a geotech eng. find the soil suitable to carry the
building load.

• It’s created by auguring a deep hole in the ground. Then, 2

or more ‘stick’ reinforcing bar are I inserted into and run the
full length of the hole and the concrete is poured into the
caisson hole.
• The caisson foundations carry the building loads at their
lower ends, which are often bell-shaped.

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 Deep Foundations

Caissons
• Caissons are a form of deep
foundation which are
constructed above ground
level, then sunk to the
required level by excavating
or dredging material from
within the caisson.
• Caissons are usually used in
construction of bridge piers
and other structure where
the foundation is under
water.

Deep Foundations

Caissons
WHAT IS CAISSONS?
ü It’s a prefabricated hollow box or cylinder.
ü It is sunk into the ground to some desired
depth and then filled with concrete thus
forming a foundation.
ü Most often used in the construction of bridge piers &
other structures that require foundation beneath rivers &
other bodies of water.
ü This is because caissons can be floated to the job site and
sunk into place.
ü Basically it is similar in form to pile foundation but
installed using different way

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 Deep Foundations
Caissons
ü used when soil of adequate bearing strength is found
below surface layers of weak materials such as fill or
peat.
ü It’s a form of deep foundation which are constructed
above ground level, then sunk to the required level by
excavating or dredging material from within the
caisson.
ü A caisson foundation consists of concrete columns
constructed in cylindrical shafts excavated under the
proposed structural column locations.
ü Caissons are drilled to bedrock or deep into the
underlying strata if a geotechnical eng. find the soil
suitable to carry the building load.

Deep Foundations

Caissons

TYPES OF CAISSONS
ü Box Caissons
ü Excavated Caissons
ü Floating Caissons
ü Open Caissons
ü Pneumatic Caissons
ü Sheeted Caissons

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 Deep Foundations

Caissons

Deep Foundations

Caissons
Pneumatic Caissons
• Compressed air is used to keep water out and allow
installation and construction in dry conditions.
• High air pressures have
created dangerous air
conditions for workers,
who must use an air lock.

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 Deep Foundations

Caissons

Floating Caisson held in Position by Anchors

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 Deep Foundations

Caissons

Deep Foundations

Caissons

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 Deep Foundations
Compensated foundations are deep foundations in which the
relief of stress due to excavation is approximately
balanced by the applied stress due to the foundation.
The net stress applied is therefore very small. A
compensated foundation normally comprises a deep
basement.
Compensated, or floating, foundations are useful when there
are soft soils susceptible to settlement and the dense
soils are too far down to reach with deep foundations.
This condition can be remedied or improved by
excavating out the amount of soil equal to the weight
of the building, placing a mat or raft foundation at this
level, and building up from there.

Deep Foundations
Compensated foundations: As a rough approximation, each
foot of soil removed is equal to one story of the
building to be constructed. In other words, for a
building with 10 supported levels, an excavation of
about 10 ft deep would be needed for an approximate
balance. Although there are increased costs involved
with the deep basement and foundation walls, these
are sometimes offset by the savings in deep foundation
costs.

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 THANK YOU

Foundation Engineering
by
Prof. Adel Ahmed Dif
Structural Eng. Dept.
Faculty of Engineering, El-Mansoura University

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