Lesson 1: Feb 1, 2021 Hazard - is a threat that has the potential to

cause damage like injury, destruction like injury,

Natural Processes - a process existing in or produced destruction of properties, environmental degradation.
by nature (rather than by the intent of human beings) It may be natural or manmade (Olivia, 2016)

1. Plate Tectonics - leading to mountain Hazard vs Disaster

building, volcanism, ocean formation
2. Atmospheric Processes - formation of
Hazard Disaster
clouds, precipitation, wind, etc.
3. Biological Accumulation - reef-building, A threat to life, health, Widespread destruction
colony formation, forestation, etc. and the environment. of property and human
lives.
Why the Philippines is one of the hazardous places in
the world Two types of disaster
● Because the Philippines has 20 tropical
cyclones in a year, earthquakes every day, 1. Natural - a major adverse event resulting
and more than 20 active volcanoes. from natural processes of the earth
2. Man-made - caused directly and principally
Disaster - a serious disruption of the functioning of a by one or more identifiable deliberate or
community or a society involving widespread human, negligent human actions. It is mostly caused
material, economic, or environmental losses and by unexpected accidents or deliberate or
impacts that exceeds the ability of the affected terrorism
community or society to cope using its own
resources. Disaster Risk - the potential loss of life, injury, or
destroyed or damaged assets that could occur to a
Other definitions: system, society, or a community in a specific period
According to Meriam - “any sudden of time, determined probabilistically as a function of
calamitous event brings great damage, loss, or hazard, exposure, and capacity.
destruction.”
“Any event that causes widespread human, *risk - losing something that you value
economic or environmental losses or impacts that
seriously disrupts the normal functioning of the Nature of Risk
community.”
exposure( ¿ hazard) x vulnerability
cope ¿
Disaster capacity ¿
● The exposure to a hazard; ↓
● The conditions of vulnerability that are
exposure x vulnerability
present
● Insufficient capacity or measures to reduce ↓
or cope with potentially negative Disaster Risk
cope ¿
consequences. capacity ¿

Hazard - a dangerous phenomenon, substance,

human activity, or condition that may cause loss of Disaster Risk Factors
life, injury, or other health impacts, property damage,
loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic ● Physical Factor - tangible objects or
disruption, or environmental damage. infrastructures like the availability of five
exits, or the sturdiness of the building, or the
Other definition:
 presence or absence of objects that can harm areas that are included among primary
you or help you. effects.
● Psychological Factor - state of mental Secondary Effects
capacity and health, perception of self. ● Situations resulting from primary effects.
● Socio-cultural factor - including religion, Example, among the secondary effects of a
traditions, perception by society. strong typhoon that has hit a village is the
● Economic Factor - including assets and disruption of electrical and water services
liabilities, income, and economic class because of damage to power and water lines.
● Political factor - including government
structure, diplomatic issues Tertiary Effects
● Biological Factor - including flora and fauna  They are not experienced while a
in the environment, health, and diseases disaster is taking place but can be
felt some time after the disaster has
Feb 10, 2021 occurred. They may also develop
Lesson 2 from primary or secondary effects
EXPOSED TO MAN-MADE HAZARDS that have become permanent and
may change a natural process in the
AREA/LOCATION HAZARD community.
Coastal Areas Storm surge,
tsunami, tidal waves February 17, 2021
Reclaimed areas Flooding, sinkhole Lesson 3:
Near fault lines Earthquake
Vulnerability and Exposure
On foot of denuded Mudslide / landslide
mountains Vulnerability:
Near volcanoes (danger Volcanic eruption,  World Health Organization (2002) defined
zones) lava, & lahar flow, vulnerability as “the predisposition to suffer
ash flow damage due to external events.”
River banks / esteros Flooding, flash  Defined as “the diminished capacity of an
floods individual or group to anticipate, cope with,
Open fields Thunderstorm, resist and recover from the impact of a
blizzard, hailstorm natural or man-made hazard” by the
Near Oil Depots Oil spill, pollution International Federation and Red Cross
Nera Mining Projects Toxic waste Crescent Societies (IFRC) (N.D.).
Near Chemical Plants Chemical fumes,  The characteristics and circumstances of a
chemical wastes community, system, or asset that make it
Near Nuclear Plants Nuclear waste
susceptible to the damaging effects of a
Near Factories Factory waste,
hazard.” (UNISDR)
pollution
Unsafe building structures Fire Characteristics of Vulnerability
Public places in Mega Terrorism o VULNERABIITY IS SITUATION
Cities
SPECIFIC
 If earthquakes are frequent in a
EFFECTS OF A DISASTER
particular region, it does not mean
Primary Effects that all provinces in that region are
● Direct situations arising from the disaster vulnerable
itself. Example, when a strong typhoon hits  The vulnerability of the provinces
a village, it can cause primary effects such differs in the way they prepare for
as flooding, destruction of houses, damage the hazard and the amount and type
to property, and loss of life. Usually, a of resources they have to prevent
geographical zone can be mapped to identify and manage it.
 o VULNERABILITY IS ALSO A HAZARD area. If all individuals crowd in
SPECIFIC one portion of a place, there is little
 This means that a community that space and time to escape from a
is vulnerable to earthquakes does hazard.
not necessarily mean that it is also  For example, when fire (hazard)
vulnerable to typhoons breaks out in a congested slum
 Hazards have different area, it spreads quickly and easily
characteristics that influence the because of the lack of spacing in
disasters that are likely to be between the houses. Thus, crowded
generated. communities have high
vulnerability to hazards
Factors to consider in accessing the level of  The denser the area, the more it
vulnerability becomes vulnerable...
o PROXIMITY TO A HAZARD EVENT
 An area frequented by a certain o CAPACITY AND EFFICIENCY TO
hazard predisposes it to a high REDUCE DISASTER RISK
vulnerability  The capacity of a community to
 An earthquake is more likely to reduce disaster risk includes the
happen in the Philippines than in accessibility and availability of
Brazil because the Philippines is services and facilities that help in
situated along the pacific ring preparing for or during disasters.
where seismic activities occur.  The availability of these resources
Hence, this fact already puts the would result in the ability of a
Philippines in a vulnerable situation community to anticipate, adapt, and
for seismic events. respond to the changes in socio-
 In the same manner, houses, ecological and economic impact
buildings, and other structures that are usually experienced after a
become vulnerable to flooding if disaster.
they are built on floodplains. o BUILDING CODES AND DISASTER
POLICIES
 Buildings and other strictures may
increase disaster risk. When they
fall and collapse due to a hazard
such as an earthquake, they can
cause injury and even loss of lives.
 Thus, in the design and
o POPULATION DENSITY NEAR A construction of buildings, possible
HAZARD EVENT hazards should be considered.
 POPULATION DIFFERS FROM  Hazard – resistant structures or
POPULATION DENSITY designs, however, could be very
 Population – refers to the number costly since the type of building
of individuals inhabiting a materials, engineering, and
particular space at the same time. technology to be used are not
If people are distributed ordinary.
evenly in an area, the impact of a
disaster may be reduced to a
minimum.
 Population Density – refers to the
number of individuals living in an
area in relation to the size of that
Concept of Vulnerability
 2. Socioeconomic Elements - these
comprise the institutional and
government systems that dictate the kind
of wellbeing and lifestyles of the
community

  In general, this refers to the

manner of social interactions
and not the individual or
February 24, 2021 structures that are involved and
the system
Building Codes and Disaster Policies   Example:  systems of
communication and
transportation, delivery of basic
 Hazard-resistant structures can lower facilities, goods, services, the
the variability of a community, network of market and trade
especially if the features or designs of during flooding or typhoon
the structures are hazard-specific
 These ideal features or designs,
however, could be very costly since the 3. Environmental Elements - these include
type of building materials, engineering, the ecosystems and the natural processes
and technology to be used or not that are exposed to hazard events.
ordinary  Example:  organisms (I.E.,
humans, animals, and plants)
Concept of Exposure depend on the environment for
 Exposure survival 

LESSON 3: Basic Concepts of Hazard

 The elements at risk from a natural man-
made hazard event. (Geoscience
Hazards
Australia)
  the more a community is exposed to Potentially damaging physical events,
hazard factors, the higher the disaster phenomena, or human activities that may
risk cause u=injury or loss of life, damage to
property, social economic disruption, or
 Elements Exposed to Hazards environmental degradation. 

Types of Hazards
1.  Physical elements - elements that are
 Natural Hazards
tangible or can be visually seen  Caused by physical and biological
elements in environment.
 Example:  Landscapes,  Beyond human control
Inhabitants, Buildings, and other  E.g. earthquakes, floods, landslides,
structures that make up the tornadoes, tsunamis, typhoons, and
environment wildfires.
  during a hazard event, these  Man-made Hazards
elements that are exposed to the  Caused by factors that are generally
hazard may be altered or traced to human errors, intent or
entirely destroyed negligence, or glitches in
technology.
  E.g. bomb explosions, chemical 3. Hazardous human activities
spills, nuclear plant blasts,
radioactive emissions, and wars. Hazards that are deliberately planned for
personal and political interest
Classifications of Hazards
1. Arson
 Natural Hazards  2. Terrorism
3. Wars
1. Hydro-meteorological and
climatological hazards A disaster occurs when hazards and vulnerability
 “Hydro” means water meet
 “Meteoros” means sky
 Process or phenomenon of
atmospheric, hydrological,
or oceanographic nature.

2. Geologic hazards

 “Geo” means Earth

 Geological process or
phenomenon
It is an extreme natural
events in the crust of the
earth that pose a threat to
life and property, for
example, earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions,
tsunamis (tidal waves(, Natural Hazards Man-made
and landslides Hazards

3. Biological hazards Definition Naturally occurring A hazard

physical phenomena originating from
 Greek etymology “bios” - caused either by rapid technological or
life or slow onset events industrial
conditions,
 Process or phenomenon of
organic origin or including
accidents,
conveyed by biological
vectors/agents, including dangerous
procedures,
exposure to pathogenic
microorganisms, toxins, infrastructure
failures, or
and bioactive substances
specific human
activities
4. Astronomical hazards
 BIOLOGICA
 Refers to potentially
L HAZARD
disruptive impacts of such
things as derelict satellites,  GEOLOGIC
meteors, asteroids, and AL
comets HAZARD
 HYDROME
 Man-made Hazards TREOLOGI
CAL
HAZARD
1. Fire
2. Industrial and Technological
hazards
 Impacts of Hazard to Elements Exposed

 Physical Elements a. Frequency - How often the hazard occur?

o People, buildings, roads, poles, b. Duration - how long does it occur?
bridges, and all other material c. Speed of onset - how fast does it occur upon
objects that may be ruined by initial detection?
hazards d. Intensity - what is the strength or
 Socioeconomic Elements magnitude?
POSITIVE e. Probability - what is the chance that it will
o Introduce new habits, practices, occur?
systems, or values that may lead to f. Forewarning - is there adequate time to
values of resiliency and recovery prepare upon detection? Are there signals
NEGATIVE before occurrence?
o Lower standards of living or poor g. Manageability - how manageable are the
living conditions effects of the hazard?
 Environmental Elements
o Damage to ecosystem or other
organisms
o Can also benefit certain
components of Earth

Hazard Analysis

 It is the “identification, study and

monitoring of any hazard to determine its
potential, origin, characteristics, and
behavior.” (UNISDR, 2007 as cited in Luna,
2017: p. 26).

Tools in doing a hazard Analysis

1. Community hazards and

disaster history construction.
This identify hazards and disasters
experienced by the community.

2. Hazards and vulnerability

mapping. Areas in the community
that are vulnerable to a specific
hazard are identified then located in
the map. For example, areas that
become flooded at different levels
(e.g. knee-deep, waist-deep, chest-
deep, above the head) are
highlighted in the map. The levels
are based on the average Filipino
height of five feet. Mapping is also
done to identify areas that are prone
to earthquakes and landslides.

3. Factor Analysis. This tool describes the

characteristics of the hazard in terms of the
following (Heijmans and Victoria, 2001, as
cited in Luna, 2017: p. 28).