# A curated list of selenium commands in Java

1. Browser property setup

Chrome:

System.se​tPr​ope​rty​(“we​bdr​ive​r.chrome.d​riv​er”, “/path/to/chromedrive​r”);

Firefox:

System.se​tPr​ope​rty​(“we​bdr​ive​r.g​eck​o.d​riv​er”, “​/path/to/geckodriver”);

Edge:

System.se​tPr​ope​rty​(“we​bdr​ive​r.edge.d​riv​er”, “/path/to/MicrosoftWebDriver”);

2. Browser Initialization
Firefox

WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();

Chrome

WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();

Internet Explorer

WebDriver driver = new InternetExplorerDriver();

Safari Driver

WebDriver driver = new SafariDriver();

3. Desired capabilities
(Doc link )

Chrome:
DesiredCapabilities caps = new DesiredCapabilities();
caps.setCapability(“browserName”, “chrome”);
caps.setCapability(“browserVersion”, “80.0””);
caps.setCapability(“platformName”, “win10”);

WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(caps); // Pass the capabilities as an argument to the driver object

Firefox:

DesiredCapabilities caps = new DesiredCapabilities();

caps.setCapability(“browserName”, “firefox”);
caps.setCapability(“browserVersion”, “81.0””);
caps.setCapability(“platformName”, “win10”);

WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver(caps); // Pass the capabilities as an argument to the driver object

4. Browser options
Chrome: (Doc link )

ChromeOptions chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();

chromeOptions.setBinary("C:Program Files (x86)GoogleChromeApplicationchrome.exe"); // set if chrome is not in
chromeOptions.addArguments("--headless"); // Passing single option
chromeOptions.addArguments("--start-maximized", "--incognito","--disable-notifications" ); // Passing multiple

WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(chromeOptions); // Pass the capabilities as an argument to the driver obje

Firefox: (Doc link )

FirefoxOptions firefoxOptions = new FirefoxOptions();

firefoxOptions.setBinary(new FirefoxBinary(new File("C:Program FilesMozilla Firefox​irefox.exe"))); // set if
firefoxOptions.setHeadless(true);

WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver(caps); // Pass the capabilities as an argument to the driver object

Options VS Desired capabilities: There are two ways to specify capabilities. 1. ChromeOptions/FirefoxOptions class —
 Recommended 2. Or you can specify the capabilities directly as part of the DesiredCapabilities — its usage in Java is
deprecated

5. Navigation
Navigate to URL — (doc link1 link2)

driver.get(“http://google.com”)
driver.navigate().to(“http://google.com”)

Myth — get() method waits till the page is loaded while navigate() does not.

Referring to the selenium official doc, get() method is a synonym for to() method. Both do the same thing.

Myth _— _get() does not store history while navigate() does.

All the URL loaded in browser will be stored in history and navigate method allows us to access it. Try executing the below code

driver.get(“http://madhank93.github.io/");
driver.get(“https://www.google.com/");
driver.navigate().back();

Refresh page

driver.navigate().refresh()

Navigate forwards in browser history

driver.navigate().forward()

Navigate backwards in browser history

driver.navigate().back()

6. Find element VS Find elements

(doc link)

driver.findElement()
 When no match has found(0) throws NoSuchElementException
when 1 match found returns a WebElement instance
when 2 matches found returns only the first matching web element

driver.findElements()

when no macth has found (0) returns an empty list

when 1 match found returns a list with one WebElement
when 2+ matches found returns a list with all matching WebElements

7. Locator Strategy
(doc link)

By id

<input id=”login” type=”text” />

element = driver.findElement(By.id(“login”))

By Class Name

<input class=”Content” type=”text” />

element = driver.findElement(By.className(“Content”));

By Name

<input name=”pswd” type=”text” />

element = driver.findElement(By.name(“pswd”));

By Tag Name

<div id=”forgot-password” >…</div>

element = driver.findElement(By.tagName(“div”));

By Link Text
 <a href=”#”>News</a>

element = driver.findElement(By.linkText(“News”));

By XPath

<form id=”login” action="/action_page.php">

<input type="text" placeholder="Username" name="username">
<input type="text" placeholder="Password" name="psw">
<button type="submit">Login</button>
</form>

element = driver.findElement(By.xpath(“//input[[@placeholder]
(http://twitter.com/placeholder)=’Username’]”));

List of Keywords — and, or, contains(), starts-with(), text(), last()

By CSS Selector

<form id=”login” action=”submit” method=”get”>

Username: <input type=”text” />
Password: <input type=”password” />
</form>

element = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector(“input.username”));

8. Click on an element
click() — method is used to click on en element

driver.findElement(By.className("Content")).click();

9. Write text inside an element — input and textarea

sendKeys() — method is used to send data

driver.findElement(By.className("email")).sendKeys(“abc@xyz.com”);

10. Clear text from text box

clear() — method is used to clear text from text area

driver.findElement(By.xpath(“//input[[@placeholder]
(http://twitter.com/placeholder)=’Username’]”)).clear();
11. Select a drop-down
(doc link)

// single select option

<select id="country">
<option value="US">United States</option>
<option value="CA">Canada</option>
<option value="MX">Mexico</option>
</select>`

// multiple select option

<select multiple="" id="fruits">

<option value="banana">Banana</option>
<option value="apple">Apple</option>
<option value="orange">Orange</option>
<option value="grape">Grape</option>
</select>

selectByVisibleText() / selectByValue() / selectByIndex()

deselectByVisibleText() / deselectByValue() / deselectByIndex()

// import statements for select class

import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.Select;

// Single selection

Select country = new Select(driver.findElement(By.id("country")));

country.selectByVisibleText("Canada"); // using selectByVisibleText() method
country.selectByValue("MX"); //using selectByValue() method

//Selecting Items in a Multiple SELECT elements

Select fruits = new Select(driver.findElement(By.id("fruits")));

fruits.selectByVisibleText("Banana");
fruits.selectByIndex(1); // using selectByIndex() method
12. Get methods in Selenium
getTitle()—used to retrieve the current title of the webpage

getCurrentUrl() — used to retrieve the current URL of the webpage

getPageSource() — used to retrieve the current page source

of the webpage

getText() — used to retrieve the text of the specified web element

getAttribute() —used to retrieve the value specified in the attribute

13. Handle alerts: (Web based alert pop-ups)

driver.switchTO().alert.getText() — to retrieve the alert message

driver.switchTO().alert.accept() — to accept the alert box

driver.switchTO().alert.dismiss() — to cancel the alert box

driver.switchTO().alert.sendKeys(“Text”) — to send data to the alert box

14. Switch frames

driver.switchTo.frame(int frameNumber) — mentioning the frame index number, the Driver will switch to that specific
frame

driver.switchTo.frame(string frameNameOrID) — mentioning the frame element or ID, the Driver will switch to that
specific frame

driver.switchTo.frame(WebElement frameElement) — mentioning the frame web element, the Driver will switch to that
specific frame

driver.switchTo().defaultContent() — Switching back to the main window

15. Handle multiple windows and tabs

getWindowHandle() — used to retrieve handle of the current page (a unique identifier)

getWindowHandles() — used to retrieve a set of handles of the all the pages available

driver.switchTo().window(“windowName/handle”) — switch to a window

driver.close() — closes the current browser window

16. Waits in selenium

There are 3 types of waits in selenium,

Implicit Wait—used to wait for a certain amount of time before throwing an exception

driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);

Explicit Wait — used to wait until a certain condition occurs before executing the code.
 WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver,30);
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.presenceOfElementLocated(By.name("login")));

List of explicit wait:

alertIsPresent()
elementSelectionStateToBe()
elementToBeClickable()
elementToBeSelected()
frameToBeAvaliableAndSwitchToIt()
invisibilityOfTheElementLocated()
invisibilityOfElementWithText()
presenceOfAllElementsLocatedBy()
presenceOfElementLocated()
textToBePresentInElement()
textToBePresentInElementLocated()
textToBePresentInElementValue()
titleIs()
titleContains()
visibilityOf()
visibilityOfAllElements()
visibilityOfAllElementsLocatedBy()
visibilityOfElementLocated()

Fluent Wait — defines the maximum amount of time to wait for a certain condition to appear

Wait wait = new FluentWait(WebDriver reference)

.withTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(SECONDS))
.pollingEvery(Duration.ofSeconds(SECONDS))
.ignoring(Exception.class);

WebElement foo=wait.until(new Function<WebDriver, WebElement>() {

public WebElement apply(WebDriver driver) {
return driver.findElement(By.id("foo"));
}
});

17. Element validation

isEnabled() — determines if an element is enabled or not, returns a boolean.

isSelected() — determines if an element is selected or not, returns a boolean.

isDisplayed() — determines if an element is displayed or not, returns a boolean.

18. Handling proxy
Chrome:

ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();

// Create object Proxy class - Approach 1

Proxy proxy = new Proxy();
proxy.setHttpProxy("username:password.myhttpproxy:3337");

// register the proxy with options class - Approach 1

options.setCapability("proxy", proxy);

// Add a ChromeDriver-specific capability.

ChromeDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);

Firefox:

FirefoxOptions options = new FirefoxOptions();

// Create object Proxy class - Approach 2

Proxy proxy = new Proxy();
proxy.setHttpProxy("myhttpproxy:3337");
proxy.setSocksUsername("username");
proxy.setSocksPassword("password")

// register the proxy with options class - Approach 2

options.setProxy(proxy);

// create object to firefx driver

WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver(options);

19. Window management

Get window size:
//Access each dimension individually
int width = driver.manage().window().getSize().getWidth();
int height = driver.manage().window().getSize().getHeight();

//Or store the dimensions and query them later

Dimension size = driver.manage().window().getSize();
int width1 = size.getWidth();
int height1 = size.getHeight();`

Set window size:

driver.manage().window().setSize(new Dimension(1024, 768));`

Get window position:

// Access each dimension individually

int x = driver.manage().window().getPosition().getX();
int y = driver.manage().window().getPosition().getY();

// Or store the dimensions and query them later

Point position = driver.manage().window().getPosition();

int x1 = position.getX();
int y1 = position.getY();`

Set window position:

// Move the window to the top left of the primary monitor

driver.manage().window().setPosition(new Point(0, 0));`

Maximise window:

driver.manage().window().minimize();

Fullscreen window:
 driver.manage().window().fullscreen();

20. Page loading strategy

The document.readyState property of a document describes the loading state of the current document. By default, WebDriver
will hold off on responding to a driver.get() (or) driver.navigate().to() call until the document ready state is
complete

By default, when Selenium WebDriver loads a page, it follows the normal pageLoadStrategy.

normal:

ChromeOptions chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();

chromeOptions.setPageLoadStrategy(PageLoadStrategy.NORMAL);
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(chromeOptions);

eager: When set to eager, Selenium WebDriver waits until DOMContentLoaded event fire is returned.

ChromeOptions chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();

chromeOptions.setPageLoadStrategy(PageLoadStrategy.EAGER);
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(chromeOptions);

none: When set to none Selenium WebDriver only waits until the initial page is downloaded.

ChromeOptions chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();

chromeOptions.setPageLoadStrategy(PageLoadStrategy.NONE);
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(chromeOptions);

21. Keyboard and Mouse events

Action class is used to handle keyboard and mouse events

keyboard events:

keyDown()
keyUp()
sendKeys()

Mouse events:

clickAndHold()
contextClick() — peforms the mouse right click action
doubleClick()
 dragAndDrop(source,target)
dragAndDropBy(source,xOffset,yOffset)
moveByOffset(xOffset,yOffset)
moveByElement()
release()

Actions builder = new Actions(driver);

Action actions = builder

.moveToElement("login-textbox")
.click()
.keyDown("login-textbox", Keys.SHIFT)
.sendKeys("login-textbox", "hello")
.keyUp("login-textbox", Keys.SHIFT)
.doubleClick("login-textbox")
.contextClick()
.build();

actions.perform();

22. Cookies
addCookie(arg)

driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("foo", "bar"));

getCookies()

driver.manage().getCookies(); // to get all cookies

getCookieNamed()

driver.manage().getCookieNamed("foo");

deleteCookieNamed()

driver.manage().deleteCookieNamed("foo");

deleteCookie()
 Cookie cookie1 = new Cookie("test2", "cookie2");
driver.manage().addCookie(cookie1);

driver.manage().deleteCookie(cookie1); // deleting cookie object`

deleteAllCookies()

driver.manage().deleteAllCookies(); // deletes all cookies`

23. Take screenshot:

(doc link)

getScreenshotAs — used to Capture the screenshot and store it in the specified location. This method throws
WebDriverException. copy() method from File Handler class is used to store the screeshot in a destination folder

TakesScreenshot screenShot =(TakesScreenshot)driver;

FileHandler.copy(screenShot.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE), new File("path/to/destination/folder/screenshot.

24. Execute Javascript:

(doc link)

executeAsyncScript() — executes an asynchronous piece of JavaScript

executeScript() — executes JavaScript

if (driver instanceof JavascriptExecutor) {

((JavascriptExecutor)driver).executeScript("alert('hello world');");

Last updated on — Apr 18, 2020

References:
[1]https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/docs/api/java/overview-summary.html

[2]https://www.selenium.dev/documentation/en/