FLUID

MECHANICS
FME11-M
ENGR. KENNETH A. OBRERO
PRINCIPLES OF FLUID FLOW
Lesson 1
PROPERTIES OF FLUID
Lesson 1
Density (ρ)
• Symbol used: Greek letter “rho”
• Is the mass per unit volume of a substance.

where:

ρ = density of a substance; kg/m3, lb/ft3

m = mass of the substance; kg, lb
V = volume of the substance; m3, ft3
Density (ρ)
Specific Weight (γ)
• Symbol used: Greek letter “gamma”
• Is the force of gravity in a unit volume of a substance.

where:
γ = specific weight of the substance; lbf/m3, kgf/m3, N/m3
V = volume of the substance; m3, ft3
m = mass of the substance; kg, lb
g = acceleration due to gravity; m/s2, ft/s2
= 9.8066 m/s2
= 32.2 ft/s2
Specific Volume (v)
• Symbol used: small letter “v”
• Is the volume of a unit mass of a substance or the reciprocal of density.

where:
v = specific volume of the substance m3/kg, ft3/lb
V = volume of the substance; m3, ft3
m = mass of the substance; kg, lb
Specific Gravity (SG)
• Is the ratio of the specific weight of any substance to that of water or the
ratio of density of any substance to that of water.

where:
γ = specific weight of the substance; lbf/m3, kgf/m3, N/m3
γwater = specific weight of water = 9810 N/m3
ρ = density of a substance; kg/m3, lb/ft3
ρwater = density of water = 1000 kg/m3
Properties of water at 4°C and 1 atm

Density, ρ = 1000 kg/m3 = 1 kg/l = 1.94 slug/ft3

Specific Weight, γ = 9810 N/m3 = 62.4 lb/ft3

Specific Volume. v = 0.001 m3/kg = 0.51546 ft3/slug

Specific Gravity, SG = 1.0

Temperature (t)
• Is the measure of random motion of molecules in a fluid or system. It is
the thermal condition of fluid with reference to its ability to
communicate heat from one body to another body or fluid.
• Common Temperature scales:
a) Celsius (°C)
b) Fahrenheit (°F)
c) Kelvin (K)
d) Rankine (°R)
Temperature (t)
• Celsius (°C) – scale used in the metric or SI system of units

Basis:
Freezing point of water = 0 °C
Boiling point of water = 100 °C

• Fahrenheit (°F) – scale used in the English system of units

Basis:
Freezing point of water = 32 °F
Boiling point of water = 212 °F
Temperature (t)

where:

°C = temperature in Celsius

°F = temperature in Fahrenheit
Temperature (t)
• Kelvin (K) – absolute scale used in the metric or SI system of units

• Rankine (°R) – absolute scale used in the English system of units

Viscosity
PROPERTIES OF FLUID
Viscosity
• is a measure of the resistance to flow of
a fluid.
• It may be defined as the ratio of the
shearing stress or force between
adjacent layers of fluid to the rate of
change of velocity perpendicular to the
direction of motion.
Viscosity
Viscosity
Viscosity
• Absolute Viscosity / Dynamic Viscosity
- is defined as the unit force required to move one layer of a fluid at a unit
velocity to another layer of fluid which is at unit distance from the first
- The ration of the fluid layer shearing stress to that of the shear stress rate.

where:

𝜏 = shearing force or stress

𝛿𝑉/𝛿𝑦 = rate of change of velocity perpendicular to the direction of motion
= shear strain rate
Viscosity

• Shear strain rate

- is the ratio of the velocity of a particular layer to is perpendicular
distance from the stationary surface and is constant to each layer.
Derivation of Viscosity

• If the distance between the plates and the

relative velocity of the upper plate to the
lower plate are both kept constant, the force
F required will be directly proportional to the
area A of the moving plate.

• If both the distance between the plates and

the area of the moving plate are kept
constant, the force required will be directly
proportional to the relative velocity of the
plates.
Derivation of Viscosity

• If the relative velocity of the area of

the moving plate are kept constant,
but the distance between the plates is
varied, the force required will be
inversely proportional to the distance
between the plates. This arises from
the fact that as the distance between
the plates decreases, the shear stress
increases.
Derivation of Viscosity

• Combining the three equations:

Derivation of Viscosity
Derivation of Viscosity

where:
𝐹
𝜏 = 𝐴
= shearing force or stress

𝛿𝑉 𝑉
𝑠 = 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑍
= shear strain rate: rate of change of velocity perpendicular to the direction of motion

F = force
A = area
V = velocity
z = distance between layers or plates
Units of Absolute Viscosity

𝑁 ∙𝑠 𝑘𝑔
SI: → 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠 → ∙𝑠
𝑚2 𝑚

𝑙𝑏𝑓 ∙𝑠
English: → 𝑅𝑒𝑦𝑛
𝑖𝑛2

𝐷𝑦𝑛𝑒∙𝑠 𝑔
Cgs: → 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 → ∙𝑠
𝑐𝑚2 𝑐𝑚
Derivation of Units of Absolute Viscosity (SI)

𝐹
( )
𝐴
From μ = 𝑉
(𝑧)

𝑁 𝑁 𝑚
2 𝑁 ∙𝑠 2 𝑘𝑔 ∙ 2 ∙ 𝑠 𝑘𝑔
𝑚
𝜇 = 𝑚 = → 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠 𝑚
𝜇 = 𝑚 = 𝑠 →
𝑚 2 𝑚 2 𝑚∙𝑠
𝑠 𝑠
𝑚 𝑚
Derivation of Units of Absolute Viscosity (cgs)

𝐹
( )
𝐴
From μ = 𝑉
(𝑧)

𝐷𝑦𝑛𝑒 𝐷𝑦𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑚
2 𝐷𝑦𝑛𝑒 ∙ 𝑠 2 𝑔∙ 2 ∙𝑠 𝑔
𝑐𝑚
𝜇 = 𝑐𝑚 = → 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑚
𝜇 = 𝑐𝑚 = 𝑠 →
𝑐𝑚 2 𝑐𝑚 2 𝑐𝑚 ∙ 𝑠
𝑠 𝑠
𝑐𝑚 𝑐𝑚
Derivation of Units of Absolute Viscosity (English)

𝐹
( )
𝐴
From μ = 𝑉
(𝑧)

𝑙𝑏𝑓 𝑙𝑏𝑓
𝑖𝑛 2 𝑙𝑏𝑓 ∙ 𝑠 𝑓𝑡 2 𝑙𝑏𝑓 ∙ 𝑠
𝜇 = = → 𝑅𝑒𝑦𝑛 𝜇 = =
𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 2 𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡 2
𝑠 𝑠
𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑡
Conversion

1 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 = 0.10 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠

𝐷𝑦𝑛𝑒 ∙ 𝑠 𝑔
1 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 = 1 2
=1
𝑐𝑚 𝑐𝑚 − 𝑠

1 𝑅𝑒𝑦𝑛 = 6.9 𝑥 104 Poise

𝑙𝑏𝑓 ∙ 𝑠
1 2
= 478.8 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 = 47.88 𝑃𝑎 ∙ 𝑠
𝑓𝑡
Kinematic Viscosity

- is defined as the absolute viscosity divided by density.

- It is the ratio of the dynamic viscosity of a fluid to its mass
density.

where:

𝜇 = absolute viscosity

𝜌 = density of the fluid

Units of Absolute Viscosity

𝑚2
SI:
𝑠

𝑓𝑡 2
English:
𝑠

𝑐𝑚2 𝑐𝑚2
Cgs: → 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑘𝑒 ; 1 = 1 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑘𝑒
𝑠 𝑠
Absolute Viscosity
Sample Problem # 1
𝑁−𝑠
Given a fluid with an absolute viscosity if 0.001 2 between 1-𝑚2 surfaces spaced 1 mm apart,
𝑚
find how fast the surfaces will move relative to each other if 10-N force is applied in the direction
of the surfaces.
𝐹
( )
μ= 𝐴
𝑉
( )
𝑧

𝐹 𝑍
𝑉= 𝑉 = 10 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴 𝜇

10 𝑁 0.001 𝑚
V=( )( )
1 𝑚2 0.001 𝑁∙𝑠
2
𝑚
Absolute Viscosity
Sample Problem # 2
Given a fluid with an absolute viscosity if 10 Pa-s between 1-𝑚2 surfaces spaced 1 mm apart,
find how fast the surfaces will move relative to each other if 10-N force is applied in the direction
of the surfaces.
𝐹
( )
μ= 𝐴
𝑉
( )
𝑧

𝐹 𝑍 𝑉 = 0.001 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉=
𝐴 𝜇

10 𝑁 0.001 𝑚
V=( )( 𝑁∙𝑠 )
1 𝑚2 10 2
𝑚
Absolute Viscosity
Sample Problem # 3
Mercury at 20℃ has a viscosity of 1.58 x 10−2 Poise. What is the force necessary to maintain
a relative velocity of 2 m/s between two plates that are separated by 10 cm and whose are is
0.10 𝑚2 ?

𝐹
( )
μ= 𝐴
𝑉
( )
𝑧

𝐴𝑉 F = 0.00316 𝑁
𝐹=𝜇
𝑧

2 𝑚
−3 𝑁∙𝑠 0.10 𝑚 (2 𝑠 )
F = (1.58 x10 )[ ]
𝑚2 0.10 𝑚
Absolute Viscosity
Sample Problem # 4
A piston is moving through a cylinder at a speed of 19 ft/s, as shown in figure (a). The film of oil separating the
𝑙𝑏∙𝑠
piston from the cylinder has a viscosity of 0.020 2 . What is the force required to maintain this motion?
𝑓𝑡

* Assume a cylindrically symmetric, linear velocity profile for the flow of oil in the film. To find the frictional
resistance, compute the shear stress at the piston surface.
Absolute Viscosity
Sample Problem # 4
A piston is moving through a cylinder at a speed of 19 ft/s, as shown in figure (a). The film of oil separating the piston from the cylinder has a viscosity of
𝑙𝑏∙𝑠
0.020 𝑓𝑡 2 . What is the force required to maintain this motion?

* Assume a cylindrically symmetric, linear velocity profile for the flow of oil in the film. To find the frictional resistance, compute the shear stress at the
piston surface.
𝐹
( )
μ= 𝐴
𝑉
( )
𝑧

𝐴𝑉
𝐹=𝜇
𝑧

For A,
Piston = Cylinder
Area of Cylinder = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ = 𝜋𝑑ℎ
Hence,
4.990 3
A = 𝜋(4.990𝑖𝑛)(3in) = 𝜋 𝑓𝑡 2
12 12
Absolute Viscosity
Sample Problem # 4
A piston is moving through a cylinder at a speed of 19 ft/s, as shown in figure (a). The film of oil separating the piston from the cylinder has a viscosity of
𝑙𝑏∙𝑠
0.020 𝑓𝑡 2 . What is the force required to maintain this motion?

* Assume a cylindrically symmetric, linear velocity profile for the flow of oil in the film. To find the frictional resistance, compute the shear stress at the
piston surface.

𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑟 = 𝑧,

(𝐷𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 −𝐷𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛 )
z=
2

z = (5in – 4.990in) / 2 = 0.005in

Absolute Viscosity
Sample Problem # 4
A piston is moving through a cylinder at a speed of 19 ft/s, as shown in figure (a). The film of oil separating the piston from the cylinder has a viscosity of
𝑙𝑏∙𝑠
0.020 𝑓𝑡 2 . What is the force required to maintain this motion?

* Assume a cylindrically symmetric, linear velocity profile for the flow of oil in the film. To find the frictional resistance, compute the shear stress at the
piston surface.
𝐹
(𝐴 )
μ=
𝑉
(𝑧 )

𝐴𝑉
𝐹=𝜇
𝑧

4.990 3
A = 𝜋(4.990𝑖𝑛)(3in) = 𝜋 12 12
𝑓𝑡 2

z = (0.005/12) ft

4.990 3 𝑓𝑡
𝑙𝑏∙𝑠 𝜋 𝑓𝑡 2 (19 )
12 12 𝑠
F = (0.020 )( 0.005
𝑓𝑡 2 𝑓𝑡
12
Absolute Viscosity
Sample Problem # 4
A piston is moving through a cylinder at a speed of 19 ft/s, as shown in figure (a). The film of oil separating the piston from the cylinder has a viscosity of
𝑙𝑏∙𝑠
0.020 𝑓𝑡 2 . What is the force required to maintain this motion?

* Assume a cylindrically symmetric, linear velocity profile for the flow of oil in the film. To find the frictional resistance, compute the shear stress at the
piston surface.
𝐹
(𝐴 )
μ=
𝑉
( )
𝑧

𝐴𝑉 F = 298 lbs
𝐹=𝜇
𝑧

4.990 3 2 (19𝑓𝑡)
𝑙𝑏∙𝑠 𝜋 12 12
𝑓𝑡 𝑠
F = (0.020 )( 0.005 )
𝑓𝑡 2 𝑓𝑡
12
Absolute Viscosity
Sample Problem # 5
𝑁∙𝑠
An 18-kg slab slides down a 15° inclined plane on a 3-mm thick film of SAE 10 oil at 20℃ (𝜋 = 8.14 𝑥 10−2 2 ); the
𝑚
2
contact area is 0.3 𝑚 . Find the terminal velocity of the slab (𝑉𝑡 )
𝐹
(𝐴 ) Also,
μ=
𝑉 F = 𝜏 𝐴𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘
(𝑧)

𝐹(𝑧) Hence,
𝑉𝑡 =
𝜇(𝐴)
Wsin𝜃 = F
F = (18)(9.81)sin(15°) N
For F,

∑𝐹𝑥 = 0
𝑉𝑡 = 5.62 m/s
Wsin𝜃 - 𝜏(𝐴𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑘 ) = 0