Answers to Computer Systems Workbook 1 Data representation 1 core oe a oo 165=10100101 165=A5 O1110110=118 SF=95 101011000100-=Ac4 3ED=(OO)1111101101 800 « 16 = 12.800 MiB 12,800/1024 = 12.5 GiB i 63=01000001 i 97=01100001 i Vv=86 18 86=01010110 i M8=O01110110 Lower-case letters have an ASCII code value which is + 32 when compared to the ‘equivalent upper-case letter, therefore to convert from an upper-case value, simply place aT’ inthe column with value 32. M=77=01001101andm=77+32=109=011.. fof fefefofo]: 132 i R=27=00011011 r=108=01101100 fi M=22=00010110 m=88=010110006 a b 44801 =A FOL 1010 1111 0000 0001 7 Three from: memory dumps error codes MAC addresses IP addresses HTML colour codes ‘What is the denary value of this hexadecimal digit? E What i the denary value of ‘this binary number? 00011100 96 x2 x8 64x 10% = 12.583 If 2*= 1 tebioyte Ti), what is the value of x? ‘What isthe hexadecimal value Of this denary number? 50 How many bits are there in ‘wo bytes of data?Number x D OUTPUT 220 220 128 9 1 4 28 1 2 4 0 28 16 2 1 8 4 1 4 0 1 2 2 0 0 1 -1 0 0 0 end"| Number x D ouTPUT B B 128. -35 0 B 64 9 1 32 23 0 9 16 a 0 9 8 1 1 4 3 0 1 2 1 0 1 I 0 1 0 end b_ The flowchart is converting denary (base 10) numbers into 8-bit binary (base 2) numbers. £ 6 10011011 155 This is equal to 94 +61 in denary.aw 2 3 14 15 o Targest mmber= 1111111 1=255, O1110111+10011101-iJooo 10100 [ninth itis generated therefore Overflow eorhas occured (i. te rest excended te Ingest posible number which canbe stored using 8 its). 2+ 16+8+4=60 oooriiie denary value =30 i 00000111 -resutis 7 which is incoret (30 47.5); bit has ben lost 11110000 Value is 240 which is equivalent to 60 * 2? this is because each logical shift left ‘multiplies the original binary number by 2. Two shifts left multiplies by 2° = 4. 37=00100101and19=00010011 00111000 11100000; denary value of (b) is 56; after logical shift, value is 56 <2?=224 0000001 1 —value after shift is 3 which is incorrect since 56 + 2* = 3.5; a l-bit has been lost =128 i Most negative is 1 0000 000=—128 Most positive is 011111 11=+127 47=00101111 -59= 11000101 1100111 riniiit 45=00101101 =45=11010011 i 1}0.0000000~int9o's complement the final carry tothe th bit doesnot signify dverflow. We ignore this bit and consider the other 8 bits, which do give the correct. answer of zero. (4096 x 2048 « 16)/(8 x 1024 « 1024) = 16 MiB 4096 ~ 2048, * 16 and * divide by 1024 » 1024 16 MiB size of sample = (number of samples per sec) x (number of bits per sample) % (length of sample size in secs) = (40 960 * 16 x 1024) bits multiply by 2 for stereo recording and divide by 8 to get number of bytes divide by (1024 * 1024) to give 160 MiB (40960 » 16 «2 1024)((8 = 1024 « 1024) ~ 160 MiB.16 2 It saves storage space on the HDDISSD. Itis faster to upload download files toffom the intermet. Itreduces the filesize which allows the ile to be emailed. Lossless ~ all data from the original fle can be reconstructed when the fle is ‘uncompressed again. Lossy ~ the compression algorithm eliminates unnecessary data from the original file: the origina file cannot be reconstructed ence it has been compressed. 1 mpeg-3, mpeg-4 or jpeg RLE (run-ength encoding) 17 2 colour depth ~ the numberof bits used to represent each colour > image resolution ~ the number of pixels that make up an image, for example, 4096 = 3192 18 + Standard ASCII code consists of 7-bit codes. + Ttrepresensleters, numbers and characters found ona standard keyboard + 32 control characters. + Extended ASCH code uses S-bit codes, which allows for non-English characters. + Unicode canbe used to represent all languages ofthe world. Unicode overlaps with ASCII code since the first 128 characters are the same, but Unicode can support several thousand different characters. + ASCII code uses one byte to represent a character, whercas Unicode will support up to four bytes per character. 19 [inabnay number nee ahenostonay dot vertow enor [Method used by = er rane \ iain mcg race ea ‘cure mga tipce tne br aremone, ism Twos opener 7 cae ad repeat Siicet inhale cogent Net feud angles ton usec ura cgtalyn venue ola phvPro a wai Itis a form of lossless file compression: It reduces the size of a string of adjacent, identical data. A repeated string is encoded into two values: © The first value represents the number of identical data items. The second value represents the code of the data item. RLE is only effective where there is a long run of repeated units. 3W 2D SW 4D 3W ID IW 2D IW ID IW 16D LW 1D IW 2D 1W ID3W 4D SW 2D3W 8 « 8 grid requires 64 bytes of storage 46 bytes are used in the RLE code reduction = 64 ~ 46 = 18 bytes the number of bits used to represent sound amplitude the number of sound samples taken per second 4 bits (1S = 1111) 10 Hz (ic. 10 samples per second) point 9: (14)= 1110 point 18:(11)=1011 Benefits: larger dynamic range better/more faithful sound quality less sound distortion Drawbacks: produces larger files takes longer to transmit/download music files requires greater processing power23 For example: 9086 Read the remainder from bottom to top ta get the hexadecimal number: 3D A (D=13 0 |remainder: 3 ‘and A=10) 1_| remainder: 10 3_| remainder: 13 986 3DA Keep dividing by 16 until the value 0 is reached. Keep track of remainders following each division. ‘The hexadecimal number is obtained from the reminders reading from bottom to top. Itis necessary to convert remainders that are greater than 9 into the hex characters A, B,C, D,EorF. binary digit + (computer) circuits are made up of switches/transistors ... +... which can be ON (1) or OFF (0) + hex isa more human-friendly representation of binary values ... ‘+... since it uses only 2 digits to represent an 8-bit binary number (greater information density) ‘© itis easy to intereonvert between hex and binary ... ‘+... which makes it easier when writing software or diagnosing errors in software