Lecture 1: ELEMENTS OF GRAMMAR
1. Make a distinction between open-class items and closed-system items.
Give examples.
open-class items closed-system items
include - noun - article
- adjective - demonstrative
- adverb - pronoun
- verb - preposition
- quantifiers
- conjunction
- interjection
features - indefinitely extendable - they can not normally be
- have the same grammatical extended by the creation of
properties and structural additional members
possibilities as other members - reciprocally exclusive
of the class
example Interesting book A boy/ the boy
s
2. Structurally, what is the difference between a finite and a non-finite
clause? Give examples.
Finite clause Non-finite clause
Definition A clause whose verbal element A clause whose verbal element is
is a finite verb, which shows the a non-finite verb, which does not
tense and the mood of the verb show the tense and the mood of
the verb
examples When they came, I was reading - Infinitive with to
a book Eg: They suddenly decided to
christen the bell Big Ben
- Infinitive without to
Eg: All I want is becoming a good
student
- -ing participle
Eg: walking fast after breakfast
could be fatal
- -ed participle
Eg: The book put on the table is
mine.
Lecture 2: BASIC NOUN PHRASE
1. Names types of pronouns?
Pronoun type Member of the subclass example
personal Subjective case I, we, they, you, he, she, She is my best friend
it
Objective case Him, her, his, my, our, I call him Jack
your, its
Possessive Mine, yours, his, hers, That house is mine
ours, theirs
Reflexive Myself, yourself, himself, Karen hurt herself on the
itself, oneself, ourselves, playground.
yourselves, themselves
Reciprocal Each other, one another We give each other gifts during
the holidays.
Relative That, which, who, whose, The cyclist who won the race
whom, where, when trained hard.
Demonstrative This, that, these, those This is my mother
Interrogative Who, what, why, where, Where is your new cat?
when, whatever
Indefinite Anything, anybody, Someone drank all the soda.
anyone, something,
somebody, someone, no
one, nobody, nothing,
none
2. What are syntactic functions of a NP?
Common syntactic functions Minor functions
- S: He is a handsome boy - Cprep: On the floor
- Od: He had made a great - App: Yoona, my idol, is a
mistake beautiful girl
- Oi: May I call you a taxi? - A: Last Christmas I gave you
- Cs: He is a handsome boy my heart
- Co: You can call me anything - Cadj: The weather is too bad
you like to go fishing
Lecture 3: COMPLEX NOUN PHRASE
1. Structure of a complex noun phrase?
Complex NPs
Premodifiers Head N Postmodifiers
2. What are the pre-modifiers of a complex NP mainly realized by?
Closed system premodifiers Open class premodifiers
- Inclusive: all, half, both - -s genitive: Diep’s hat
Eg: All the time - ing/ed participles: the stolen picture,
- Multipliers: double, twice,… the developed country
Eg: twice her age, double their salaries - Noun: company structure
- Fractions: one-third, two-third - Adj: beautiful picture
Eg: two-third of the book - adverbial: the then minister, the now
- such, what: student
Eg: what/such a surprise! - sentence/clause: I got angry with his
I-don’t-care attitude, her I-want-it face
- Prep.P: the next-to-river house, on-
time meeting
3. What are the post modifiers of a complex NP mainly realized by?
- of genitive: the roof of the garage
- Noun phrase: the city New York
- Adj phrase: the man certain about the news, a woman happy in marriage
- Adv phrase: the cat upstairs, an example below, the weather now
- Prep.P: the girl at the corner, the way to school
- Finite clause: the boy who is eating is my boyfriend
- Non-finite clause: the boy standing overthere is my friend
Lecture 5: VERB & ITS COMPLEMENT
1. Name types of multi-word verbs?
Phrasal verbs, prepositional verbs, phrasal-prepositional verbs
2. Make distinction between a phrasal verb and a prepositional verb?
- Movement: the prepositional verb accepts a relative pronoun after the
preposition
Eg: the man to whom I talk is a teacher
- Insertion of adjuncts: the prepositional verb allows an adverb to be
placed between the verb and preposition
Eg: they looked carefully at the picture
- Reverse order of the adverb and the NP in the phrasal verb: the adverb
in phrasal verb can be placed before or after the direct object except
when it is a pronoun while the prepositional verb always precedes the
direct object
Eg: turn the light on/ turn on the light
Not: turn on it
- Paraphrasing: phrasal verbs can often (but not always) be replaced by a
single word verb
Eg: he passed away => he deceased
3. What can complement in an intensive sentence be realized by? (SVCs)
Cs can be realized by:
- Noun phrase: he is a doctor
- Adjective phrase: I am really interested in reading book
- Nominal clause: the question is when he came
4. In an adj phrase, what can adj be complemented by? / What can the adj
as subject complement (Cs) be complemented by?/ What can be Cadj?
- A prepositional phrase: she is fond of watching TV
- A to-infinitive clause: this exercise is easy to understand
- An ing-participle clause: It’s useless learning that English course,
- A that clause: It’s important that she must be here on time
- A wh-clause/if clause: I’m not sure what I want
She is not certain if she borrowed a sum of money
5. What can be object in a mono transitive sentence?/ (SVOd)
= What can function as Direct object?
- Basic NP: He kicked the ball
- Complex NP: the company has to set a strategic plan to reach its targets
- Finite clause: I believe that you can work it better
I don’t know what I should do to improve my English
- Non-finite clause: I want to travel around the world
I regret giving her my money
6. What can be complement in a complex transitive sentence. (SVOCo)
= What can function as Co?
- Adj: He makes me happy
- Noun phrase: you can call me Diep
- Bare infinitive: let me love you
- Ing-participle: I see the sun shining
- Ed-participle: I have my hair cut
Lecture 8: Simple Sentence
1. Name clause types/ patterns?
(1) SVA
(2) SVC
(3) SVO
(4) SVOA
(5) SVOC
(6) SVOO
(7) SV
2. What can function as adverbials?
= What can adverbials are realized by?
- Adverb phrase: I drive my motocycle fast
- Prepositional pharase: in the morning
- Noun phrase: he repaired my bike yesterday
- Finite clause: you can do it whenever you want
- Non-finite clause: stolen money, I was very sad
- Verbless clause: too tired, he still does his homework
Lecture 11: Complex Sentence
1. Structural classification of dependent clauses in a complex sentence? Give
examples.
- Dependent clauses can refer to the subject (who, which), the
consequence/time (since, while), or the casual elements (because,if) of
the independent clause
Eg: although she completed her literature review, she still needed to work
on her methods section
They studied APA rules for so many hours as they were so interesting
2. Make a distinction between a complex sentence and a compound
sentence. Give examples.
A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and at least one
dependent clause. While a compound sentence contains at least two
independent clause
Eg:
- Compound sentence: she completed her literature review, and she
created her reference list
- Complex sentence: because he organized his sources by theme, it was
easier for his reader to follow
3. What function Nominal That-clause can have in sentences? Give
examples.
- S: That he is an exellent doctor is true
- Od: They suppose that we will marry
- Cs: The matter is that she didn’t like him
- App: my dream, that I want to become a doctor, has not come true yet
- Cadj: It’s important that she must be here on time
4. What function Nominal Wh-interrogative clause can have in sentences?
Give examples.
- S: where they celebrated her birthday is a secret
- Od: I don’t know who won the lottery
- Cs: the mystery is what she is doing
- App: the issue, where she come from, still makes people confused
- Cadj: I am not quite sure when the fever began
- Cprep: I am concerned about how much all this will cost
5. Nominal Relative clause
- S: what I want is money
- Od: you need to prepare whatever you bring
- Oi: she gives whoever she met a congratulation
- Cs: school is where we learn
- Co: you can call me whatever you wnat
- App: thell me your nickname, that is, what your friends often call you
- Cprep: I’m interested in what they are doing
6. Nominal To-infinitive clause?
- S: To be neutral in this conflict is out of question.
- Od: He likes to relax
- Cs: the minister’s first duty will be to stop inflation
- App: Your ambition, to become a singer, requires motivation
- Cadj: I was very glad to help in this way
7. Nominal –ing clause?
- S: Watching TV is my hobby
- Od: My boyfriend enjoys playing soccer
- Cs: Her first job was selling computers
- App: my dream, becoming a photographer, has come true soon
- Cprep: I am tired of being treated like that
- Cadj: They are busy doing homework.
