COURSE TITLE: COMPUTER NETWORKS
COURSE CODE: CSC 322
TASK: ASSIGNMENT 1
GROUP MEMBERS
STEPHEN MULANDA COM/0516/07
MOFFAT KIRIMI COM/0010/08
NELSON KIMATHI COM/0009/08
SUBNET
A subnetwork, or subnet, is a logically visible subdivision of an IP network. The practice of dividing
a network into subnetworks is called subnetting.
DESIGN
All computers that belong to a subnet are addressed with a common, identical, most-significant bitgroup in their IP address. This results in the logical division of an IP address into two fields, a network
or routing prefix and the rest field. The rest field is a specific identifier for the computer or the network
interface.
The routing prefix is expressed in Classless Inter-domain Routing notation. It is written as the first
address of a network followed by the bit-length of the prefix, separated by a slash (/) character. IP
addresses are assigned to organizations in blocks. Each block belongs to one of three classes: class A,
class B, or class C. The class of an IP address is determined by the value in its first octet.
The default subnet mask for a class A network is 255.0.0.0. High bits, ones, indicate the bits that are
part of the network field of the IP address. The default subnet mask does not create subnets. Therefore,
a class A network with the default subnet mask is one network. The three octets that are unassigned and
unmasked are part of the host field of the address. There is a total of 24 bits in those three octets. Each
bit can be in one of two states. Therefore, 2^24 is the number of host addresses that can be assigned on
that network. Two addresses are reserved on every network, x.x.x.0 and x.x.x.255. So the total number
of hosts possible on this network is 2^24. 2^24-2=16,777,214 hosts for a class A IP network.
The default subnet mask for a class B is 255.255.0.0. One network, two octets free, 16 bits for the host
address field. 2^16-2=65,534 possible host addresses on a class B IP network. When a class B license
is granted, the first two octets are assigned.
The default subnet mask for a class C is 255.255.255.0. Once octet makes up the host address field.
EXAMPLE IMPLEMENTATION OF SUBNETTING FOR A CLASS B NETWORK:
When allocated an IP address like 130.16.0.0 for our network which we wish to subnet into 13 subnets
which are scalable for future expansion, we can devise an IP subnet plan stating the network, first
host, last host and broadcast IP addresses for each subnet together with the subnet masks.
The plan can be accomplished by following the below implementation strategy:
1. Calculate required number of bits to borrow for subnetting
130 is a class B address so we can borrow from 2 to 14 bits
4 bits borrowed give us (24-2 ) = 14 subnets (not much room for expansion)
5 bits borrowed give us (25-2 ) = 30 subnets (plenty room for expansion)
So we choose to borrow 5 bits for the host part of the class B address.
This leaves 11 bits for hosts = 211-2 hosts = 2046 hosts per subnet (all 0s and all 1s cannot be used)
2. Calculate the subnet mask
Subnet mask has all 1s in the network + subnet part of the address.
Hence 11111111 11111111 11111000 00000000
= 255.255.248.0
3. Calculate all subnet network addresses
(in the 5 bits we have borrowed we count up sequentially from 00001 to 11110 (all 0s and all 1s
cannot be used)
NB All 0s in the host part refer to the subnet itself.
1st subnet
= 130.16.00001 000.00000000
= 130.16.8.0
nd
2 subnet
= 130.16.00010 000.00000000
= 130.16.16.0
3rd subnet
= 130.16.00011 000.00000000
= 130.16.24.0
4th subnet
= 130.16.00100 000.00000000
= 130.16.32.0
th
5 subnet
= 130.16.00101 000.00000000
= 130.16.40.0
6th subnet
= 130.16.00110 000.00000000
= 130.16.48.0
7th subnet
= 130.16.00111 000.00000000
= 130.16.56.0
th
8 subnet
= 130.16.01000 000.00000000
= 130.16.64.0
9th subnet
= 130.16.01001 000.00000000
= 130.16.72.0
th
10 subnet
= 130.16.01010 000.00000000
= 130.16.80.0
11th subnet
= 130.16.01011 000.00000000
= 130.16.88.0
12th subnet
= 130.16.01100 000.00000000
= 130.16.96.0
th
13 subnet
= 130.16.01101 000.00000000
= 130.16.104.0
14th subnet
= 130.16.01110 000.00000000
= 130.16.112.0
15th subnet
= 130.16.01111 000.00000000
= 130.16.120.0
th
16 subnet
= 130.16.10000 000.00000000
= 130.16.128.0
17th subnet
= 130.16.10001 000.00000000
= 130.16.136.0
18th subnet
= 130.16.10010 000.00000000
= 130.16.144.0
th
19 subnet
= 130.16.10011 000.00000000
= 130.16.152.0
20th subnet
= 130.16.10100 000.00000000
= 130.16.160.0
th
21 subnet
= 130.16.10101 000.00000000
= 130.16.168.0
22th subnet
= 130.16.10110 000.00000000
= 130.16.176.0
23th subnet
= 130.16.10111 000.00000000
= 130.16.184.0
th
24 subnet
= 130.16.11000 000.00000000
= 130.16.192.0
25th subnet
= 130.16.11001 000.00000000
= 130.16.200.0
26th subnet
= 130.16.11010 000.00000000
= 130.16.208.0
th
27 subnet
= 130.16.11011 000.00000000
= 130.16.216.0
28th subnet
= 130.16.11100 000.00000000
= 130.16.224.0
29th subnet
= 130.16.11101 000.00000000
= 130.16.232.0
th
30 subnet
= 130.16.11110 000.00000000
= 130.16.240.0
4. Calculate all address of the first host, last host and broadcast on each subnet.
First host is 1 in the host ID field (11 bits) = 000 00000001
Last host is 1 less than all 1s in the host ID field (11 bits) = 111 11111110
Broadcast is all 1s in the host ID field (11 bits) = 111 11111111
1st subnet
First Host
Last Host
Broadcast
=130.16.00001 000.00000000
=130.16.00001 000.00000001
=130.16.00001 111.11111110
=130.16.00001 111.11111111
= 130.16.8.0
= 130.16.8.1
= 130.16.15.254
= 130.16.15.255
2nd subnet
First Host
Last Host
Broadcast
=130.16.00010 000.00000000
=130.16.00010 000.00000001
=130.16.00010 111.11111110
=130.16.00010 111.11111111
= 130.16.16.0
= 130.16.16.1
= 130.16.23.254
= 130.16.23.255
3rd subnet
First Host
Last Host
Broadcast
=130.16.00011 000.00000000
=130.16.00011 000.00000001
=130.16.00011 111.11111110
=130.16.00011 111.11111111
= 130.16.24.0
= 130.16.24.1
= 130.16.31.254
= 130.16.31.255
4th subnet
First Host
Last Host
Broadcast
=130.16.00100 000.00000000
=130.16.00100 000.00000001
=130.16.00100 111.11111110
=130.16.00100 111.11111111
= 130.16.32.0
= 130.16.32.1
= 130.16.39.254
= 130.16.39.255
5th subnet
First Host
Last Host
Broadcast
=130.16.00101 000.00000000
=130.16.00101 000.00000001
=130.16.00101 111.11111110
=130.16.00101 111.11111111
= 130.16.40.0
= 130.16.40.1
= 130.16.47.254
= 130.16.47.255
6th subnet
First Host
Last Host
Broadcast
=130.16.00110 000.00000000
=130.16.00110 000.00000001
=130.16.00110 111.11111110
=130.16.00110 111.11111111
= 130.16.48.0
= 130.16.48.1
= 130.16.55.254
= 130.16.55.255
7th subnet
First Host
Last Host
Broadcast
=130.16.00111 000.00000000
=130.16.00111 000.00000001
=130.16.00111 111.11111110
=130.16.00111 111.11111111
= 130.16.56.0
= 130.16.56.1
= 130.16.63.254
= 130.16.63.255
8th subnet
First Host
Last Host
Broadcast
=130.16.01000 000.00000000
=130.16.01000 000.00000001
=130.16.01000 111.11111110
=130.16.01000 111.11111111
= 130.16.64.0
= 130.16.64.1
= 130.16.71254
= 130.16.71.255
9th subnet
First Host
Last Host
Broadcast
=130.16.01001 000.00000000
=130.16.01001 000.00000001
=130.16.01001 111.11111110
=130.16.01001 111.11111111
= 130.16.72.0
= 130.16.72.1
= 130.16.79.254
= 130.16.79.255
10th subnet
First Host
Last Host
Broadcast
=130.16.01010 000.00000000
=130.16.01010 000.00000001
=130.16.01010 111.11111110
=130.16.01010 111.11111111
= 130.16.80.0
= 130.16.80.1
= 130.16.87.254
= 130.16.87.255
11th subnet
First Host
Last Host
Broadcast
=130.16.01011 000.00000000
=130.16.01011 000.00000001
=130.16.01011 111.11111110
=130.16.01011 111.11111111
= 130.16.88.0
= 130.16.88.1
= 130.16.95.254
= 130.16.95.255
12th subnet
First Host
Last Host
Broadcast
=130.16.01100 000.00000000
=130.16.01100 000.00000001
=130.16.01100 111.11111110
=130.16.01100 111.11111111
= 130.16.96.0
= 130.16.96.1
= 130.16.103.254
= 130.16.103.255
13th subnet
First Host
Last Host
Broadcast
=130.16.01101 000.00000000
=130.16.01101 000.00000001
=130.16.01101 111.11111110
=130.16.01101 111.11111111
= 130.16.104.0
= 130.16.104.1
= 130.16.111.254
= 130.16.111.255
14th subnet
First Host
Last Host
Broadcast
=130.16.01110 000.00000000
=130.16.01110 000.00000001
=130.16.01110 111.11111110
=130.16.01110 111.11111111
= 130.16.112.0
= 130.16.112.1
= 130.16.119.254
= 130.16.119.255
15th subnet
First Host
Last Host
Broadcast
=130.16.01111 000.00000000
=130.16.01111 000.00000001
=130.16.01111 111.11111110
=130.16.01111 111.11111111
= 130.16.120.0
= 130.16.120.1
= 130.16.127.254
= 130.16.127.255
16th subnet
First Host
Last Host
Broadcast
=130.16.10000 000.00000000
=130.16.10000 000.00000001
=130.16.10000 111.11111110
=130.16.10000 111.11111111
= 130.16.128.0
= 130.16.128.1
= 130.16.135.254
= 130.16.135.255
17th subnet
First Host
Last Host
Broadcast
=130.16.10001 000.00000000
=130.16.10001 000.00000001
=130.16.10001 111.11111110
=130.16.10001 111.11111111
= 130.16.136.0
= 130.16.136.1
= 130.16.143.254
= 130.16.143.255
18th subnet
First Host
Last Host
Broadcast
=130.16.10010 000.00000000
=130.16.10010 000.00000001
=130.16.10010 111.11111110
=130.16.10010 111.11111111
= 130.16.144.0
= 130.16.144.1
= 130.16.151.254
= 130.16.151.255
19th subnet
First Host
Last Host
Broadcast
=130.16.10011 000.00000000
=130.16.10011 000.00000001
=130.16.10011 111.11111110
=130.16.10011 111.11111111
= 130.16.152.0
= 130.16.152.1
= 130.16.159.254
= 130.16.159.255
20th subnet
First Host
Last Host
Broadcast
=130.16.10100 000.00000000
=130.16.10100 000.00000001
=130.16.10100 111.11111110
=130.16.10100 111.11111111
= 130.16.160.0
= 130.16.160.1
= 130.16.167.254
= 130.16.167.255
21th subnet
First Host
Last Host
Broadcast
=130.16.10101 000.00000000
=130.16.10101 000.00000001
=130.16.10101 111.11111110
=130.16.10101 111.11111111
= 130.16.168.0
= 130.16.168.1
= 130.16.175.254
= 130.16.175.255
22th subnet
First Host
Last Host
Broadcast
=130.16.10110 000.00000000
=130.16.10110 000.00000001
=130.16.10110 111.11111110
=130.16.10110 111.11111111
= 130.16.176.0
= 130.16.176.1
= 130.16.183.254
= 130.16.183.255
23th subnet
First Host
Last Host
Broadcast
=130.16.10111 000.00000000
=130.16.10111 000.00000001
=130.16.10111 111.11111110
=130.16.10111 111.11111111
= 130.16.184.0
= 130.16.184.1
= 130.16.191.254
= 130.16.191.255
24th subnet
First Host
Last Host
Broadcast
=130.16.11000 000.00000000
=130.16.11000 000.00000001
=130.16.11000 111.11111110
=130.16.11000 111.11111111
= 130.16.192.0
= 130.16.192.1
= 130.16.199.254
= 130.16.199.255
25th subnet
First Host
Last Host
Broadcast
=130.16.11001 000.00000000
=130.16.11001 000.00000001
=130.16.11001 111.11111110
=130.16.11001 111.11111111
= 130.16.200.0
= 130.16.200.1
= 130.16.207.254
= 130.16.207.255
26th subnet
First Host
Last Host
Broadcast
=130.16.11010 000.00000000
=130.16.11010 000.00000001
=130.16.11010 111.11111110
=130.16.11010 111.11111111
= 130.16.208.0
= 130.16.208.1
= 130.16.215.254
= 130.16.215.255
27th subnet
First Host
Last Host
Broadcast
=130.16.11011 000.00000000
=130.16.11011 000.00000001
=130.16.11011 111.11111110
=130.16.11011 111.11111111
= 130.16.216.0
= 130.16.216.1
= 130.16.223.254
= 130.16.223.255
28th subnet
First Host
Last Host
Broadcast
=130.16.11100 000.00000000
=130.16.11100 000.00000001
=130.16.11100 111.11111110
=130.16.11100 111.11111111
= 130.16.224.0
= 130.16.224.1
= 130.16.231.254
= 130.16.231.255
29th subnet
First Host
Last Host
Broadcast
=130.16.11101 000.00000000
=130.16.11101 000.00000001
=130.16.11101 111.11111110
=130.16.11101 111.11111111
= 130.16.232.0
= 130.16.232.1
= 130.16.239.254
= 130.16.239.255
30th subnet
First Host
Last Host
Broadcast
=130.16.11110 000.00000000
=130.16.11110 000.00000001
=130.16.11110 111.11111110
=130.16.11110 111.11111111
= 130.16.240.0
= 130.16.240.1
= 130.16.247.254
= 130.16.247.255
BENEFITS OF SUBNETTING
1. Reduced network traffic
2. Simplified management
3. Smaller broadcast domains
Reference:
Classful IP subnet calculations by Josh Gentry, jgentry@swcp.com v.1.2, 07 September, 2005
Subnetting Examples document created by Jeremy D. Cioara
MCSE Guide to Microsoft Windows 2000 Networking Certification Edition, written by Kelly
Caudle, Walter J. Glenn, and James Michael Stewart; published by Course Technology
Subnetting, http://www.wikipedia.com/computerscience%networking%subnetting
