" ReroTitol oa EN ae) dodive \ hom yy diver yy by Earth's Landforms are a shaped by influenced by tector generate >| tectonic forces processes may be © compressive © tensional © shearing 1. Describe where Earth’s internal heat comes from. 2. Cite evidences to support continental drift. 3. Give the distinguishing features of the different plate boundaries. 4, Explain how the seafloor spreads, 5. Describe the evolution of ocean basins. 6 Describe how the rocks behave under diferent types of sess, such as compression, pulling apart, cand shearing, 7. Describe how magma is formed (magnetism). 8. Devise ways to facilitate own learning. 9. Display scientific values and attitudes. Chapter 6 Endogenic Processes © 105Recta don ay) 1s of rock deformation. Using a diagram, describe the three different ia ress, ond shearing Differentiate the following: tensional stress, comPr and reverse foult Using a Venn diagram, compare and contrast normal fault an‘ How is dip-slip fault different from strike-slip faul® shan! ific plate. Using a diagram, show normal fault between Philippine plate and Paciie P PP rw 6.3 Volcanism Volcanism is one of the endogenic processes: Ie is a phenomenon is from Earth's interior onto the surface through volcanoes: ; ‘on the crust. The vent is like a chimney; it is where magma, ter. The large, almost circular referred to as crat saldera. Crater lakes sometimes n which materials are erupted A voleano is a vent or a series of vents ash, and gases are released. The mouth of che vent is i depression formed either by the collapse or explosion of the volcano is form in these calderas. Volcanism and Tectonics Look ae the figure below. Try to infer the relat you notice that active volcanoes lie along subduction zones? cionship between volcanic activity and tectonics. Do Eurasian plate Eurasian plote = North-American plate Son Andreas fault yw! ze Nvideatonie iran plate Pacific plate agynnne ridge \Arabicr>" : Altican plate 368 INdo-Atlantic ridge ridge Antarctic plate Antarctic plate Figure 6-15. How are volcanic activities related fo the subduction zones? 114. © You and the Natural World—Earth and Life ScienceAbout 70% of Barth's volcanic activity occurs along a circle of subduction zones in the Pacific Ocean. It is called the"ring of five.” Another belt of volcanic activity lies near the convergent margin of the African plate, It covers the area of southern Europe through the Middle Base, Volcanic activity is also detected along the Aus plate boundary and is concentrated beneath the ocean, Volcanoes locared along the divergent plate margins include those in the Bast African rife valleys and chose along the m provinces in Western United States. ins of the basin and range Magma and Other Volcanic Materials As you drill into the crust, the temperature rises 30°C for every kilometer of depth. In the upper mantle, between depths of 100 and 350 km, the temperacure is high enough to melt large amounts of rock materials, creating magma. At this depth lies che asthenosphete, a layer that is characterized by a weak, soft, and plastic rock, Magma does not form everywhere. Ie forms in three particular environments: subduction zones, divergent zones, and hot spots or mantle plumes. ocean ridge fas “con verging margin) volcano Econvection.current Figure 6-16. Magma from the melton core goes tothe erst through subdlcton zones, divergent zones, and hot spol. Magma production at the subduction zone occurs due to the following conditions: 1. Increased temperature due to friction — Friction heats rocks as one plate moves downward. The additional heat contributes to melting. 2. Addition of water to the asthenosphere — A subducting plate is covered by oceanic crust which is soaked in seawater. As the soaked oceanic crust dives into the mantle, the water boils to generate steam. The temperature increases with depth. Steam rises, adding water to the hot asthenosphere directly above the subducting plate. The addition of hot water melts portions of the asthenosphere, forming large quantities of magma. 3. Pressure-relief melting - Melting due to pressure relief happens when rocks in the asthenosphere flow upward as a subconducting plate descends. Chapter 6 Endogenic Processes * 115alte and therefore, id produce erin silica chan b is explo the eruption is €xP! ic, ten lagna generated at the subduction zones is andesit i se of —cnuneeeief meleing, Ie is associated rated by Presse erated at divergent zones jg Magma productio e divergent pl er ‘gma production at the divergent pla the gap. Magma gene With spreading —as hot asthenoyphere oozes up to fil basalt place boundaries is called ho it rises to lower The third environment in which magma forms but is begins eo melt as Spots or mantle plumes, These are columns of rising mantle material chat beg through to form a volcano, Pressure or shallower depths. If the lithosphere is weak, the magma breaks sand volcanic islands. An Tf mantle plume rises beneath the sea, eruptions build submarine voleanoes example of volcanic islands is the Hawaiian Islands. ‘hs, giving rise to magma Sometimes, the magma does not reach the surface. Ie cools at various dept ‘ 7 ‘i bs leanity. I the bodies called pluton or intrusive igneous rock. The phenomenon is known as intr eee magmatic bodies ae expelled onto the surface, the phenomenon is called extras pecan thar solidifies at che surface (lava) is called extrusive igneous rocks with distinctive defining . jected. When a volcano erupts, three states of macter—solid, liquid, and gas—are ejecte Gases Volcanic eruption emits a variety of gases. In addition to water vapor and carbon dioxide, toxic gases, such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide, hydrochloric acid are emirced, Gases sometimes react with the lava on the walls of rocks to form brightly colored sublimates. Liquid (Lava) Lava refers to magma that flows out of Earth's surface. Its temperature may be from 500°C to over 140°C. Because of ie high temperature, Figure 617, During vleanic enon, goes, suchas CO, combustible materials like houses, trees, and gases SO, H,S, F, ond HF are ‘ejected, burn when engulfed by lava. As it cools, it darkens in color and forms frothy crust. Lava consists of mixcures of oxides, generally silicon dioxide (SiO,). Depending on che percentage of SiO, lava may be classified as: 1. Granitic — SiO, content is greater than 66%. 2. Intermediate — SiO, content is between 56% to 60%. 3. Basaltic — SiO, content is less han 52%. Viscosity, which is resistance to flow, is affected by the composition of the lava. Granitic lava is more viscous, Ie solidifies within the erust before reaching the surface, resulting in explosive eruptions, On | 116 © You and the Natural World—Earth and life Sciencethe other hand, basaltic lava is less viscous and flows rapidly co a known as andesite has varyi Because of its fluidiey, ie ris uupe at the sur rypes of eruption. Solids “The solid particles chrown out in volcanic eruption are known as pyroclastics (fite-broken fragments). Depending on the size and shape, they may be named as follows: Figure 6-18. Lava is composed of molien racks which flow during voleanic eruptions. + Volcanic blocks — These are large volcanic rocks with size greater than 32 millimeters (mm) in diameters. They are similar to pumice. + Cinders or lapilli ~ These are medium-sized particles about 4 to 32 mm in diameter. + Volcanic ash — This consists of small particles that are less than 2 mm in diameter. + Volcanic dust ~ This consists of very small particles that are less than 0.25 mm in diameter. 2 is : Figure 6-19. Gray-green clouds of ash, rock, and Figure 6-20. Rain brings mudlow or lahar after smoke were ejected ‘from Mt. Pinatubo in 1991, volcanic eruption. Ash clouds may cause rains that bring about mudflow called labar. Mudflows behave like wet concrete. They move downhill and bury everything in their path. Flooding due to lahar was the major cause of damage in the province of Pampanga when Mt, Pinatubo erupted in 1991, Another kind of pyroplastic outburst is nuee ardente, a French term for “growing clouds.” It is a mixture of hot gases and fine ash which is denser than air and therefore flows down the slope of volcanoes. Because the ash flow is very hot, it burns everything in its path, At night, it glows brightly because of its high temperature. ‘The ash flow has released most of its gases when it Figure 6-21. Why is nuee ardente destructive? stops flowing, It leaves behind a mixture of volcanic ash and rock fragments. The rock formed is called ash-flow tuff. Tuff is ash compacted into rock. Chapter 6 Endogenic Processes * 117