100+ Networking Interview Questions and Answers (2022) https://www.guru99.com/networking-interview-questions.

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1 0 0 + N e t w o r k i n g I n te r v i e w Q u e st i o n s a n d
Answers (2022)
By Lawrence Williams Updated September 6, 2022

Here are Networking interview questions

and answers for fresher as well as
experienced candidates to get their dream
job.

1 ) W h at i s a L i n k?
A link refers to the connectivity between
two devices. It includes the type of cables
and protocols used for one device to be
able to communicate with the other.

2 ) W h at a r e t h e l a y e r s o f t h e O S I r e f e r e n ce m o d e l ?
There are 7 OSI layers: 1) Physical Layer, 2) Data Link Layer, 3) Network Layer, 4) Transport
Layer, 5) Session Layer, 6) Presentation Layer, and 7) Application Layer.

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3 ) W h at i s t h e ba c k b o n e n et w o r k?
A backbone network is a centralized infrastructure that is designed to distribute di�erent
routes and data to various networks. It also handles the management of bandwidth and
multiple channels.

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4 ) W h at i s a L A N ?

LAN network

LAN stands for Local Area Network. It refers to the connection between computers and
other network devices that are located within a small physical location.

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5 ) W h at i s a n o d e?
A node refers to a point or joint where a connection takes place. It can be a computer or
device that is part of a network. Two or more nodes are needed to form a network
connection.

6 ) W h at a re ro u te r s?

Router

Routers can connect two or more network segments. These are intelligent network
devices that store information in its routing tables, such as paths, hops, and bottlenecks.
With this info, they can determine the best path for data transfer. Routers operate at the
OSI Network Layer.

7 ) W h at i s a p o i n t to p o i n t l i n k?
It refers to a direct connection between two computers on a network. A point to point
connection does not need any other network devices other than connecting a cable to the
NIC cards of both computers.

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8 ) W h at i s a n o n y m o u s F T P ?
Anonymous FTP is a way of granting user access to files in public servers. Users that are
allowed access to data in these servers do not need to identify themselves, but instead,
log in as an anonymous guest.

9 ) W h at i s a s u b n et m a s k?
A subnet mask is combined with an IP address to identify two parts: the extended network
address and the host address. Like an IP address, a subnet mask is made up of 32 bits.

1 0 ) W h at i s t h e m a x i m u m l e n g t h a l l o w e d fo r a U T P ca b l e?
A single segment of UTP cable has an allowable length of 90 to 100 meters. This limitation
can be overcome by using repeaters and switches.

1 1 ) W h at i s d a ta e n c a p s u l a t i o n ?
Data encapsulation is the process of breaking down information into smaller, manageable
chunks before it is transmitted across the network. In this process that the source and
destination addresses are attached to the headers, along with parity checks.

1 2 ) D e s c r i b e N e t w o r k To p o l o g y
Network Topology refers to the layout of a computer network. It shows how devices and
cables are physically laid out, as well as how they connect.

1 3 ) W h at i s a V P N ?

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1 3 ) W h at i s a V P N ?
VPN means Virtual Private Network, a technology that allows a secure tunnel to be
created across a network such as the Internet. For example, VPNs allow you to establish a
secure dial-up connection to a remote server.

1 4 ) B r i e f l y d e s c r i b e N AT
NAT is Network Address Translation. This is a protocol that provides a way for multiple
computers on a common network to share a single connection to the Internet.

1 5 ) W h at i s t h e j o b o f t h e N e t w o r k L a y e r u n d e r t h e O S I r e f e r e n ce
model?
The Network layer is responsible for data routing, packet switching, and control of
network congestion. Routers operate under this layer.

1 6 ) H o w d o e s a n et w o r k to p o l o g y a �e ct y o u r d e c i s i o n to s et a
n et wo r k?
Network topology dictates what media you must use to interconnect devices. It also
serves as a basis on what materials, connectors, and terminations that is applicable for
the setup.

1 7 ) W h at i s R I P ?
RIP, short for Routing Information Protocol is used by routers to send data from one
network to another. It e�iciently manages routing data by broadcasting its routing table
to all other routers within the network. It determines the network distance in units of
hops.

1 8 ) W h at a r e t h e d i � e r e n t w a y s o f s e c u r i n g a co m p u te r n e t w o r k ?
There are several ways to do this. Install a reliable and updated anti-virus program on all
computers. Make sure firewalls are setup and configured correctly. User authentication
will also help a lot. All these combined would make a highly secured network.

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will also help a lot. All these combined would make a highly secured network.

1 9 ) W h at i s N I C ?
NIC is short for Network Interface Card. This is a peripheral card that is attached to a PC in
order to connect to a network. Every NIC has its own MAC address that identifies the PC
on the network.

2 0 ) W h at i s W A N ?

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WAN network

WAN stands for Wide Area Network. It is an interconnection of computers and devices that
are geographically dispersed. It connects networks that are located in di�erent regions
and countries.

2 1 ) W h at i s t h e i m p o r ta n ce o f t h e O S I P h y s i c a l L a y e r ?
The physical layer does the conversion from data bits to the electrical signal, and vice
versa. This is where network devices and cable types are considered and setup.

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2 2 ) H o w m a n y l a y e r s a r e t h e r e u n d e r TC P/ I P ?
There are four layers: 1) The Network Layer, 2) Internet Layer, 3) Transport Layer, and 4)
Application Layer.

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TCP/IP Layers

2 3 ) W h at a r e p r ox y s e r v e r s , a n d h o w d o t h e y p r ot e c t co m p u te r
n et wo r k s?
Proxy servers primarily prevent external users who are identifying the IP addresses of an
internal network. Without knowledge of the correct IP address, even the physical location
of the network cannot be identified. Proxy servers can make a network virtually invisible
to external users.

2 4 ) W h at i s t h e f u n ct i o n o f t h e O S I S e s s i o n L a y e r ?
This layer provides the protocols and means for two devices on the network to
communicate with each other by holding a session. This includes setting up the session,
managing information exchange during the session, and tear-down process upon
termination of the session.

2 5 ) W h a t i s t h e i m p o r ta n ce o f i m p l e m e n t i n g a Fa u l t To l e ra n ce
S y ste m ?
A fault tolerance system ensures continuous data availability. This is done by eliminating

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A fault tolerance system ensures continuous data availability. This is done by eliminating
a single point of failure.

2 6 ) W h a t d o e s 1 0 B a s e -T m e a n ?
The 10 refers to the data transfer rate. In this case, it is 10Mbps. The word Base refers to
baseband, as opposed to broadband.

2 7 ) W h at i s a p r i vate I P a d d r e s s?
Private IP addresses are assigned for use on intranets. These addresses are used for
internal networks and are not routable on external public networks. These ensure that no
conflicts are present among internal networks. At the same time, the same range of
private IP addresses is reusable for multiple intranets since they do not “see” each other.

2 8 ) W h at i s N O S ?
NOS, or Network Operating System, is specialized so�ware. The main task of this so�ware
is to provide network connectivity to a computer in order to communicate with other
computers and connected devices.

2 9 ) W h at i s D o S ?
DoS, or Denial-of-Service attack, is an attempt to prevent users from being able to access

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DoS, or Denial-of-Service attack, is an attempt to prevent users from being able to access
the Internet or any other network services. Such attacks may come in di�erent forms and
are done by a group of perpetrators. One common method of doing this is to overload the
system server so it cannot anymore process legitimate tra�ic and will be forced to reset.

3 0 ) W h at i s O S I , a n d w h at r o l e d o e s i t p l a y i n co m p u te r n e t w o r k s ?
OSI (Open Systems Interconnect) serves as a reference model for data communication. It
is made up of 7 layers, with each layer defining a particular aspect of how network devices
connect and communicate with one another. One layer may deal with the physical media
used, while another layer dictates how data is transmitted across the network.

3 1 ) W h at i s t h e p u r p o s e o f ca b l e s b e i n g s h i e l d e d a n d h a v i n g
t w i ste d pa i r s ?
The primary purpose of this is to prevent crosstalk. Crosstalk’s are electromagnetic
interferences or noise that can a�ect data being transmitted across cables.

3 2 ) W h a t i s t h e a d v a n t a g e o f a d d r e s s s h a r i n g?
By using address translation instead of routing, address sharing provides an inherent
security benefit. That’s because host PCs on the Internet can only see the public IP
address of the external interface on the computer. Instead, it provides address translation
and not the private IP addresses on the internal network.

3 3 ) W h at a re M AC a d d re s s e s?
MAC, or Media Access Control, uniquely identifies a device on the network. It is also
known as a physical address or an Ethernet address. A MAC address is made up of 6-byte
parts.

3 4 ) W h a t i s t h e e q u i va l e n t l a y e r o r l a y e r s o f t h e TC P/ I P A p p l i c a t i o n
l a y e r i n te r m s o f t h e O S I r e f e r e n ce m o d e l ?
The TCP/IP Application layer has three counterparts on the OSI model: 1) Session Layer, 2)
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The TCP/IP Application layer has three counterparts on the OSI model: 1) Session Layer, 2)
Presentation Layer, and 3) Application Layer.

3 5 ) H ow ca n yo u i d e n t i f y t h e I P c l a s s o f a g i ve n I P a d d re s s?
By looking at the first octet of any given IP address, you can identify whether it’s Class A,
B, or C. If the first octet begins with a 0 bit, that address is Class A. If it begins with bits 10
then that address is a Class B address. If it begins with 110, then it’s a Class C network.

3 6 ) W h at i s t h e m a i n p u r p o s e o f O S P F ?
OSPF, or Open Shortest Path First, is a link-state routing protocol that uses routing tables
to determine the best possible path for data exchange.

3 7 ) W h at a re f i re wa l l s?
Firewalls serve to protect an internal network from external attacks. These external
threats can be hackers who want to steal data or computer viruses that can wipe out data
in an instant. It also prevents other users from external networks from gaining access to
the private network.

3 8 ) D e s c r i b e sta r t o p o l o g y
Star topology consists of a central hub that connects to nodes. This is one of the easiest to
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Star topology consists of a central hub that connects to nodes. This is one of the easiest to
set up and maintain.

Star Topology

Advantages:

Here are pros/benefits of start topology:

• Easy to troubleshoot, set up, and modify.

• Only those nodes are a�ected, that has failed. Other nodes still work.
• Fast performance with few nodes and very low network tra�ic.
• In Star topology, addition, deletion, and moving of the devices are easy.

Disadvantages:

Here are cons/drawbacks of using Star:

• If the Hub or concentrator fails, attached nodes are disabled.

• The cost of installation of star topology is costly.
• Heavy network tra�ic can sometimes slow the bus considerably.
• Performance depends on the Hub’s capacity

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• Performance depends on the Hub’s capacity

• A damaged cable or lack of proper termination may bring the network down.

3 9 ) W h at a re gate wa y s?
Gateways provide connectivity between two or more network segments. It is usually a
computer that runs the gateway so�ware and provides translation services. This
translation is key in allowing di�erent systems to communicate on the network.

4 0 ) W h at i s t h e d i s a d va n ta ge o f a sta r t o p o l o g y ?
One major disadvantage of star topology is that once the central Hub or switch gets
damaged, the entire network becomes unusable.

4 1 ) W h at i s S L I P ?
SLIP, or Serial Line Interface Protocol, is an old protocol developed during the early UNIX
days. This is one of the protocols that are used for remote access.

4 2 ) G i v e s o m e e x a m p l e s o f p r i vate n e t w o r k a d d r e s s e s .
10.0.0.0 with a subnet mask of 255.0.0.0172.16.0.0 with subnet mask of
255.240.0.0192.168.0.0 with subnet mask of 255.255.0.0

4 3 ) W h a t i s t ra ce r t?
Tracert is a Windows utility program that can use to trace the route taken by data from the
router to the destination network. It also shows the number of hops taken during the
entire transmission route.

4 4 ) W h a t a r e t h e f u n c t i o n s o f a n e t w o r k a d m i n i st ra t o r ?
A network administrator has many responsibilities that can be summarized into 3 key
functions: installation of a network, a configuration of network settings, and

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maintenance/troubleshooting of networks.

4 5 ) W h at i s t h e m a i n d i s a d va n ta ge o f a p e e r to p e e r n e t w o r k ?
Accessing the resources that are shared by one of the workstations on the network takes a
performance hit.

4 6 ) W h at i s a H y b r i d N et w o r k?
A hybrid network is a network setup that makes use of both client-server and peer-to-peer
architecture.

4 7 ) W h at i s D H C P ?
DHCP is short for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. Its main task is to assign an IP
address to devices across the network automatically. It first checks for the next available
address not yet taken by any device, then assigns this to a network device.

4 8 ) W h at i s t h e m a i n j o b o f t h e A R P ?
The main task of the ARP or Address Resolution Protocol is to map a known IP address to
a MAC layer address.

4 9 ) W h a t i s TC P/ I P ?
TCP/IP is short for Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol. This is a set of
protocol layers that is designed to make data exchange possible on di�erent types of
computer networks, also known as a heterogeneous network.

5 0 ) H ow ca n yo u m a n a ge a n et wo r k u s i n g a ro u te r ?
Routers have a built-in console that lets you configure di�erent settings, like security and
data logging. You can assign restrictions to computers, such as what resources it is
allowed access or what particular time of the day, they can browse the Internet. You can
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allowed access or what particular time of the day, they can browse the Internet. You can
even put restrictions on what websites are not viewable across the entire network.

5 1 ) W h a t p r o t o co l c a n b e a p p l i e d w h e n y o u w a n t t o t ra n s f e r f i l e s
b e t w e e n d i � e r e n t p l at f o r m s , s u c h a s U N I X s y ste m s a n d W i n d o w s
s e r ve rs?
Use FTP (File Transfer Protocol) for file transfers between such di�erent servers. This is
possible because FTP is platform-independent.

5 2 ) W h at i s t h e u s e o f a d e fa u l t gate w a y ?
Default gateways provide means for the local networks to connect to the external
network. The default gateway for connecting to the external network is usually the
address of the external router port.

5 3 ) W h at c a n b e co n s i d e r e d a s go o d pa s s w o r d s ?
Good passwords are made up of not just letters, but by combining letters and numbers. A
password that combines uppercase and lowercase letters is favorable than one that uses
all upper case or all lower-case letters. Passwords must be not words that can easily be
guessed by hackers, such as dates, names, favorites, etc. Longer passwords are also better
than short ones.

5 4 ) W h a t i s t h e p r o p e r t e r m i n a t i o n ra t e f o r U T P c a b l e s ?
The proper termination for unshielded twisted pair network cable is 100 ohms.

5 5 ) W h a t i s n e t sta t?
Netstat is a command-line utility program. It provides useful information about the
current TCP/IP settings of a connection.

5 6 ) W h at i s t h e n u m b e r o f n et w o r k I D s i n a C l a s s C n et wo r k?
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5 6 ) W h at i s t h e n u m b e r o f n et w o r k I D s i n a C l a s s C n et wo r k?
For a Class C network, the number of usable Network ID bits is 21. The number of possible
network IDs is 2 raised to 21 or 2,097,152. The number of host IDs per network ID is 2
raised to 8 minus 2, or 254.

5 7 ) W h at h a p p e n s w h e n y o u u s e ca b l e s l o n ge r t h a n t h e p re s c r i b e d
length?
Cables that are too long would result in signal loss. It means that data transmission and
reception would be a�ected because the signal degrades over length.

5 8 ) W h at co m m o n s o � w a r e p r o b l e m s c a n l ea d t o n e t w o r k d e f e c t s ?
So�ware related problems can be any or a combination of the following:

• Client-server problems
• Application conflicts
• Error in configuration
• Protocol mismatch
• Security issues
• User policy and rights issues

5 9 ) W h at i s I C M P ?
ICMP is an Internet Control Message Protocol. It provides messaging and communication
for protocols within the TCP/IP stack. This is also the protocol that manages error
messages that are used by network tools such as PING.

6 0 ) W h a t i s P i n g?
Ping is a utility program that allows you to check connectivity between network devices
on the network. You can ping a device by using its IP address or device name, such as a
computer name.

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6 1 ) W h at i s p e e r to p e e r ?

P2P Network

Peer to peer (P2P) are networks that do not rely on a server. All PCs on this network act as
individual workstations.

6 2 ) W h at i s D N S ?
DNS is the Domain Name System. The main function of this network service is to provide
host names to TCP/IP address resolution.

6 3 ) W h at a d va n ta ge s d o e s f i b e r o pt i c s h a v e o v e r ot h e r m e d i a ?
One major advantage of fiber optics is that it is less susceptible to electrical interference.
It also supports higher bandwidth, meaning more data can be transmitted and received.
Signal degrading is also very minimal over long distances.

6 4 ) W h at i s t h e d i � e r e n ce b e t w e e n a h u b a n d a s w i tc h ?

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6 4 ) W h at i s t h e d i � e r e n ce b e t w e e n a h u b a n d a s w i tc h ?
Here is the major di�erence between Hub and switch:

Hub S w i tc h

A hub operates on the physical layer. A switch operates on the data link layer.

Hubs perform frame flooding that

It performs broadcast, then the unicast and
can be unicast, multicast, or
multicast as needed.
broadcast.

Just a singular domain of collision is

Varied ports have separate collision domains.
present in a hub.

The transmission mode is Half-

The transmission mode is Full duplex
duplex

Hubs operate as a Layer 1 device per Network switches help you to operate at Layer 2
the OSI model. of the OSI model.

To connect a network of personal

computers should be joined through Allow connecting multiple devices and ports.
a central hub.

Uses electrical signal orbits Uses frame & packet

Does not o�er Spanning-Tree Multiple Spanning-Tree is possible

Collisions occur mostly in setups

No collisions occur in a full-duplex switch.
using hubs.

Hub is a passive device A switch is an active device

Switches use CAM (Content Accessible Memory)

A network hub can’t store MAC
that can be accessed by ASIC (Application
addresses.
Specific Integrated Chips).

Not an intelligent device Intelligent device

Its speed is up to 10 Mbps 10/100 Mbps, 1 Gbps, 10 Gbps

Does not use so�ware Has so�ware for administration

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Does not use so�ware Has so�ware for administration

6 5 ) W h at a r e t h e d i � e r e n t n e t w o r k p r oto co l s t h at a r e s u p p o r te d b y
W i n d o w s R R A S s e r v i ce s ?
There are three main network protocols supported: NetBEUI, TCP/IP, and IPX.

6 6 ) W h at a r e t h e m a x i m u m n e t w o r k s a n d h o st s i n c l a s s A , B , a n d C
n et wo r k?
For Class A, there are 126 possible networks and 16,777,214 hosts. For Class B, there are
16,384 possible networks and 65,534 hosts. For Class C, there are 2,097,152 possible
networks and 254 hosts

6 7 ) W h a t i s t h e sta n d a r d co l o r s e q u e n ce o f a st ra i g h t-t h r o u g h
cab le?
Orange/white, orange, green/white, blue, blue/white, green, brown/white, brown.

6 8 ) W h a t p r ot o co l s fa l l u n d e r t h e A p p l i c a t i o n l a y e r o f t h e TC P/ I P
sta c k ?
The following are the protocols under the TCP/IP Application layer: FTP, TFTP, Telnet, and
SMTP.

6 9 ) Yo u n e e d t o c o n n e c t t w o c o m p u t e r s f o r f i l e s h a r i n g . I s i t
p o s s i b l e to d o t h i s w i t h o u t u s i n g a h u b o r a ro u te r ?
Yes, you can connect two computers, using only one cable. A crossover type cable can be
used in this scenario. In this setup, the data transmit pin of one cable is connected to the
data receive pin of the other cable, and vice versa.

7 0 ) W h a t i s i p c o n f i g?

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7 0 ) W h a t i s i p c o n f i g?
Ipconfig is a utility program that is commonly used to identify the addresses information
of a computer on a network. It can show the physical address as well as the IP address.

7 1 ) W h a t i s t h e d i � e r e n ce b e t w e e n a s t ra i g h t-t h r o u g h a n d
cros sover cab le?
A straight-through cable is used to connect computers to a switch, hub, or router. A
crossover cable is used to connect two similar devices, such as a PC to PC or Hub, to the
Hub.

7 2 ) W h at i s t h e c l i e n t / s e r v e r ?
Client/server is a type of network wherein one or more computers act as servers. Servers
provide a centralized repository of resources such as printers and files. Clients refer to a
workstation that accesses the server.

73) Describe networking.

Networking refers to the interconnection between computers and peripherals for data
communication. Networking can be done using wired cabling or through a wireless link.

7 4 ) W h e n y o u m o v e t h e N I C ca rd s f ro m o n e P C to a n ot h e r P C , d o e s
t h e M A C a d d r e s s g e t s t ra n s f e r r e d a s w e l l ?
Yes, that’s because MAC addresses are hard-wired into the NIC circuitry, not the PC. This
also means that a PC can have a di�erent MAC address when another one replaced the
NIC card.

7 5 ) Ex p l a i n c l u s t e r i n g s u p p o r t
Clustering support refers to the ability of a network operating system to connect multiple
servers in a fault-tolerant group. The main purpose of this is the if one server fails, all
processing will continue with the next server in the cluster.

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7 6 ) W h e r e i s t h e b e st p l a ce t o i n sta l l a n A n t i - v i r u s p r o g ra m ?
An anti-virus program must be installed on all servers and workstations to ensure
protection. That’s because individual users can access any workstation and introduce a
computer virus. You can plug in their removable hard drives or flash drives.

7 7 ) D e s c r i b e Et h e r n e t
.

Ethernet is one of the popular networking technologies used these days. It was developed
during the early 1970s and is based on specifications, as stated in the IEEE. Ethernet is
used in local area networks.

7 8 ) W h a t a r e s o m e d ra w b a c k s o f i m p l e m e n t i n g a r i n g t o p o l o g y ?
In case one workstation on the network su�ers a malfunction, it can bring down the entire
network. Another drawback is that when there are adjustments and reconfigurations
needed to be performed on a particular network, the entire network must be temporarily
brought down.

7 9 ) W h a t i s t h e d i � e r e n ce b e t w e e n CS M A / C D a n d CS M A / C A?
CSMA/CD, or Collision Detect, retransmits data frames whenever a collision occurred.
CSMA/CA, or Collision Avoidance, will first broadcast intent to send prior to data
transmission.

8 0 ) W h at i s S M T P ?
SMTP is short for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. This protocol deals with all internal mail
and provides the necessary mail delivery services on the TCP/IP protocol stack.

8 1 ) W h a t i s m u l t i c a s t r o u t i n g?
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8 1 ) W h a t i s m u l t i c a s t r o u t i n g?
Multicast routing is a targeted form of broadcasting that sends a message to a selected
group of the user instead of sending it to all users on a subnet.

8 2 ) W h at i s t h e i m p o r ta n ce o f E n c r y pt i o n o n a n e t w o r k ?
Encryption is the process of translating information into a code that is unreadable by the
user. It is then translated back or decrypted back to its normal readable format using a
secret key or password. Encryption ensures that information that is intercepted halfway
would remain unreadable because the user must have the correct password or key for it.

8 3 ) H o w a r e I P a d d r e s s e s a r ra n g e d a n d d i s p l a y e d ?
IP addresses are displayed as a series of four decimal numbers that are separated by
period or dots. Another term for this arrangement is the dotted-decimal format. An
example is 192.168.101.2

8 4 ) Ex p l a i n t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f a u t h e n t i c a t i o n .
Authentication is the process of verifying a user’s credentials before he can log into the
network. It is normally performed using a username and password. This provides a secure
means of limiting access from unwanted intruders on the network.

8 5 ) W h at i s m ea n i n g b y t u n n e l m o d e?
This is a mode of data exchange wherein two communicating computers do not use IPsec
themselves. Instead, the gateway that is connecting their LANs to the transit network
creates a virtual tunnel. So, it uses the IPsec protocol to secure all communication that
passes through it.

8 6 ) W h at a r e t h e d i � e r e n t te c h n o l o g i e s i n v o l v e d i n e sta b l i s h i n g
W AN l in ks?

• Analog connections – using conventional telephone lines

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• Analog connections – using conventional telephone lines

• Digital connections – using digital-grade telephone lines
• Switched connections – using multiple sets of links between the sender and receiver
to move data.

8 7 ) Ex p l a i n M e s h To p o l o g y
The mesh topology has a unique network design in which each computer on the network
connects to every other. It is developing a P2P (point-to-point) connection between all the
devices of the network. It o�ers a high level of redundancy, so even if one network cable
fails, data still has an alternative path to reach its destination.

Ty p e s o f M e s h To p o l o g y :

Pa r t i a l M e s h To p o l o g y : In this type of topology, most of the devices are connected

almost similarly as full topology. The only di�erence is that few devices are connected
with just two or three devices.

Partially Connected Mesh Topology

F u l l M e s h To p o l o g y : In this topology, every node or device are directly connected with

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each other.

Fully Connected Mesh Topology

8 8 ) W h e n t r o u b l e s h o ot i n g co m p u te r n e t w o r k p r o b l e m s , w h at
co m m o n h a r d w a r e - r e l a te d p r o b l e m s c a n o cc u r ?
A large percentage of a network is made up of hardware. Problems in these areas can
range from malfunctioning hard drives, broken NICs, and even hardware startups.
Incorrect hardware configuration is also one of those culprits to look into.

8 9 ) H o w c a n y o u f i x s i g n a l atte n u at i o n p r o b l e m s ?
A common way of dealing with such a problem is to use repeaters and hubs because it will
help regenerate the signal and therefore prevent signal loss. Checking if cables are
properly terminated is also a must.

9 0 ) H o w d o e s d y n a m i c h o st co n f i g u ra t i o n p r o t o co l a i d i n n e t w o r k
a d m i n i st ra t i o n ?

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a d m i n i st ra t i o n ?
Instead of having to visit each client computer to configure a static IP address, the
network administrator can apply dynamic host configuration protocol to create a pool of
IP addresses known as scopes that can be dynamically assigned to clients.

9 1 ) Ex p l a i n p r o f i l e i n t e r m s o f n e t w o r k i n g c o n c e p t s
Profiles are the configuration settings made for each user. A profile may be created that
puts a user in a group, for example.

9 2 ) W h a t i s s n e a k e r n e t?
Sneakernet is believed to be the earliest form of networking wherein data is physically
transported using removable media, such as disk, tapes.

9 3 ) W h a t i s t h e r o l e o f t h e I E E E i n c o m p u t e r n e t w o r k i n g?
IEEE, or the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, is an organization composed
of engineers that issues and manages standards for electrical and electronic devices. This
includes networking devices, network interfaces, cablings, and connectors.

9 4 ) W h a t p r ot o co l s fa l l u n d e r t h e TC P/ I P I n t e r n e t L a y e r ?
There are 4 protocols that are being managed by this layer. These are ICMP, IGMP, IP, and
ARP.

9 5 ) W h e n i t co m e s to n e t w o r k i n g , w h a t a r e r i g h t s ?
Rights refer to the authorized permission to perform specific actions on the network. Each
user on the network can be assigned individual rights, depending on what must be
allowed for that user.

9 6 ) W h at i s o n e ba s i c r e q u i r e m e n t f o r e sta b l i s h i n g V L A N s ?

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A VLAN is required because at the switch level. There is only one broadcast domain. It
means whenever a new user is connected to switch. This information is spread
throughout the network. VLAN on switch helps to create a separate broadcast domain at
the switch level. It is used for security purposes.

9 7 ) W h at i s I P v 6 ?
IPv6, or Internet Protocol version 6, was developed to replace IPv4. At present, IPv4 is
being used to control internet tra�ic but is expected to get saturated in the near future.
IPv6 was designed to overcome this limitation.

9 8 ) W h at i s t h e RS A a l go r i t h m?
RSA is short for the Rivest-Shamir-Adleman algorithm. It is the most commonly used
public-key encryption algorithm in use today.

9 9 ) W h at i s m e s h to p o l o g y ?
Mesh topology is a setup wherein each device is connected directly to every other device
on the network. Consequently, it requires that each device has at least two network
connections.

1 0 0 ) w h a t i s t h e m a x i m u m s e g m e n t l e n g t h o f a 1 0 0 B a s e - FX
n et wo r k?
The maximum allowable length for a network segment using 100Base-FX is 412 meters.
The maximum length for the entire network is 5 kilometers.

1 0 1 ) W h at i s t h e 5 - 4 - 3 r u l e , a n d i n w h i c h a rc h i te ct u re i s i t u s e d ?
The 5-4-3 rule is used in 10Base2 and 10Base5 Ethernet architectures. In this rule, there
can be a maximum of five segments in a network connected with four repeaters. Out of
these five segments, only three segments can be populated with nodes.

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1 0 2 ) W h a t i s t h e d i � e r e n ce b e t w e e n TC P a n d U D P ?
Here are some major di�erences between TCP and UDP protocols:

TC P UDP

It is a connection-oriented protocol. It is a connectionless protocol.

TCP reads data as streams of bytes, and the UDP messages contain packets that were
message is transmitted to segment sent one by one. It also checks for
boundaries. integrity at the arrival time.

It is not connection-based, so one

TCP messages make their way across the
program can send lots of packets to
Internet from one computer to another.
another.

UDP protocol has no fixed order because

TCP rearranges data packets in the specific
all packets are independent of each
order.
other.

UDP is faster as error recovery is not

The speed for TCP is slower.
attempted.

Header size is 20 bytes The header size is 8 bytes.

TCP is heavy-weight. TCP needs three

UDP is lightweight. There are no tracking
packets to set up a socket connection
connections, ordering of messages, etc.
before any user data can be sent.

TCP does error checking and also makes UDP performs error checking, but it
error recovery. discards erroneous packets.

Acknowledgment segments No Acknowledgment segments

Using handshake protocol like SYN, SYN- No handshake (so connectionless

ACK, ACK protocol)

TCP is reliable as it guarantees delivery of The delivery of data to the destination

data to the destination router. can’t be guaranteed in UDP.

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TCP o�ers extensive error checking

UDP has just a single error checking
mechanisms because it provides flow
mechanism that is used for checksums.
control and acknowledgment of data.

1 0 3 ) W h at a r e t h e i m p o r ta n t e l e m e n t s o f t h e p r ot o co l ?
Here, are three most important elements of the protocol:

• S y n ta x : It is the format of the data. It is an order the data is displayed.

• S e m a n t i c s : It describes the meaning of the bits in each section.
• T i m i n g : What time the data is to be sent and how fast it is to be sent.

1 0 4 ) W h a t i s t h e m a x i m u m s e g m e n t l e n g t h o f a 1 0 0 B a s e - FX
n et wo r k?
The maximum length for a network segment using 100Base-FX is 412 meters.

1 0 5 ) W h at i s a D e co d e r ?
The decoder is a type of circuit that converts the encoded data to its original format. It
also converts the digital signal into an analog signal.

1 0 6 ) W h at i s B ro u te r ?
Brouter is also known as Bridge Router. It is a device that acts as both a bridge and a
router. As a bridge can forwards data between the networks. It also routes the data to
specified systems within a network.

1 0 7 ) H o w to u s e V P N ?
By using a Virtual Private Network (VPN), users can connect to the organization’s network.
Corporate companies, educational institutions, government o�ices.

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1 0 8 ) W h y t h e sta n d a r d O S I m o d e l i s k n o w n a s 8 0 2 . x x ?
The OSI model was started in February 1980. In 802.XX, ’80’ stands for the year 1980, and
‘2’ represents the month of February.

1 0 9 ) W h a t i s N V T ( N e t w o r k V i r t u a l Te r m i n a l ) ?
NVT is a set of pre-defined rules to very simple virtual terminal interaction. This terminal
helps you to start a Telnet session.

1 1 0 ) W h at i s t h e s o u r ce r o u te ?
The source route is a sequence of IP addresses that helps you to identify the route a
datagram. You can include the source route in the IP datagram header.

1 1 1 ) Ex p l a i n t h e t e r m P i p e l i n i n g
Pipelining describes the sequencing of processes. When any new task begins before an
ongoing task is finished, it is called sequencing.

1 1 2 ) W h i c h m e a s u r e m e n t u n i t i s u s e d t o m e a s u r e t h e t ra n s m i s s i o n
s p e e d o f Et h e r n e t?
The transmission speed of Ethernet is mostly measured in Mbps.

1 1 3 ) W h at i s t h e m a x i m u m l e n g t h o f T h i n n et ca b l e?
The length of the Thinnet cable is 185 meters.

114 ) W hic h cabl e i s al so calle d as t he RG8 cabl e?

Thicknet cable is also called as the RG8 cable.

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1 1 5 ) I s coa x i a l c a b l e st i l l u s e d i n t h e co m p u te r n e t w o r k ?
No, Nowadays, coaxial cable no longer used in a computer network.

1 1 6 ) W h i c h c a b l e u s e s t h e RJ 1 1 co n n e c to r ?
Most of the telephone cable uses the RJ11 connector.

1 1 7 ) Ex p l a i n M u l t i - h o m e d H o s t
It is a host that has multiple network interfaces that multiple IP addresses is called a
Multi-homed Host.

1 1 8 ) Ex p l a i n E G P
The full form of EGP is Exterior Gateway Protocol. It is the protocol of the routers. It is the
neighboring autonomous systems that help you to identify the set of networks that you
will able to reach within or via each independent system.

1 1 9 ) Ex p l a i n t h e t e r m Pa s s i v e To p o l o g y
When a computer in the network listen and receive the signal, they are called passive
topology.

1 2 0 ) W h at i s t h e u s e o f a Ps e u d o T TY?
It is a false terminal which allows you external machines to connect through Telnet or log
in. Without this, no connection can take place.

1 2 1 ) Ex p l a i n R e d i r e c t o r
Redirector is a kind of so�ware which intercepts file or prints I/O requests and translates
them into network requests. This component comes under the presentation layer.

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them into network requests. This component comes under the presentation layer.

1 2 2 ) W h a t I s TC P T h r e e - W a y H a n d s h a k e ?

TCP Three-Way Handshake

THREE-WAY handshake or a TCP 3-way handshake is a process that is used in a TCP/IP

network to make a connection between the server and client. It is a three-step process
that requires both the client and server to exchange synchronization and
acknowledgment packets before the real data communication process starts.

1 2 3 ) W h at i s a H a m m i n g co d e ?
Hamming code is a liner code that is useful for error detection up to two immediate bit
errors. It is capable of single-bit errors.

In Hamming code, the source encodes the message by adding redundant bits in the
message. These redundant bits are mostly inserted and generated at certain positions in
the message to accomplish the error detection and correction process.

1 2 4 ) W h at i s t h e A p p l i c at i o n o f H a m m i n g co d e ?
Here are some common applications of using Hemming code:

• Satellites
• Computer Memory
• Modems
PlasmaCAM

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• PlasmaCAM
• Open connectors
• Shielding wire
• Embedded Processor

1 2 5 ) W h at a r e t h e b e n e f i t s o f t h e H a m m i n g co d e ?
Here, are important benefits of Hamming code

• The Hamming code method is e�ective on networks where the data streams are
given for the single-bit errors.
• Hamming code not only provides the detection of a bit error but also helps you to
indent bit containing error so that it can be corrected.
• The ease of use of hamming codes makes it suitable for use in computer memory
and single-error correction.

1 2 6 ) W h at i s a M AC A d d re s s?
MAC address is a unique identifier that is assigned to a NIC (Network Interface Controller/
Card). It consists of a 48 bit or 64-bit address, which is associated with the network
adapter. MAC address can be in hexadecimal format. The full form of MAC address is
Media Access Control address.

127 ) W hy Us e MAC Ad dress?

Here are the important reasons for using MAC address:

• It provides a secure way to find senders or receivers in the network.

• MAC address helps you to prevent unwanted network access.
• MAC address is a unique number. Hence it can be used to track the device.
• Wi-Fi networks at the airport use the MAC address of a specific device in order to
identify it.

1 2 8 ) W h at a re t h e t y p e s o f M AC A d d re s s e s?
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1 2 8 ) W h at a re t h e t y p e s o f M AC A d d re s s e s?
Here are the important types of MAC addresses:

• Universally Administered AddressUAA(Universally Administered Address) is the most

used type of MAC address. It is given to the network adapter at the time of
manufacturing.
• Locally Administered AddressLAA (Locally Administered Address) is an address that
changes the MAC address of the adapter. You may assign this address to a device
used by network administrator.

1 2 9 ) W h at a r e t h e i m p o r ta n t d i � e r e n ce s b e t w e e n M A C a d d r e s s a n d
IP add res s
Here, are some di�erence between MAC and IP address:

MAC IP address

The MAC address stands for Media Access IP address stands for Internet Protocol
Control Address. Address.

It consists of a 48-bit address. It consists of a 32-bit address.

MAC address works at the link layer of the IP address works at the network layer of
OSI model. OSI model.

It is referred to as a physical address. It is referred to as a logical address.

You can retrieve the MAC address of any You can retrieve the MAC address of any
device using ARP protocol. device RARP protocol.

Classes are not used in MAC address. In IP, IPv4 uses A, B, C, D, and E classes.

1 3 0 ) W h at i s a n A n a l o g S i g n a l ?

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Analog Signal

Analog signal is a continuous signal in which one time-varying quantity represents

another time-based variable. These kind of signals works with physical values and natural
phenomena such as earthquake, frequency, volcano, speed of wind, weight, lighting, etc.

1 3 1 ) W h at i s a D i g i ta l S i g n a l ?

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Digital Signal

A digital signal is a signal that is used to represent data as a sequence of separate values
at any point in time. It can only take on one of a fixed number of values. This type of signal
represents a real number within a constant range of values.

1 3 2 ) W h at a r e t h e d i � e r e n ce s b e t w e e n a n a l o g a n d d i g i ta l s i g n a l ?
Here are the main di�erences between Analog and Digital Signal:

Analog D i g i ta l

Digital signals are time separated signals

An analog signal is a continuous signal
which are generated using digital
that represents physical measurements.
modulation.

It is denoted by sine waves It is denoted by square waves.

It uses a continuous range of values that The Digital signal uses discrete 0 and 1 to
help you to represent information. represent information.

The analog signal bandwidth is low The digital signal bandwidth is high.

Analog hardware never o�ers flexible Digital hardware o�ers flexibility in

implementation. implementation.

It is suited for audio and video It is suited for Computing and digital
transmission. electronics.

The Analog signal doesn’t o�er any fixed Digital signal has a finite number, i.e., 0 and
range. 1.

1 3 3 ) W h at i s M A N ?

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MAN network

A Metropolitan Area Network or MAN is consisting of a computer network across an entire

city, college campus, or a small region. This type of network is large than a LAN, which is
mostly limited to a single building or site. Depending upon the type of configuration, this
type of network allows you to cover an area from several miles to tens of miles.

1 3 4 ) W h at i s M o d e m?
A modem (modulator-demodulator) is a device that modulates an analog signal to digital
information. It also decodes carrier signals to demodulates the transmitted information.

The main aim of the Modem is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and
decoded to reproduce the digital data in its original form. Modems are also used for
transmitting analog signals, from Light Emitting Diodes (LED) to radio.

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Modem

1 3 5 ) W h at a r e t h e a d va n ta g e s o f a M o d e m ?
Here, are pros/advantage of Modem:

• More useful in connecting LAN with the Internet

• Speed depends on the cost
• The Modem is the most widely used data communication roadway.

These interview questions will also help in your viva(orals)

Yo u M i g h t L i k e :

• C o l l i s i o n D o m a i n a n d B r oa d c a st D o m a i n
• St ra i g h t T h r o u g h C a b l e s v s C r o s s o v e r C a b l e s
• E t h e r n e t C a b l e s Ty p e s : C a t 3 , 5 , 5 e , 6 , 6 a , 7 , 8 W i r e s Ex p l a i n e d
• R o u t i n g P r o t o co l s Ty p e s : Sta t i c , D y n a m i c , I P, C I S CO
• A d d r e s s R e s o l u t i o n P r oto co l : W h at i s A R P H ea d e r i n N e t w o r k i n g

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