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Direct Proofs: Logic and Methods

This document provides an overview of direct proof in mathematics. It defines direct proof as a sequence of statements that are given or deduced from previous statements, with the last statement being the conclusion. The document outlines the two steps of a direct proof: 1) assume the hypothesis is true, and 2) construct an argument through a chain of implications that leads to the conclusion. It then provides an example direct proof that if a number x is odd, then x squared is odd.

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Kryza Jean Cabading
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82 views15 pages

Direct Proofs: Logic and Methods

This document provides an overview of direct proof in mathematics. It defines direct proof as a sequence of statements that are given or deduced from previous statements, with the last statement being the conclusion. The document outlines the two steps of a direct proof: 1) assume the hypothesis is true, and 2) construct an argument through a chain of implications that leads to the conclusion. It then provides an example direct proof that if a number x is odd, then x squared is odd.

Uploaded by

Kryza Jean Cabading
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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0 Logic and Methods of Proof:


2
1 Direct Proof 3
Prepared by:
Ms. Kryza Cabading and Ms. Christine Pairat

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Proof
an argument that establishes the validity of a proposition.

Methods of Proof
Direct Proof Indirect Proof Proof by Mathematical
Contrapositive Induction
Contradiction
Definitions
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Even Odd Consecutive Integers
If there is an If there is an A and B are
integer k such that integer k such that consecutive
n = 2k, then the n = 2k + 1, then integers if and only
integer n is even. the number n is b = a + 1.
odd.
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0 Logic and Methods of Proof:


2
1 Direct Proof 3

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What is Direct Proof?
It is a sequence of statements which are either givens or
deductions from previous statements, and whose last
statement is the conclusion to be proved.

"If P, then Q"


P⇒Q
Two steps to a Direct Proof

Assume that p is true.


Create an argument by
constructing a chain of
implication that leads straight
to the conclusion that q is
also true.
The first line of the proof is the sentence “Suppose P.” The last
line is the sentence “Therefore Q.”

Between the first and last line we use logic, definitions and
standard math facts to transform the statement P to the
statement Q.

It is common to use the word “Proof” to indicate the beginning of


a proof, and the symbol to indicate the end.

As our first example, let’s prove that if x is odd then x 2 is also


odd.
2
Proposition If x is odd, then x is odd.
Proof. Suppose x is odd.

Therefore x 2 is odd.
2
Proposition If x is odd, then x is odd.
Proof. Suppose x is odd.
Then x = 2a + 1 for some a ∈ Z, by definition of an odd number.

Therefore x 2 is odd.
2
Proposition If x is odd, then x is odd.
Proof. Suppose x is odd.
Then x = 2a + 1 for some a ∈ Z, by definition of an odd number.

Thus x 2 = 2b + 1 for an integer b.


Therefore x 2 is odd, by definition of an odd number.
2
Proposition If x is odd, then x is odd.
Proof. Suppose x is odd.
Then x = 2a + 1 for some a ∈ Z, by definition of an odd number.
2 2 2 2
Thus x = (2a+1) = 4a + 4a+1 = 2(2a +2a)+1.
So x 2 = 2b +1 where b is the integer b = 2a2 +2a.

Thus x 2 = 2b + 1 for an integer b.


Therefore x 2 is odd, by definition of an odd number.
2
Proposition If x is odd, then x is odd.
Proof. Suppose x is odd. Then x = 2a + 1 for some a ∈ Z,
2 2
by definition of an odd number. Thus x = (2a+1) = 4a + 2

2 2 2
4a+1 = 2(2a +2a)+1, so x = 2b +1 where b = 2a +2a ∈
Z. Therefore x is odd, by definition of an odd number.
2
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0 2
Prove that the sum of an odd and even
1 integers is always odd.
3
The sum of two even integers is even.
If n is odd, then 5n + 7 is even.
The sum of two consecutive odd
numbers is divisible by 4.

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Attach your file here!
Due date:
0 November 28 2
(Monday)
1 3
https://docs.google.com/forms/d
File Type:
/e/1FAIpQLScJcadqWaNGCC9o PDF ONLY!!!
xS5LIsaGjHUNC_vB_qJg2rjUde
ChoAoW7A/viewform

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References

0
https://calcworkshop.com/proofs/direct-proof/
https://web.stanford.edu/class/archive/cs/cs103/cs103.1142/lectures/01/Small01.pdf
2
1 3

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