Module 10: Paints depressions (cratering) when bubbles

 Paints – high amount of pigment break

 Stains – little to no amount or pigment,  Cause: shakingly partially filled can of
contains mostly solvent paint, excessive brushing, use of roller,
 Varnishes – clear coating, solvent or water- applying gloss or semi-gloss paint over a
based porous or unsealed surface,
 Lacquers – clear coating, solvent-based, thinner/reducer that is inappropriate
nitrocellulose  Burnishing (Shiny Area)
 Sealers – seals the substrate  Area that shows an
unwanted increase
Paint Problems: in gloss or sheen,
 Adhesion (Blocking) rubbing
 Paint sticks to itself or to the weather  Cause: use of flat
stripping when a window or door is paint in high-traffic
opened areas, frequent
 Cause: Not sufficient drying time between washing and spot cleaning, heavy objects
paints, low block resistance paint rubbing against wall, low resistance paint
 Alligatoring  Caulk Failure
 Patterned cracking in  Loss of caulk’s
the paint film initial adhesion and
flexibility, causing
 Cause: natural aging
painted caulk to
of oil-based paints,
crack and pull away
rigid coating like oil
from the surfaces to
enamel, topcoat
which it is applied
before primer, coating over glossy finish
 Cause: lower-quality caulk, wrong type
 Blistering
of caulk, not priming the surface, too thin
 Bubbles caused from
application, or caulk
loss of adhesion and
 Chalking (Powdering)
lifting of the paint
 Formation of
 Cause: Heat
fine white
blistering, moisture
powder on the
blistering, oil-based
surface due to
or alkyd paint over a damp or wet surface,
weathering,
exposure of latex paint film to dew, damp
color fading, excessive paint film erosion
basements, moisture in the interior walls,
insufficient surface preparation  Cause: oil-based paints tend to chalk more
than latex formulations, use of low-grade
 Brush or Roller Marks
highly pigmented paint, over thinning
 Failure of paint to
 Cracking
dry to a smooth film,
unsightly brush  Splitting of a dry paint film, through at
marks least one coat. May appear first as hairline
cracks, flaking occurs later
 Cause: additional
paint or re-brushing,  Cause: use of a paint that has lower
working paint too adhesion and flexibility properties, over-
much, wrong nap size of roller, thin paint, thinning, over-spreading the paint,
hot surface painting, porous surface embrittlement paint, inadequate surface
preparation
 Bubbling
 Darkening
 Formation of air
bubbles (foaming)  Wood with appearance of severe mildew
and resulting small, but will not lighten when tested with
round concave bleach.
  Cause: caused by ultraviolet radiation,  Cause: Touch-up with a different tool,
occur on wood with no protective coating, different batch of paint, repair has a
occur under varnishes different texture, touch-up at a different
 Dirty/Soiled temperature
 Accumulation of dirt, dust particles, other  Peeling
debris on the paint film  Loss of adhesion of a coating to the
 Cause: soil splashing onto sliding, air substrate or an earlier coating
pollution, and car exhaust  Cause: seepage of moisture, leaks in
 Efflorescence roof/walls, painting over a dirty surface,
 Crusty, white salt painting over a coating that already has a
deposits, leached marginal adhesion
to the surface of  Peeling (Metal)
mortar or  Has lost its adhesion to a galvanized metal
masonry substrate
 Cause: interior  Cause: alkyd/oil paint, zinc of galvanized
moisture, exterior metal, unpainted galvanized metal, cold or
moisture, basement walls that are not humid conditions
sealed, insufficient curing  Peeling (Plaster)
 Flaking  Loss of a coating’s adhesion from plaster,
 Lifting of paint from the underlying which can occur in spots or larger areas
surface in the form of flakes, preceded by  Cause: peeling from plaster, hard plaster,
cracking or checking high PH, old plaster that is powdery, poor
 Cause: cracking of exterior wood, poor surface preparation
paint penetration, hard grain pattern, poor  Poor Print Resistance
surface preparation  Paint film to take on the imprint of an
 Poor Hiding (Transparent) object that is placed on it
 Failure of dried paint to obscure or hide  Cause: not waiting until the coating has
the underlying color dried, poor print resistance, cool or humid
 Cause: too thin of a paint film, paint with considerations, low quality latex semi-
low hiding characteristics, paint that is gloss
much lighter, painting over a porous  Roller Marks/Stippling
surface, thinning/reducing the coating  Unintentional textured pattern left in the
 Lapping paint by the roller
 Appearance of a darker/denser color or  Cause: incorrect roller cover, incorrect
higher sheen rolling technique
 Cause: Failure  Roller Splattering
to maintain a  Tendency of a roller to throw off small
wet edge, paint droplets of paint during application
on unsealed  Cause: applying the coating too fast, using
surface, paint a roller cover with wrong nap,
under high overloading the roller cover, overworking
temperatures the paint once it is applied to a substrate,
 Mudcracking thinning of a product
 Deep, irregular, cracks resembling dried  Rust
mud in the dry paint film  Reddish-brown stains on the paint surface
 Cause: applied too thick, build-up in  Cause: steel in contact with air and
corners, surface was not prepared moisture will rust, steel nails may develop
 Obvious Repair (Touch-Up) black discoloration when in contact with
 A repaired or repainted area that is damp wood that possesses high amount of
noticeably different than the surrounding tannic acid
space  Sagging
  Dropping of the paint to rain, insufficient curing,
paint film contaminated surface
immediately after
application
 Cause: too heavy a
coat of paint,
application in
excessively humid
conditions, over-thinned paint, painting
over a glossy surface, over a surface
contaminant
 Staining (Tanning)
 Brownish or tan discoloration on the paint
surface due to migration of tannins from
the substrate
 Cause: occurs in staining woods,
redwood, cedar, mahogany
 Uneven Color
 Non-uniform appearance of color that
occurs when a wall is painted with a roller
and the edges are cut in with a brush
 Cause: paint at different film builds, not
keeping a wet edge while painting,
incomplete mixing of the paint
 Uneven Gloss (Flashing)
 Deterioration of the paint film, resulting
in excessive or rapid loss or gloss/luster
of the topcoat
 Cause: use of gloss alkyd/oil-based paint
or solvent-based epoxy, heavy dew,
moisture, temperature fluctuations,
coating over a porous surface, paint
applied at uneven film
 Wax Bleed (Hardboard Siding)
 Splotchy dirt
collection,
resemble mildew
growth
 Cause: stains from
waxy substance,
staining
substances bleed through the primer, oily
or waxy feeling
 Wrinkling
 Rough, crinkled
paint surface,
forms a skin
 Cause: paint
applied too
heavily, paint
under extreme hot conditions, uncured