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Normalization

Normalization is a process that organizes data in a database into tables with columns and relationships defined between tables. It divides large tables into smaller tables and links them. There are four normal forms - 1NF, 2NF, 3NF. 1NF requires that each attribute contains a single value and no repeating groups. 2NF extends 1NF so that all attributes in a table depend on the primary key. 3NF extends 2NF so that tables are free of transitive dependencies where non-key fields depend on other non-key fields.

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38 views4 pages

Normalization

Normalization is a process that organizes data in a database into tables with columns and relationships defined between tables. It divides large tables into smaller tables and links them. There are four normal forms - 1NF, 2NF, 3NF. 1NF requires that each attribute contains a single value and no repeating groups. 2NF extends 1NF so that all attributes in a table depend on the primary key. 3NF extends 2NF so that tables are free of transitive dependencies where non-key fields depend on other non-key fields.

Uploaded by

Md Adnan Hussain Ansari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Normalization

o Normalization is the process of organizing the data in the database.

o Normalization divides the larger table into the smaller table and links them
using relationship.

o The normal form is used to reduce redundancy from the database table.

There are the four types of normal forms:

First Normal Form (1NF)


o A relation will be 1NF if it contains an atomic value.

o It states that an attribute of a table cannot hold multiple values. It must hold
only single-valued attribute.

o First normal form disallows the multi-valued attribute, composite attribute, and
their combinations.

Example: Relation EMPLOYEE is not in 1NF because of multi-valued attribute


EMP_PHONE.

EMPLOYEE table:
EMP_ID EMP_NAME EMP_PHONE EMP_STATE

14 John 7272826385, UP
9064738238

20 Harry 8574783832 Bihar

12 Sam 7390372389, Punjab


8589830302

The decomposition of the EMPLOYEE table into 1NF has been shown below:

EMP_ID EMP_NAME EMP_PHONE EMP_STATE

14 John 7272826385 UP

14 John 9064738238 UP

20 Harry 8574783832 Bihar

12 Sam 7390372389 Punjab

12 Sam 8589830302 Punjab

Second Normal Form (2NF)


o In the 2NF, relational must be in 1NF.

o In the second normal form, all non-key attributes are fully functional
dependent on the primary key
Example: Let's assume, a school can store the data of teachers and the
subjects they teach. In a school, a teacher can teach more than one subject.

TEACHER table

TEACHER_ID SUBJECT TEACHER_AGE

25 Chemistry 30

25 Biology 30

47 English 35

83 Math 38

83 Computer 38

Primary key teachers+ subject

To convert the given table into 2NF, we decompose it into two tables:

TEACHER_DETAIL table:

TEACHER_ID TEACHER_AGE

25 30

47 35

83 38

TEACHER_ID SUBJECT
25 Chemistry

25 Biology

47 English

83 Math

83 Computer

Third Normal Form (3NF)


o A relation will be in 3NF if it is in 2NF and not contain any transitive partial
dependency.

o 3NF is used to reduce the data duplication. It is also used to achieve the data
integrity.

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