CA Rishabh Pugalia

Advanced Excel
for Finance, Audit & MIS Reporting

CA. Rishabh Pugalia

Founder, Excel Next | www.excelnext.in
excelnextonline@gmail.com
January 2013
PREFACE
It’s my pleasure to introduce to you, our Online Training Program on “Advanced Excel for
Finance, Audit & MIS Reporting”. Based on extensive interaction with my training programs’
participants from across the country and my work experience in Auditing and Investment
Banking Research, I have compiled training videos, which I believe addresses the complexities
faced by today’s professionals.

To assist user-subscribers in the learning process, I have also compiled this eHandBook.
Requests were made to make this user friendly and that’s the reason, I have used minimal text
and maximum number of pictures (screenshots) in this eHandBook. This handbook shall be a
ready reference guide during and after the online training program.

Regards,
CA. Rishabh Pugalia, Excel Next, India
January 2013

Copyright Excel Next 2013 | All Rights Reserved

Excel Next owns legally and beneficially all of the Intellectual Property Rights in the content of this document. No
reproduction, copy or transmission whatsoever of any part of this document be made without prior written
permission.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Topic Pg. No.
Level 1 4
Level 2 29
Level 3 58
Level 4 70
Level 5 78
Level 6 82

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LEVEL I
 Warm-up I: Key Shortcuts
 Warm-up II: Essential formulas & application tricks – SUM, AUTOSUM, MAX, MIN, AVERAGE,
SUMPRODUCT, POWER, ROUND, MROUND, COUNT vs. COUNTA
 Formatting Tricks: Table Concept, Comma Style on text, Format painter, Cell value – Suffix, Auto fill
options, Paste Special – Value & Transpose, TRANSPOSE formula, Go To (Special)
 Multi-level Sort & Custom Sort; Color Sorting
 Filter & SUBTOTAL formula
 Advanced Filter
 Cell Referencing ($)
 Dates – Concepts, Issues & Related Formulas (DAY, MONTH, YEAR, EDATE, EOMONTH, TEXT,
NETWORKDAYS, WORKDAY)
 Dashboard: Grouping, Data Validation I (List), Cell-Range Naming, Hide/Unhide Columns-Rows, Freeze
 VLookup & HLookup - Concepts, Issues & Applications
 2-way Lookup – VLOOKUP with MATCH
 2-way Lookup – HLOOKUP with MATCH
 SUMIFS, COUNTIFS, Remove Duplicates

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SUPER ESSENTIAL KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS

Starters

Ctrl F1 Key that enables and disables the Office Ribbon

Press and release the ALT key to display the Key Tips next to each Ribbon
Alt
command
F4 Repeats the last command or action, if possible

F4 Also, used for Cell referencing ($); discussed later

F2 Begins editing the active cell

Displays the formula in each cell instead of the resulting value [Hint: ` is back tick
Ctrl `
key above the TAB key]
Ctrl C Copy the cell(s) or selective text/numbers from within the cell
Ctrl V Pastes the copied cell(s)/data

Ctrl X Cuts the cell(s) or selective text/numbers from within the cell
Workbook Navigation

Ctrl PgDn Moves to the previous sheet

Ctrl PgUp Moves to the next sheet

Sheet Navigation & Cell(s) Selection

Moves to the edge of a data block; if the cell is blank, moves to the first nonblank
Ctrl Arrow key
cell
Shift Arrow key Expands the selection in the direction indicated

Ctrl Shift Arrow key Select from the active cell to the end of a row/column
Ctrl A Selects the entire worksheet/data array depending on active cell selected

Shift Spacebar Selects the entire row(s) in the selected range

Ctrl Spacebar Selects the entire column(s) in the selected range

Row/Column/Cell Editing

Ctrl + OR Ctrl Shift = Insert Row/Column/Cell

Ctrl - Delete Row/Column/Cell

Ctrl 1 Activates "Format cells"

ALT = Auto sum

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BASIC FORMULAS

Formula/Technique Meaning/Application

 Computes sum of numbers in chosen cell(s) or range(s)

 Ignores text data in the selected range
 Short-cut: ALT =

 Computes average of numbers in chosen cell(s) or range(s)

 Ignores text data and blank cells in the selected range

 Derives number of maximum value in chosen cell(s) or

range(s)

 Derives number of minimum value in chosen cell(s) or

range(s)

 Multiplies corresponding cells in two or more ranges and

returns the sum of those products. The array arguments must
have the same dimensions. E.g. A1:A5 and B1:B5 or B2:B6
 Used for computing weighted average along with =SUM()

 AutoSum button

 The "^" operator can be used instead of POWER to indicate to

what power the base number is to be raised, such as in 5^2 =
25.

 "num_digits" signifies number of decimal digits & can take

values such as … -2,-1,0,1,2 …
 0 for whole number, 1 for number with one decimal
 -1 for nearest 10; -2 for nearest 100 and so on

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  Rounds number to the desired multiple
 “Multiple” can be 50 for nearest 50, 1 for nearest whole
number

 Counts how many numbers are in the list of chosen cell(s)

 Counts how many values (text/numbers) are in the list of

chosen cell(s)

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FORMATTING

HOME > FORMATTING BUTTONS

TABLES

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CUSTOM FORMAT [Shortcut: Ctrl 1 for Format Cells]

Custom > ;;; Makes value in cell invisible

Inserts number dots in cell after the text (self-adjusting based on cell
Custom > @*.
width)

Custom > 0.00 #"tonne" Used to add suffix. Text in double-quote. E.g. 1,200 tonne

FORMAT PAINTER

Double-click on Format Painter to keep it activated for using it

multiple times. Press ESC for deactivating.

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AUTOFILL OPTIONS [Cell Drag-and-Drop]

E.g. Fill Months, Fill Years

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PASTE SPECIAL

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GO TO > SPECIAL [Shortcut: F5 or Ctrl G]

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SORT

CUSTOM SORT

ADD new
list entries

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FILTER (Text and Number)

Using =SUBTOTAL() with Filtered data

 Formulas such as =SUM(A2:A26) always consider every

cell in the range, regardless of whether a cell’s row is
hidden by Filter, so you need to create a formula using
the SUBTOTAL function.
 SUBTOTAL() considers filtered data ONLY while
computing sum, max, min, average etc. unlike SUM(),
MAX(), MIN(), AVERAGE(). [Use Alt = ]

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ADVANCED FILTER

LIST RANGE: Entire data set including headers

CRITERIA RANGE: Rules for filtering output data

(pre-determined)

COPY TO: Destination cell(s)

More on Advanced Filter criteria

Criteria Records selected…
P Start with the character- P
Park Start with the word- Park
="=P" Only contain the character- P
'=P Only contain the character- P
="=Park" Only contain the text- Park
'=Park Only contain the text- Park
Contain text that begins with S, has one character, and then the letter N (may be more than 3
="=S?N"
characters long)
Contain text that begins with S, has one character, and then the letter N (may be more than 3
'=S?N
characters long)
="=S*N" Contain text that begins with S, has one or more other characters, and then the letter N
'=S*N Contain text that begins with S, has one or more other characters, and then the letter N
= Contain a blank
<> Contain a non-blank entry
<>A* Contain any text except text that begins with A
<>*A Contain any text except text that ends with A
'=??? Contain exactly 3 characters
<>???? Does not contain exactly 4 characters
NOTE: Text filters are not Case Sensitive

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CELL REFERENCING ($)

Row Fixed
- Row Fixed Col Fixed
Col Fixed
Keep pressing <F4> on a cell reference / range reference to toggle between the 4 combinations of cell
referencing (as indicated above).

DATES “SKIN” – Changing the “look” or the presentation

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Every VALID DATE is a NUMBER

40,908 days

2 days

 Use =ISNUMBER() to detect validity of Dates entered

 Use “Comma Style” to display the number
 Use “Format Cells” to change the “skin” of the date

DATE Formulas
Formats the date as per desired output using
“format_text” as:
 “dddd” or “ddd” or “dd”
 “mmmm” or “mmm” or “mm”
 “yyyy” or “yyy” or “yy”

[Double-quotes “” is MUST+

Extracts the day from the selected date

Extracts the month sequence number (calendar) from the

selected date

Extracts the year from the selected date

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 Compiles the three components – Year, Month, Day in a
date value

Returns the day of the week. E.g. Sunday is 1 and Saturday

is 7

Returns the date before or after a specified number of

workdays

Returns the number of whole work days between two

dates

Returns the current date as per PC’s system clock

Returns the current date and time as per PC’s system clock

 Returns the date that represents the indicated

number of months before or after the start date
 Used for computing 3 months’ notice period end date,
retirement age, probation period, contract deadline,
EMI installment due date

 Returns the last day of the month before or after a

specified number of months.

th
Used for computations such as 5 of next month, end
of current month

Returns TRUE if the value is a number. Used to detect

validity of Dates as every valid date is a number

N.B.: Refer “Text-to-Columns” for Date format correction technique

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GROUPING

An alternative to manually hiding columns and rows.

NAMING

Name Box Name Manager

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DATA VALIDATION – DROP-DOWN LIST

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Source Box – 3 options

Source: Hard-coded text separated by Comma

Source: Cell range containing input values

Source: Named cell range from same/different

worksheet

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Hide/Unhide Columns-Rows

FREEZE PANES

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VLookup & HLookup - Concepts, Issues & Applications

lookup_value Code/Number/Name that you want to look for in a database (“clue”)

table_array Database in which you are looking for a particular Code/Number/Name

Column number of database in which value corresponding to the lookup_value is to be
col_index_num
extracted
range_lookup True (Approx. match) vs. False (Exact match)

Quick Notes:
 In most cases, whenever you select a database (“table_array”), press <F4> and , (comma) in sequence,
to fix the selected database’s relative position
 VLOOKUP() looks at the first column (left most) of database for the lookup value. In other words,
"lookup_value" should be in the first column in the selected "table_array"

 When range_lookup is FALSE: VLOOKUP will search for an exact match. If VLOOKUP can’t find an exact
match, the function returns #N/A. Generally used where lookup_value exists once in the database
 When range_lookup is TRUE or omitted: an approximate match is returned. The database must be
sorted in ascending order with respect to lookup value range. Generally used with “Slabs >=” (e.g. age-
group, income-tax slab, commission slab)

Primary reasons for #N/A in VLOOKUP:

 <F4> and , (comma) not used in database (“table_array”)
 "lookup_value" is not in the first column (left most) in the selected "table_array"
 "lookup_value" is in a different format than the one stored in the first column in the selected
"table_array". E.g. Code no. 66135 is stored as text (Text vs. Number or Number vs. Text) – Refer Text-
to-Columns (Step 3 of 3 - General)
 Using TRUE “range lookup” without sorting the look-up values in ascending order [for Slab >=]

 Common link is placed

horizontally in the table_array
 Row_index_number

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2-way Lookup – VLOOKUP with MATCH (“VM”)

[MATCH helps count the position number in a one-dimensional data range]

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2-way Lookup – Array Selection guide [VLOOKUP with MATCH vs. HLOOKUP with MATCH]

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SUMIFS - helps add the cells as specified by single/multiple criteria

Pair 1

Pair 2

sum_range Range of data from where values (number) to be added shall be pulled – single column
criteria Parameter – single cell reference or as user-defined in double-quotes. E.g. “Metro”

criteria_range Range of data where criteria selected (as above) resides – single column
 Be consistent in selecting all Range. Keeping Start row and end row same for all range selection will give
the most accurate result. E.g. Either A1:A100 & C1:C100 Or E.g. A:A & C:C. Also, use <F4> to lock data
range.
 =AVERAGEIFS() operates in the same manner as SUMIFS()
 =COUNTIFS() is very similar to =SUMIFS() except that it does not have “Sum_Range”

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COUNTIFS - helps count the cells as specified by single/multiple criteria

Pair 1

Pair 2

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REMOVE DUPLICATES

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LEVEL II
 Data Validation II (Numbers, Dates, Text length)
 Reverse 2-way Lookup – INDEX with MATCH
 Pivot Table – Applications with % Computation, Grouping
 Subtotal
 Joining data strings using CONCATENATE, &
 Text to Columns – Applications, Tricks
 Find & Replace – Advanced
 Text Formulas I – UPPER, PROPER, LOWER, TRIM, T, N, REPT
 Text Formulas II – SEARCH vs. FIND, LEFT-RIGHT-MID, LEN
 Text Formulas III – REPLACE, SUBSTITUTE
 Logical formulas I: IF, AND, OR, Nested IF
 Logical formulas II: ISERROR, ISBLANK, ISNUMBER, ISTEXT, IFERROR
 Conditional Formatting I (Blanks, Errors, Values, Duplicates)
 Conditional Formatting II (Formula-based)
 Conditional Formatting III (Data Bars, Color Scales, Icon Sets)
 What IF Analysis – Scenario Managers
 What IF Analysis – Goal Seek
 What IF Analysis – Data Tables
 What IF Analysis – Using Form Control Buttons

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DATA VALIDATION II (Numbers, Dates, Text length, Custom)

Specify a valid range

of whole numbers

Specify a valid date range

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 Limit the length of the data
(number of characters)

Write a logical formula

(True/False) that
determines the validity
of the user’s entry

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Reverse 2-way Lookup – INDEX with MATCH (“IMM”)

 INDEX() uses row & column no.

reference to choose a value
from an array (“Chess-board”)
 “reference” for multiple “chess-
boards” and “area_num” to
specify the “chess-board” to be
used for pulling data

IMM vs VM: Both VM and IMM approaches are useful for pulling data from any 2x2 data matrix. However,
IMM is useful for reverse Lookup. Unlike VM, IMM doesn’t require the common link values to be in the left-
most column of the database.

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Pivot Table – Applications with % Computation, Grouping
1. To Create Pivot-table: Select entire data set (that must have proper column headings)
2. Insert  Pivot Table  Create Pivot Table box  Press OK
3. In previous versions of Excel, you could drag items from the field list directly into the appropriate grid
area of the pivot table. This feature is still available, but it’s turned off by default. 2-steps to enable this
feature are as follows:

1 2

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 For toggling between Sum, Max, Min,
Average, Count etc.: DOUBLE-CLICK on the
Row Field’s / Column Field’s heading (layout
in the Left-side)  “Field Settings” 
“Summarize by” tab

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 For displaying % values: DOUBLE-CLICK on
the Row Field’s / Column Field’s heading
(layout in the Left-side)  “Field Settings”
 “Show Values as” tab

TIPS-N-TRICKS
 For GROUPING dates, numbers (salary, amount balance etc.) placed in Row Fields / Column Fields:
RIGHT-CLICK on the Row Fields / Column Fields heading (layout in the Left-side) and select “Group”
 DOUBLE-CLICK on any value in the “Values” field *“main action area”+ to generate the said number’s
details in a separate sheet
 For generating a quick Chart based on Pivot Table report: Select entire Pivot Table report  Press
<F11> for generating default chart
 One minor drawback: Unlike a formula-based summary report, a pivot table does not update
automatically when you change information in the source data. However, Refresh button <Alt+F5> helps
update it with the latest data.

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Subtotal

 SORT the data set with respect to the column

heading on whose basis the Subtotal shall be
generated
 For removing Subtotal, select entire data set and
use “Remove All” button (bottom-left) from the
Subtotal main box
 For multi-level Subtotal, multi-level SORT must be
done in the same sequence of headers as that of the
Subtotal
 Use <Ctrl + G> - Visible Cells to highlight subtotal
rows

 In a subtotal report, the top-left level tabs - [1] [2] [3] may be used for different views

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Joining data strings using CONCATENATE, &

 Both of the above approaches provide SAME output

 Any external text, number, symbol must be enclosed in a pair of double quotations. E.g. “ ”
 =TEXT() may be used if combining Dates. E.g. “dd-mmm-yy”

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Text to Columns – Applications, Tricks

Text to Columns – Delimited

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Text to Columns – Delimited [For correcting Date formats]

Date “Confession-Box”

 For Correcting Dates – Apply “Confession Box”. Choose the mistake E.g. “DMY”

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Text to Columns – Delimited/Fixed width [For retaining prefix Zeroes]

 For keeping intact a number string with Zeroes at the beginning (prefix): In Step 3 of 3, select the
relevant “Column” under “Data preview” section  Column will blacken out  Choose “Text” radio
button to store the output column in text form

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Find and Replace [CTRL + H]

 Using wildcard characters –

o Asterisk ( * ) : Any number of characters
o Question ( ? ) : One “?” = One character

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TEXT FORMULAS - I

 Capitalizes the first letter in each word of a text value

 Example: Converts “the man eats” or “THE MAN EATS” to “The Man
Eats”

 Converts text to uppercase

 Example: Converts “the man eats” or “The Man Eats” to “THE MAN
EATS”

 Converts text to lowercase

 Example: Converts “The Man Eats” or “THE MAN EATS” to “the man
eats”

 Removes excess spaces from text

 Returns the number of characters in a text string

 Returns the text referred to by value

 Returns a value converted to a number

 Repeats text a given number of times

 Converts “a number stored as text” to a number

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TEXT FORMULAS - II

 Returns the leftmost characters from a text value

 No. of characters to be extracted (“num_chars”) must be specified

 Returns the rightmost characters from a text value

 No. of characters to be extracted (“num_chars”) must be specified

 Returns a specific number of characters from a text

string, starting at the position you specify
(“start_num”)
 No. of characters to be extracted (“num_chars”)
must be specified

 Finds one text value within another (not case-

sensitive)
 Accepts wildcard characters (* ?)

 Finds one text value within another (case sensitive)

TEXT FORMULAS - III

 Substitutes new text for old text in a text

string
 SUBSTITUTE (in this cell, this text, with this
text, [at this occurence])

 Replaces characters within text

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LOGICAL FORMULAS

 TRUE if ALL conditions/questions are satisfied

 Can act as “logical_test” of IF() statement

 TRUE if ANY ONE condition/question is satisfied

 Can act as “logical_test” of IF() statement

 Returns a value you specify if a formula evaluates to

an error; otherwise, returns the result of the formula

 Returns TRUE if cell is blank

 Returns TRUE if the value is an error

 Returns TRUE if the value is a text

 Returns TRUE if the value is a number

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Conditional Formatting

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 Highlighting Duplicates

Formula-based
Conditional formatting

Write a formula such that answer should either be TRUE or FALSE. E.g. = $B10>100000.
 Cell Reference B10 vs $B10
 Starting point of range selection in line with formula cell selection

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 Visualizing numeric data using
self-adjusting “Data Bars”

Visualizing numeric data with minor

variations using “Color Scales”

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 Visualizing numeric data
with creative “Icon Sets”

Quick access to select Conditional formatting rules:

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What IF Analysis – Scenario Managers

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What IF Analysis – Goal Seek (Back-Calculation)

Set Cell > Goal cell whose output value has been pre-
decided

To Value > Goal value (pre-decided)

By changing cell > One variable that has to be changed

to arrive at or seek the Goal value. Must be a cell with a
value and not a formula in it.

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What IF Analysis – Data Tables

Step 1: Set the layout with up to 2 variables

Step 2: At the intersection of the 2-variables (top-left of the table), point the cell to the cell containing
formula for effect value. E.g. C14 refers to Profit

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Step 3: Choose the table area

Step 4: Go to “Data Table”

Step 4: Go to “Data Table”

VC Vertical data (Say Prices) Column Input Cell ($C$6)

HR Horizontal data (say Qty Sold) Row Input Cell ($C$7)

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Generated Output – 2-variable sensitivity analysis

Other techniques that can be applied in conjuction:

 Form Control Buttons (Developer > Insert > Form Controls)
 Conditional Formatting (Loss = Red, Profit = Green)

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WHAT IF ANALYSIS – USING FORM CONTROL BUTTONS

Specifies how the

button, when clicked
upon, shall control a
single cell

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LEVEL III
 Tables
 3-D Data Consolidation from same/different Workbooks
 Formula Auditing techniques
 File Security & password Protection
 Printing
 Comments
 Split Windows, Viewing multiple Windows
 Hyperlinking

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TABLES

Key Features:

 Color Formatting
 Sort
 Filter

 Auto-copy of Formulas
 Table Header visible as table scrolled down

 Remove duplicates
 Pivot Table tab

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3-Dimensional Data Consolidation

SOURCE of data in a
common “bucket”

Settings for LABELS and

cross-sheet LINKING

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FORMULA AUDITING TECHNIQUES

CTRL [ Go to precedent cells

CTRL ] Go to dependent cells

CTRL SHIFT { Trace all precedents (indirect)

CTRL SHIFT } Trace all dependents (indirect)

F5 + Enter Go back to original cell

Show Formulas
CTRL `
[Toggle ON and OFF]

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SECURITY – FILE PASSWORD

1) File Protection [v. 2007 - Office Button -> Prepare -> Encrypt Document]

2) File Protection [v. 2010 – File -> Info -> Button -> Protect Document -> Encrypt with Password]

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SECURITY – CELL(S) PROTECTION [2-steps process]
Step 1: IDENTIFY the cell(s) to be protected/hidden

Note: By default, ALL cells are "Locked" (identified for protection). Ensure that ALL cells in the sheet are
"Unlocked" and only chosen ones are "Locked". Else ALL cells will be locked and no changes can be made.

Step 2: ACTIVATE protection after defining user access privileges

Access
privileges

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SECURITY – HIDING SHEETS and PROTECTING WORKBOOK STRUCTURE

Right-click on Sheet tab -> “Hide” Sheet

Activate Workbook structure protection

“Unhide”, “Insert”, “Delete” options have
been disabled upon activation of
Workbook protection

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PRINTING

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ADDING “PRINT PREVIEW” OPTION ON QUICK ACCESS TOOLBAR (“QAT”)

QAT

Right-click on
Print Preview

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COMMENTS

Five tricks:
1. Right-click on cell -> Insert Comments
2. Review tab -> Show All Comments
3. Go To (Special) -> Comments
4. Paste Special -> Comments
5. Picture Comments [Hints: Right-click on “edges” of Comments box and not inside the Comment
box -> Format Comments -> Colors & Lines tab -> Fill Effects -> Picture]

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SPLIT WINDOWS, VIEWING MULTIPLE WINDOWS

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HYPERLINKS

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LEVEL IV
 Charts – Basic Concepts of Chart Area, Plot Area, Axis values, Data Labels, Legends
 Basic Charts – Bar, Column, Pie
 Special Charts: Thermometer Charts
 Special Charts: Multi-axis charts
 Special Charts: Exploded Pie charts
 Chart tips-n-tricks

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CHARTS

Elements of a Chart Area

Legends
Vertical axis
Plot Area

Data Labels

Horizontal Axis

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TRENDLINE

Applications:

Category Comparison:
 Profit/Sales across Industries/Companies
 GDP, Population, Funds raised

Key Steps:

 Format Axis -> Maximum - Minimum - Major unit (axis values increment)
 Format Axis -> Display units -> Thousands
 Format Labels -> Numbers (e.g. no. of decimals – 0, 1, 2)

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THERMOMETER CHART

Applications:

Comparing 2 parameters of similar scale:

 2011 vs. 2012 sales
 Budget vs. Actual
 Me vs. My Competitor

Key Steps:

 Series Overlap
 Fill -> No Fill
 Border Color (Solid Line) & Border Styles (Width)

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2-AXIS CHART

Applications:

Comparing 2 parameters of different scale:

 GDP ($) vs. Growth or Inflation (%)
 Sales Amount ($) vs. Profit Margins (%)

Key Steps:

 Plot Series on <Secondary Axis>

 Change Series Chart Type (Line with Markers)

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EXPLODED PIE CHART

Applications:

Components of a Category (%):

 Headcount
 Source of Funds
 Sales Origination

Key Steps:

 Format Data Series – Rotation and Pie-explosion

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TRENDLINE

Applications:

Trend:
 Profit
 Sales
 Clients’ / Subscribers’ acquisition (e.g. Telecom)

Key Steps:

 Chart Tools -> Layout -> Trend line -> Two-period Moving Average
 Format Axis -> Axis Labels -> High
 Format Labels -> Numbers (e.g. no. of decimals – 0, 1, 2)

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STACKED 100% COLUMN (80:20)

Applications:

Relation (80:20 comparison):

 Sales and Profit
 Input and Output

Key Steps:

 Switch Row/Column
 Lines -> Series Lines

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LEVEL V
 Macros – Overview, Developer tab, Settings
 Macros – Recording, Running; Using Buttons to run Macros

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Activating Developer tab in version 2007

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Activating Developer tab in version 2010

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Developer tab

 Files that can store macros- .XLS (97-2003 format) or .XLSM (Macro-enabled workbook)
 A Macros once run, cannot be undone by Ctrl+Z

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LEVEL VI
 Bonus Topic - INDIRECT()
 Bonus Topic - OFFSET()

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INDIRECT

 Use INDIRECT when you want to change the reference to a cell within
a formula without changing the formula itself.
 Named Cell/Range can be used as an input for INDIRECT

OFFSET

Returns a reference to a range that is a specified number of rows and columns from a cell or range of cells.
The reference that is returned can be a single cell or a range of cells. E.g. A4 or A1:A4. The output can be
input for formulas such as SUM (cell range), VLOOKUP (table_array) etc.

Reference Starting point (cell reference)

Rows Number of rows, up or down, with respect to Reference

Cols Number of columns, to the right or left, with respect to Reference

Height Number of rows

Width Number of columns

 MATCH() can be used to automatically compute Rows, Cols, Height, Width, based on user input

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