***.What do you mean by ecommerce ?

explain its features***

Definition: According to E Turban and others “E-commerce describes the process of
buying, selling or exchanging products, services and information via computer
networks including the internet.” *Features: 1.Ubiquity Ecommerce is ubiquitous
means its available at all times and at all days.It is not restricted to a physical shop
and customers can buy from their desktop,be it home , work or even while
travelling.2.Global reach: E-commerce allows business transactions across the
borders making it more convenient than traditional commerce. 3.Universal
standards:The technical standards of ecommerce are shared across the countries
of the world.The same standard is used across the nations worldwide.4.interactivity
:Ecommerce gives space two way communication between the buyer and the
seller.Customers can directly contact the seller for any grievances related to the
product or service which gets redressed instantly.5.Information density:The
internet and the web has vastly increased information density.Due to which prices
have become more transparent Price transparency is the ease with which a
customer can compare the price of a commodities across countries. Similarly online
dealers get information about their customers,their profile their buying behavior and
accordingly can target and position their product/service 6.Personalization and
customization :Ecommerce technology allows for personalization and
customization as per individual customer’s likes and dislikes. The technology also
allows dealers to change the product or service based on customer’s
demands.7.Social technology: Social media sites like facebook twitter linkedin
instagram are used to collect information and can be used as effective marketing
tools.Marketers show advertisements that customers would most likely to be
interested in based on that information.

2. Explain M-commerce and its benefits

Mcommerce, also known as mobile commerce, is the buying and selling of good
and services with the help of handheld devices such as cellular
telephone,PDAs,laptop,etc.it has all the capability and potential of B2B and B2C
application.

Benefits of mcommerce
1. Ease in banking and financial services
Mobile banking has brought banking to the fingertips of the customers.
Payment of bills, transfer of funds, balance enquiry and other banking
services are provided by mobile banking.Similarly financial services like
display of stock quote and trading can be conducted through mobile.Mobile
 trading allows the investors to access the trading platforms through mobile
rather than the other traditional methods like via computer.

2. Mobile payments
Mobile payments can be done easily through mobiles by just scanning a
barcode or by text messages.
The cost of the purchase can be added to the consumer’s phone bill or paid
by credit or debit card.

3. Travel and tourism

Tickets for local and national travel are booked online simply through
smartphones by downloading apps
For example IRCTC,Redbus,make my trip

4. Social networking
Mobile phones are used extensively for conducting business online through
social networking sites like facebook, instagram, twitter, linkedin etc.

5. Mobile marketing
Earlier mobile advertising was done through text messages and it is still
continuing
Today mobile advertising is done through apps,many free apps usually come
preloaded with ads which can be removed by buying the premium version of
the app.
Mobile marketing works closely with mobile marketing which uses personal
data like location,preferences,habits,behaviour to target their ads to their
potential customers.

6. Education
Education sector has benefited through mobile commerce by providing
information at the tip of one’s finger.
There are various apps through which students can download ebooks, attend
online lectures and other educational stuff.

7. Health care
Health care sector has benefited greatly through mobile commerce.
We can buy medicines online through apps like pharmeasy, tata 1mg
Health care providers can monitor their patients send them medication or
appointment reminders
3.Explain the advantages and disadvantages of payment gateway
Payment gateways
A payment gateway is a service that gives merchants the ability to perform real time
credit card authorization from a website over the internet.it provides a secure
connection between the online store and the internet merchant account.

Advantages of payment gateway

1. Security
Gateway keeps the customer credit card behind firewalls so that the merchant
does not have to worry about someone hacking into theri system.
A payment gateway checks and validates online transactions.it protects
merchants and customers from frauds.
2. Encryption
Gateway uses ssl encryption to avoid tampering of credit card information
while it is transmitted over the internet.
3. Up-to-date Technology
Gateways are constantly upgraded with latest technology.
The merchants don't need to upgrade their hardware as gateways are not in
their computer system
4. Cost effective
Gateways save the cost the cost of additional phone line that would be
needed in a dial application.
5. Feature rich
Internet gateways offer lots of customizable features that could greatly benefit
the customer and merchants alike.
There are featurea like security features, payment option choices,card
features,etc.
6. Simple to use
Business Transactions using payment gateways can be done by anyone
having basic computer knowledge.
It is simple and easy to use.
7. Rapid development
A merchant can immediately utilize payment gateway service for his/her
online store.
He can avail it in the quickest time possible.

Limitations of payment gateway

1. Risk on sensitive information
Payment gateway deals with customers' information. Therefore, a payment
gateway company will have files on all sensitive customers' data customers'
names, banks accounts, credit card numbers, passwords, etc.
 These are highly valuable data. Crooked and dishonest people will be more
than eager to pay huge sums of money just to access this sensitive
information.
The payment gateway companies can potentially sell these data to interested
parties without the customers knowing about it.
2. Technical problem can take a considerable troubleshooting time:
A payment gateway is basically a computer software, so it can go faulty at
some times.
When it does, it can have harmful effects. The customers can no longer
access or make payments online. On the other hand, the software problem
will render merchants' websites inoperative.
It will take time maybe weeks or months to solve the problem and bring back
merchants websites back to normal functionality.
3. Customer's uneasiness
Fraud is widespread in the Net and this fact scares most customers. They
tend to stay away from any web-based software when making online
transactions that involve disclosing personal information.
If a merchant company gets a payment gateway service but the customers
will not utilize it for some reasons or another, then the merchant will be at the
losing end of the bargain.

4.Explain the law related to E-commerce in India. discuss its needs/objectives

Today e-commerce has become an integral part of everyday life. Accessibility to e-
commerce platforms is not a privilege but rather a necessity for most people,
particularly in the urban areas. This penetration of internet coupled with the
increasing confidence of the internet users to purchase online, has led to an
enormous growth in the e-commerce space, with an increasing number of customers
registering on e-commerce websites and purchasing products through the use of
mobile phone.
The rapid pace of growth of the e-commerce industry is not only indicative of the
increasing receptiveness of the public but has also brought to the fore the issues that
the legal system of the country has been faced with.The legal system has constantly
tried to catch up especially with the enactment of the various rules under the IT Act
to deal with a host of issues emerging from the use of internet.
Moreover the IP issues in e-commerce transactions have taken a new form with
users finding loop holes to not only easily duplicate material but also mislead other
users.

Needs/objectives of E-commerce laws

1. To facilitate and promote e-communications by means of secure information
systems an reliable electronic records.
 2. To eliminate the barriers in E-commerce relating from uncertainties over
writing and signature requirements.
3. To provide legal infrastructure for authenticating any document and
information by the way of digital signatures.
4. To promote and develop legal and business infrastructure necessary to
implement secure E-commerce.
5. To grant legal recognition for transactions carried out by the means of EDI or
e-commerce in place of paper based transactions.
6. To implement secure E-commerce through legal recognition of E-records and
contracts.
7. To establish rules and standards for authentication and integrity of E-records.
8. To promote and provide legal sanction to transfer the fund electronically to
and between the banks and financial institutions.
9. Managing crimes at national and international levels by enforcing laws.
10. To create legal infrastructure for digital signatures.

5.write a detailed note on IT act 2000

Information Technology is one of the most important law relating to the Indian cyber
laws. It was passed in the year 2000 and came into force with effect from 17th Oct,
2000. It consists of 13 chapters and is divided into 94 sections. Some chapters relate
to digital signatures and other pertains to offences and penalties. This act is needed
to give boost to e-transactions, e-commerce and similar other activities associated
with trade, commerce and e-governance. This act is helpful to promote business with
the help of internet and contains set of rules and regulations which are applicable to
any electronic business transactions.Due to the increase in the number of
cybercrimes and problems of the internet user the government of India made the IT
act.
The basic objectives of the IT act are:
1. To give legal recognition to digital signature for accepting any agreement via
computer.
2. To provide facility of filling document online relating to school admission or
registration in employment exchange.
3. According to the IT Act 2000 any company can store the data in electronic
form.
4. To stop computer crime and protect the privacy of the internet users.
5. To give legal recognition for keeping the books of accounts by bankers and
other companies in electronic form.
6. To make more power to IPO, RBI and Indian Evidence Act for restricting
electronic crimes.
6.what is digital marketing? Explain its advantages and limitations.
Digital marketing is a term used for the marketing of products or services using
digital technologies. It is in fact, an umbrella term for the marketing of products or
services using digital technologies, not only on the internet, but also including mobile
phones, display advertising, and any other digital medium.

In simple terms, Digital Marketing is the promotion of products over the internet or
any form of electronic media.

According to the Digital Marketing Institute, "Digital Marketing is the use of digital
channels to promote or market products and services to targeted consumers and
businesses."

Advantages of digital marketing

1. Consumer behaviour is trending towards digital
Newspaper reading has declined. Yellow pages are almost non-existent.
Today, customers are spending more time online and on mobile, therefore
more of the marketing efforts need to be digital
2. Personalization
If the customer database is linked to the website, whenever someone visits
the site, he can be greeted with targeted offers. The more they buy from it, the
more one can refine the customer profile and market effectively to selected
consumers.
3. Reduced cost
Online marketing strategies are developed for little cost and can potentially
replace costly advertising channels such as Yellow Pages, television, radio
and magazine.
4. Simple to measure
Unlike traditional methods, digital marketing helps to find out in real time what
is or is not working for the business online. They can immediately adapt to
improve results. For measuring traffic to the site, Google Analytics can be
used to measure specific goals one wants to achieve for the website or blog.
Google Analytics is a freemium web analytics service offered by Google that
tracks and reports website traffic. It provides good insight into how many
people are opening, reading and converting from the emails.
5. Real time results
Results of digital marketing are real time. Marketers can easily see the
numbers of visitors to the site, increase in the number of its subscribers
increase, peak trading times, conversion rates and much more just at the
touch of a button.
6. Refinement of strategy
Marketing online enables to refine the strategy at any point in time and see
the improvements or opportunities for further refinement.
7. Brand development
 A well maintained website with quality content,targeting the needs and adding
value to the target audience, can provide significant value and lead generation
opportunities. The same is in case of utilizing social media channels and
personalized email marketing.
8. Greater exposure
Digital Marketing provides good exposure to the companys' brand which can
be seen anywhere in the world. The cost incurred to market a product using
traditional methods would be very high. Also once the key word search
content in the website is optimized, there is a long-term return on investment
and low cost to maintain the ranking.
9. Accessible to small businesses
Unlike traditional methods like television and outdoor advertising which
requires significant budget; digital marketing can be implemented by smaller
organization as well.
10. Not intrusive
Online people get the choice to opt in or out of communications and often they
are relevant because they were the ones searching for it in the first place.
11. Greater Engagement
With digital marketing one can encourage the prospects, clients and followers
to take action, visit the website, read aboutproducts and services, rate them,
buy them and provide feedback which is visible to the market. Good publicity
enhances the prospects of the business.

Limitations of digital marketing

1. Digital marketing marketing can be copied
Trademarks and logos can be at times copied and used by competitors to
defraud customers or take away sizeable market share. This spoils online
reputation of the brand and the company.
2. Ad clutter
At times, customers ignore internet advertisements. This makes legitimate
business lose traffic and also the revenue that could have been generated.
3. Requires professionals
The ad makers have to be very professional to make creative and attention
seeking ads. Professionals have to be hired and paid for the purpose for
making effective ads online.
4. Not suitable for all customers
Digital marketing may not be suitable for all kinds of customers. This is true
especially in case of products used by senior citizens. It is also not suitable for
people who are not techno savvy.
5. Internet marketing reputation can be damaged by negative feedback
Digital marketing tools are prone to their problem of negative feedback which
can damage your online reputation. A single post or tweet that defames or
give false claims and negative feedback about your products or services can
ruin your Internet reputation for a long time.
7.Explain the concept of online advertisement along with its benefits
Online advertising, also known as online marketing or Internet advertising or web
advertising is a form of marketing and advertising which uses the Internet to deliver
promotional marketing messages to consumers. It is a marketing strategy that
involves the use of the Internet as a medium to obtain website traffic and target and
deliver marketing messages to the right customers. It includes email marketing,
search engine marketing (SEM), social media marketing, many types of display
advertising (including web banner advertising), and mobile advertising.

Advantages/benefits of online advertising

1. Cost
The low costs of electronic communication reduce the cost of displaying
online advertisements compared to offline ads. Online advertising, and in
particular social media, provides a low-cost means for advertisers to engage
with large established communities.
2. Measurability
Online advertisers can collect data on their ads' effectiveness, such as the
size of the potential audience or actual audience response, how a visitor
reached their advertisement, whether the advertisement resulted in a sale.
and whether an ad was actually viewed by people.
3. Formatting
Advertisers have a wide variety of ways of presenting their promotional
messages, including the ability to convey images, video, audio, and links.
Unlike many offline ads, online ads can also be interactive.
4. Targeting
Publishers can offer advertisers the ability to reach customizable and narrow
market segments for targeted advertising. Advertisers can customize each
individual ad to a particular user based on the user's previous preferences.
5. Coverage
Online advertising can reach nearly every global market and it influences
offline sales.
6. Speed
Once the ad design is complete, online ads can be deployed immediately.
The delivery of online ads does not need to be linked to the publisher's
publication schedule. Furthermore, online advertisers can modify or replace
ad copy more rapidly than their offline counterparts.

8.Distinguish between traditional commerce and e-commerce

 No. Traditional commerce E-commerce

1. Heavy dependence on information Information sharing is made easy

exchange from person to person. Via electronic communication
channels making little dependency on
person to person
information exchange.

2. Communication or transactions are Communication or transaction can be

executed in a synchronous way. done in asynchronous way.
Manual intervention is required for Electronics system automatically
each communication or transaction handles when to pass communication
to required people or do the
transactions.

3. It is not easy to establish and A uniform strategy can be effortlessly

maintain standard practices in established and maintained in e-
traditional commerce. commerce.

4. Communication of business In e-commerce or electronic

depends upon individual skills. market,there is no human
involvement.

5. Unavailability of a uniform platform E-commerce website provides user a

as traditional commerce depends platform where all information is
heavily on personal communication. available at one place.

6. No uniform platform for information E-commerce provides a universal

sharing as it depends heavily on platform to support commercial
personal communication. activities across the globe.

9.Discuss the trends in E-commerce in education and government sector

Trends in E-commerce in Government Sector
E-Commerce in government enables citizens to avail fully online services offered by
the Central and State/UT Government authorities. With the help of these facilities,
one can avail the Government services through the internet without visiting any
government office.
The following online services in the Government sector can be availed of today with
the growth of E-Commerce:
1. Complaint filing and lodging
A citizen can file and lodge complaints and grievances related to all
government services, schemes and other initiatives.
2. Information on services
Comprehensive information on how to avail online services provided by the
Central, State and Local Government institutions is available on government
websites today.
3. Application for important documents
Users can apply for any Government service, scheme, job etc. Users can
apply for the PAN card, TAN card, passport and other government services
online.
4. Check/track status
One can check or track the status of their application for any Government
service. One can check status of train booking, hotel reservation, passport
application, PAN application, RTI application etc.
5. Obtain information
One can get information on how to obtain various types of certificates and
documents which are provided by the Government agencies.
6. Helpline
Information on different helpline services offered by the Government
agencies. These helplines are telephone and SMS based services which offer
help to the callers regarding various government services.

Trends in education sector

E-Commerce in education sector can be called as E-learning. As computer
ownership grows across the globe e-learning becomes increasingly viable and
accessible. Internet connection speeds are increasing, and with that, opportunities
for more multimedia training methods arise. With the immense improvement of
mobile networks in the past few years and the increase in telecommuting, taking all
the features of e-learning on the road is a reality with smartphones and other
portable devices.
Today online learning is in forms of the following:
● Online books
● Online lectures
● Online examinations

Several e-learning trends can give us a clear view on how the future of e-learning
and learning tools will be shaped :

a) Micro Learning:
Micro-learning focuses on the design of micro-learning activities through micro-steps
in digital media environments, which already is a daily reality for today's knowledge
workers. These activities can be incorporated into a learner's daily routines.
b) Gamification
It is the use of game thinking and game mechanics in a non- game context to
engage users and solve problems, thereby making learning fun.
c) Personalized learning

10.Explain the significance of a E-business in today's competitive world

E-business enables business organizations to accomplish the goals such as reach n
markets, create new products, build customer loyalty, retain old customers and make
n ones, achieve market leadership and sustainable competitive advantage and so
on. There are many advantages of e-business that make it significant in today's era:

1. Lower cost
E-business is relatively easy to start. It operates through internet which means
even if one does not have enough investment, but a strong network
(contacts), the business can flourish. Cost is reduced as customers have
access to support services from the websites. Right form acquiring the
customers to choosing the product to after sales service etc. is handled
online.
2. Convenience
The maximum benefit of internet is its availability 24 hours, 7 days a week,
365 days a year. Customers can go for shopping at any time Organizational
personnel have flexibility of doing work from any place, any time.
3. Speed
Internet has made it possible to purchase any software inline by downloading
it a very fast speed. Products such as software, music, e-book etc. are easily
available. Fulfillment or delivery of the intangible products is very fast with the
help of secured e-payment solutions.
4. Global access
Internet has no boundaries and has global reach, where buyers and sellers
have a freedom to buy and sell the product anywhere.
5. Expansion of market
Consumers in e-business are not bound by the constraints of physical
location or time. It has the opportunity to reach a larger market than the
traditional brick and mortar business. Due to this reason, many successful
 businesses are revamping their existing business model to add an e-business
component that complements their primary value chain.
6. Creation of new products and services
The internet and web creates an environment that enables existing
companies to expand and refine their traditional businesses and one that
promotes the emergence of new business ideas such as creation of business
applications that can be assessed over the web.
7. Maximize Customer Relationship and Improves Responsiveness
E-business can use internet to build customer loyalty by staying in touch with
their customer's needs, building one-to-one relationships and providing
information that enriches their customers' online experience.
8. Elimination of middleman
There is elimination of middlemen and this facilitates direct contact between
the manufacturer and customer.

11. Justify the superiority of bricks and click model over pure online model
Bricks and Clicks Business Model is a business model by which a company
integrates both offline (bricks) and online (clicks) presence. It is also known as click-
and-mortar or clicks-and-bricks. For example, companies may sell their watches and
other products through physical stores as well as online sites. This is a successful
model as it is far easier for a traditional retailer to establish an online presence than it
is for a start-up company to employ a successful pure "dot com" strategy.

Superiority of Bricks and Clicks over Pure Online Model

● It is far easier for a retailer to establish online presence than it is for a startup
company to employ a successful pure "dot com" strategy or for an online
retailer to establish a traditional presence.
● Bricks and clicks have a low acquisition cost. As they are in the business
whether traditional or online where they have already incurred the
advertisement cost to acquire the customer, so that they can easily
communicate with their existing customer about the other portion of the
business and build a new strategy to create new customers.
● The conversion rate of visitors is more in bricks and clicks models as
compared to other business models.
● A customer is very essential for survival of business. Cost of retaining
customers is less in bricks and clicks model as compared to other models
because customers tend to have less loyalty in case of online stores as there
is only screen to screen Interaction. Bricks and Clicks benefit from establish
from brand name, marketing arrangement with customers and existing
information system.
12.Explain advantages and limitations of Enterprise resource planning
Advantages of ERP

1. ERP can improve quality and efficiency of the business. By keeping a

company's internal business processes running smoothly, ERP can lead to
better outputs that may benefit the company, such as in customer service and
manufacturing.

2. ERP supports upper level management by providing information for decision

making.

3. ERP creates a more agile company that adapts better to change. It also
makes a company more flexible and less rigidly structured so organization
components operate more cohesively, enhancing the business-internally and
externally.

ERP can improve data security. A common control system, such as the kind
offered by ERP systems, allows organizations the ability to more easily
ensure key company data is not compromised.

4. ERP can improve data security. A common control system, such as the kind
offered by ERP systems, allows organizations the ability to more easily
ensure key company data is not compromised.

5. ERP provides increased opportunities for collaboration. Data takes many

forms in the modern enterprise. Documents, files, forms, audio and video,
emails. Often, each data medium has its own mechanism for allowing
collaboration. ERP provides a collaborative platform that lets employees
spend more time collaborating on content rather than mastering the learning
curve of communicating in various formats across distributed systems.

Limitations of ERP

1. Customization can be problematic. Compared to the best-of-breed approach,

ERP can be seen as meeting an organization's lowest common denominator
needs, forcing the organization to find workarounds to meet unique demands.

2. Re-engineering business processes to fit the ERP system may damage

competitiveness or divert focus from other critical activities.

3. ERP can cost more than less integrated or less comprehensive solutions.
 4. Overcoming resistance to sharing sensitive information between departments
can divert management attention.

5. Extensive training requirements take resources from daily operations.

13. Explain the issues related to privacy and security in E-business.

The E-business involves many issues relating to privacy and security. They are as
follows:
1. Access security
prevents unauthorised access to computer and computer resources ensuring
that computers are accessible to authorised personnel only.
2. Transaction security
consists of various services like privacy, authenticity and message integrity.
However with the rapid use of internet and its use as a medium of E-
commerce company's and individuals are concerned about message security
and
3. Contract information
A legally binding contract requires basic elements like, offer, acceptance, and
consideration. While using the electronic media the formation of contract is a
challenging aspect. For orders that are received through internet a building
order will be formed when a buyer transmits a complete and a legible order to
the sellers order system and receives the order number and confirmation.
4. Hacking
means unauthorized access with an intention to cause damage to public or
any individual or alters or deletes any information residing in the computer
resource thereby diminishing its value and utility.
5. Tampering
It means a person knowingly destroys or alters any computer source code
used for a computer system.
6. Privacy and confidentiality
For the implementation of e-commerc considerable customer information is
required which can be acquired by tracking the customer activities on the
internet. However the main issue is protection privacy, personal data of user
may be combined with credit card information and sale this information of the
valuable customer may violate the individual rights to privacy.
7. Cyber crimes
There must be enough protection against computer viruses spoofing, logic
bombs. Trojan horse unauthorized use of services, fraud, harassment by
email, and pornography.
14.Explain the digital marketing on various social media platforms
The power of media on the internet has grown exponentially. Social media is the
collective of online communications channels dedicated to community-based input,
interaction, content-sharing and collaboration.
Social media marketing refers to the process of gaining traffic or attention through
social media sites. Social media marketing can be done through Face book, Twitter,
You tube, Instagram etc. It can also encompass blogging platforms like Word Press.
Social Media has the potential to reach thousands of consumers easily.
Some prominent examples of social media
● Facebook is a popular free social networking website that allows registered
users to create profiles, upload photos and video, send messages and keep in
touch with friends, family and colleagues. It is one of the most widely used
website for social networking.
● Twitter is a free microblogging service that allows registered members to
broadcast short posts called tweets. Twitter members can broadcast tweets
and follow other users' tweets by using multiple platforms and devices. One
tweet can be shared and re-tweeted thousands of times within the span of a
few hours.
● Wikipedia is a free, open content online encyclopedia created through the
collaborative effort of a community of users known as Wikipedians. Anyone
registered on the site can create an article for publication. Registration is not
required to edit articles.
● LinkedIn is a social networking site designed specifically for the business
community. The goal of the site is to allow registered members to establish
and document networks of people they know and trust professionally.
● Reddit is a social news website and forum where stories are socially
promoted by site members. The site is composed of hundreds of sub-
communities, known as "subreddits." Each subreddit has a specific topic such
as technology, politics or music. Reddit site members, also known as,
"redditors," submit content which is then voted upon by other members. The
goal is to send well-regarded stories to the top of the site's main thread page.
● Pinterest is a social curation website for sharing and categorizing images
found online. Pinterest requires brief descriptions but the main focus of the
site is visual. Clicking on an image will take you to the original source, so, for
example, if you click on a picture of a pair of shoes, we might be taken to a
site where we can purchase them.
15.Discuss the evolution of digital marketing
● The term Digital Marketing was first used in the 1990s. The digital age took off
with the coming of the internet and the development of the Web 1.0 platform.
The Web 1.0 platform allowed users to find the information they wanted, but
did not allow them to share this information over the web. Until then,
marketers worldwide were still unsure of the digital platform. They were not
sure if their strategies would work since the internet had not yet seen
widespread deployment.

● In 1993, the first clickable banner went live, after which Hot Wired purchased
a few banner ads for their advertising. This marked the beginning of the
transition to the digital technologies enter Jerry's era of marketing. Because of
this gradual shift, the year 1994 saw new the digital marketplace. The very
same year, Yahoo was launched. Also known as Guide to the World Wide
Web" after its founder Jerry Yang, Yahoo received close to 1 million hits within
the first year. This prompted wholesale changes in the digital marketing
space, with companies optimizing their websites to pull in higher search
engine ranking The year 1996 saw the launch of a couple of more search
engines and tools.
● The year 1998 saw the birth of Google. Microsoft launched the MSN search
engine and Yahoo brought to the market Yahoo web search. Two years later,
the internet bubble burst and all the smaller search engines were either left
behind or wiped out leaving more space for the giants in the business. The
digital marketing world saw its first steep surge in 2006, when search engine
traffic was reported to have grown to about 6.4 billion in a single month.
Microsoft put MSN behind and launched Live Search to compete with Google
and Yahoo. Then Google began to expand, introducing such products
AdWords, which are 3 line ads that show up at the top or to the right of search
engine results, and AdSense - which is a cost-per-click advertising scheme. In
time, Google realized the value of analyzing the content they received and
then target ads based on the interests of the users, and thus became a major
player in the world of business.
● Then came Web 2.0, where people became more active participants rather
than remain passive users. Web 2.0 allowed users to interact with other users
and businesses. Labels like 'super information highway' began to be applied
to the internet. As a result information flow volumes - including channels
utilized by digital marketers- increased tremendously and by 2004, internet
advertising and marketing in the US alone brought in around $2.9 billion.
● Soon, social networking sites began to emerge. MySpace was the first social
networking site to arrive, soon followed by Facebook. Many companies
realized all these fresh new sites that were popping up were beginning to
open new doors of opportunities to market their products and brands. It
opened fresh avenues for business, and signaled the beginning of a new
 chapter to business. With new resources, they needed new approaches to
promote their brands and capitalize on the social networking platform.
● The cookie was another important milestone in the digital marketing industry
Advertisers had begun to look for other ways to capitalize on the new
technology. One such technique was to track common browsing habits and
usage patterns of frequent users of the internet so as to tailor promotions and
marketing according to their tastes The first cookie was designed to record
user-habits. The use of the cookie has changed over the years, and cookies
today are coded to offer marketers a variety of ways to collec user data.
● Products marketed digitally are now available to customers at all times. The
top three social networking sites used by marketers are LinkedIn, Twitter, and
Facebook.

16.Explain the latest development and strategies in digital marketing

One of the major changes that occurred in traditional marketing was the "emergence
of digital marketing" which has led to the reinvention of marketing strategies. Digital
marketing is completely dependent on technology which is ever changing and
dynamic An effective digital strategy will help to take the right decisions to make a
company successful online. The following are the developments and strategies in
Digital Marketing:
1. Segmentation:
More focus has been placed on segmentation within digitalmarketing, in order
to target specific markets in both B2B and B2C sectors.
2. Influencer Marketing:
Important communicators are identified within related communities, known as
influencers. This is becoming an important concept in digital marketing. It is
possible to reach influencers via paid advertising, such as Facebook
Advertising or Google Adwords campaigns, or through sophisticated sCRM
(social omer relationship management) software.
3. Online behavioral advertising
This is the practice of collecting information Aut a user's online activity over
time, on a particular device and across different, dated websites, in order to
deliver advertisements directed at that user's interests and erences.
4. Collaborative environment
A collaborative environment is being set up ween organization, the technology
service provider, and the digital agencies to mize effort, resource sharing,
reusability and communications. Additionally, ganizations are inviting their
customers to help them better understand what kind of vices they would
prefer.
5. Remarketing
Remarketing plays a major role in digital marketing. It allows marketers to
publish targeted ads in front of an interest category or a defined audience,
generally called searchers in the web language.
 6. Game advertising
Game advertisements are advertisements that exist within computer or video
games. One of the most common examples of in-game advertising is
billboards appearing in sports games. This helps in capturing attention of the
user and converting him into a customer.

17. Write short notes on Benefits of EDI

EDI is the electronic exchange of business documents in a standard, computer -
processable, universally accepted format between trading partners. It puts the
communication of business information in standardized electronic form.
Benefits of EDI can be classified into Direct Benefits and Long-Term Strategic
Benefits.

A. Direct benefits
1. EDI transactions help to reduce the expenses associated with paper,
printing, storage, filing, postage and document retrieval, thereby
lowering the transaction costs.
2. EDI saves valuable time of staff since the errors due to illegible faxes,
lost orders or incorrectly taken phone orders are eliminated.
3. Quick processing of accurate business documents leads to less re-
working of orders, fewer stock outs and fewer cancelled orders.
4. Customer service is improved. The quick transfer of business
documents and decrease in errors allow orders to be met faster.
5. EDI provides a common business language that facilitates business
partner onboarding anywhere in the world.

B. Strategic benefits
1. Customer relations are improved through better quality and speed of
service.
2. EDI enables faster decision-making and improved responsiveness to
changing customer and market demands, and allows businesses to
adopt a demand-driven business model rather than a supply-driven
one.
3. Promotes corporate social responsibility and sustainability by replacing
paper- based processes with electronic alternatives.
4. EDI helps maintain and enhance competitive edge.
5. There is improved job satisfaction among data entry operators, clerks
etc. when are deployed in more creative activities.

18. Explain the following categories of E-commerce with relevant examples

1)B2C
Business-to-Consumer e-commerce, involves commerce between companies and
consumers. It applies to the business or organization that sells its products or
services to consumers over the internet. Customers may gather information,
purchase physical goods, electronic material or digitized content, such as software,
or e-books.
Most common examples being Amazon, Flipkart,Myntra, etc.

2)C2C
Consumer-to-consumer e-commerce is commerce between private individuals or
consumers. These markets are innovative ways to allow customers to interact with
each
other. While traditional markets require business to customer relationships, in which
a customer goes to the business in order to purchase a product or service. In
customer to
customer markets the business facilitates an environment where customers can sell
these
goods or services to each other.
For example: ebay, OLX, quickr, etc