PHYSICAL SCIENCE

SUBJECT :
Formation of
Elements
PRE-TEST
1. Which theory suggests that the
universe began from a singularity and
its inflation?
A. Big Bang Theory
B. Eternal Inflation
C. Oscillating Universe
D. Steady-State Universe
PRE-TEST
1. Which theory suggests that the
universe began from a singularity and
its inflation?
A. Big Bang Theory
B. Eternal Inflation
C. Oscillating Universe
D. Steady-State Universe
PRE-TEST
2. Aside from the neutron, the core of
an atom is made up of which other
subatomic particle?
A. electron
B. positron
C. proton
D. None of the above.
PRE-TEST
2. Aside from the neutron, the core of
an atom is made up of which other
subatomic particle?
A. electron
B. positron
C. proton
D. None of the above.
PRE-TEST
3. What’s the term for stars that
are nine times bigger than our Sun?
A. massive stars
B. nebulae
C. stars
D. supernova
PRE-TEST
3. What’s the term for stars that
are nine times bigger than our Sun?
A. massive stars
B. nebulae
C. stars
D. supernova
PRE-TEST
4. What does an element’s atomic
number determine?
A. number of electron
B. number of positron
C. number of proton
D. None of the choices
PRE-TEST
4. What does an element’s atomic
number determine?
A. number of electron
B. number of positron
C. number of proton
D. None of the choices
PRE-TEST
5. What does an element’s atomic
weight determine?
A. number of protons and electrons
B. number of protons and neutrons
C. number of protons only
D. number of neutrons only
PRE-TEST
5. What does an element’s atomic
weight determine?
A. number of protons and electrons
B. number of protons and neutrons
C. number of protons only
D. number of neutrons only
PRE-TEST
6. What causes the formation of
heavier elements in space?
A. death of a star
B. neutron-star merger
C. supernova
D. All of the choices
PRE-TEST
6. What causes the formation of
heavier elements in space?
A. death of a star
B. neutron-star merger
C. supernova
D. All of the choices
PRE-TEST
7. What is the last lighter element to
be formed during a star formation?
A. Helium
B. Hydrogen
C. Iron
D. Oxygen
PRE-TEST
7. What is the last lighter element to
be formed during a star formation?
A. Helium
B. Hydrogen
C. Iron
D. Oxygen
PRE-TEST
8. Who solved Dmitri Mendeleev’s
arrangement of the periodic table?
A. Albert Einstein
B. Ernest Rutherford
C. Henry Moseley
D. John Dalton
PRE-TEST
8. Who solved Dmitri Mendeleev’s
arrangement of the periodic table?
A. Albert Einstein
B. Ernest Rutherford
C. Henry Moseley
D. John Dalton
PRE-TEST
9. What force naturally pulls things
together?
A. fission
B. fusion
C. gravity
D. pressure
PRE-TEST
9. What force naturally pulls things
together?
A. fission
B. fusion
C. gravity
D. pressure
 PRE-TEST
10. Which element is the first and
lightest to ever be formed?
A. Helium
B. Hydrogen
C. Iron
D. Oxygen
 PRE-TEST
10. Which element is the first and
lightest to ever be formed?
A. Helium
B. Hydrogen
C. Iron
D. Oxygen
Read the short story provided below and find
the 5 words related to physics and chemistry.
Once, there was a spy named Hydrogen
(nicknamed Hy) with massive issues on trusting Angela,
his agency partner. There was always the possibility that
their opinions crash against each other rather than end
in a peaceful fusion like when Hy suggests the suspect
of the crime they were investigating could be in the East
Coast but Angela argues that the place should be in the
West Coast.
They were almost fired from the job
for being too unprofessional, almost
becoming the ‘big bang’ to their
careers. The gravity of the situation
made Hy and Angela rethink their
attitude and agree to be more
understandable of each other’s
differences on opinions.
Hydrogen
Fusion
Big Bang
Massive
Gravity
Hydrogen
This is the
lightest element
in the periodic
table.
 Fusion
This is what happens when
elements combine together,
usually resulting to new
elements.
Big Bang
This is the theory
which proposes the
universe is still in the
process of inflation.
Massive
This is the term
for stars bigger
than our own
Sun.
Gravity
This is what pulls
atoms together and
what causes the Earth
to orbit the Sun.
The Big Bang Theory
Formation
of Heavier
Elements
Formation of Heavier Elements

Light Elements Heavier Elements

these are elements these are elements
from Hydrogen to heavier than Iron which
Iron which form in form from massive stars,
less massive stars. supernovae, or neutron-
star mergers.
 The following steps
summarize the formation
of the earliest and lighter
elements in the
heart of massive stars,
stars that are nine (9)
times the size of our Sun:
1. There is first a huge cloud of Hydrogen
(H) atoms. As per the law of the universe,
gravity will pull these atoms together.
2. The core (center) of this cloud will get
dense and hot, like when more things rub
together they get hotter and more
compressed. This dense and hot core will
start to ignite.
3. This ignition is the start of fusion and since the atoms
that are fusing (clumping together) are Hydrogen atoms,
this is called Hydrogen Fusion happening in the core of the
cloud.
*KEEP IN MIND: When the Hydrogen fusion takes place,
this doesn’t mean that ALL the Hydrogen atoms are
already fusing. The rest of the Hydrogen atoms that are
farther from the core remains outside the core. This trend
happens not only with Hydrogen but also with other
elements when they start to fuse at a later stage of
element formation.
4. The heated core eventually becomes
plasma: a soup of electrons and nucleuses
that are not as well-formed, explaining why
they aren’t atoms yet.
5. Hydrogen atoms will eventually fuse into
Helium (He) and this (He) is now the new
core. The surroundings of this (He) core is
the previous (H) now called H-shell or H
fusion shell.
6. Since the remaining H-shell are also
constantly fusing into the (He) core,
more (He) is formed building up. With
this (He) build-up, where gravity pulls
atoms inward, there is also pressure
which pushes the H-shell outward
causing the size of the star to get
bigger.
7. Steps 1-6 are going to continue until
other fusions starts to happen:
a. He fuses with H into a Carbon (C)
core with a He-shell outside it;
b. C fuses with He into Oxygen (O)
core with a C-shell outside of it;
and so on until Iron (Fe).
8. Why do we stop at Fe? It’s because in order to
produce another element after Fe, more energy is
needed than what the existing fusion can supply.
That does not mean only the elements from H to
Fe are real elements. Heavier elements continue
to form where there is enough energy: during
supernovae (plural of supernova—when stars
explode and die) and neutron-star mergers (when
stars merges).
Now that we have cleared the
basics of how the lighter
elements are formed, we go
in-depth on how the heavier
elements get formed—one
concept still unknown to
science but supported by
theories.
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Stellar Nucleosynthesis is one of the ways
heavier elements are formed. Nucleosynthesis
explains how new atomic nucleus are formed
from nucleons preceding from the new ones.
There is also Nuclear Fusion, a process where
neutrons and protons combine to new atoms.
Nuclear fusion is how elements Hydrogen, Helium
and small amounts of Lithium and Beryllium were
formed.
 Synthesis of
New Elements
in the
Laboratory
What Is It?
The heaviest elements in the
universe can be recreated in a
laboratory. This type of element
creation is called the synthesis of
elements which is the focus for this
lesson.
 It is important to note that these heavy
elements, although created in a laboratory, do
exist in space. The main reason why these heavy
elements are needed to be created here in
our planet is because traces of them in space
cannot be harvested. The reason for this is
because their life spans are too short to be
captured for evidence—microseconds short to be
exact.
 Back on 1913, a scientist named Henry Moseley
sought to fix Dmitri Mendeleev’s
arrangement of the periodic table of elements. There was
a discovery that arranging the
elements based on their weight didn’t reflect the
element’s chemical properties properly.
Henry Moseley experimented by shooting electrons at
varying elements. The result was that
the elements released x-rays at a certain frequency that
increases as the protons increases.
 Based on Henry Moseley’s x-ray spectroscopy
experiment, he opted to arrange the
elements in the periodic table according to the square
root of their unique frequency
emission resulting in a more organized table which shows
periodic trends more clearly.
Moseley’s x-ray spectroscopy is vital in the synthesis of
the heaviest elements in a
laboratory because it serves as a foundation of
discovering that manipulating an element’s
number of protons can be done.
 Cyclotron
a type of particle
accelerator—is a device
invented and used to form
and accelerate protons to
hit a target nuclei, causing
an addition of a proton to
the target element.
Transuranic
Elements
What are the elements synthesized
here on Earth? These elements are
those termed as transuranic
elements and those written at the
bottom of the periodic table of
elements which are the heaviest in
terms of atomic number.
Transuranic Elements
Transuranic Elements
ACTIVITY 1: Evolution of an Atom’s Representation
Research about the following models of the atom:

a. John Dalton’s model

B. J.J Thomson’s model
C. Ernest Rutherford’s model

D. Neils Bohr’s model

E. Erwin Schrodinger’s model
On a piece of 1 whole paper, draw
the simple versions of their
models and add notes on the
bottom about the highlights of
their model.
Activity 1.1: In the News
Instructions: To broaden your
understanding that this lesson can
be applied in real life, research and
read about the elements that can
be found in our blood and bones.
Use the following table and copy the
format on a 1 whole piece of yellow
paper.
THANKS!

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