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255 views148 pagesThe Complete C++ - Python Manual - 10th Edition 2022
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
255 views148 pagesThe Complete C++ - Python Manual - 10th Edition 2022
Para los que se inician en el mundo de la programación y los sistemas.
Uploaded by
Cristian MartinezCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 148
i) BOM: 's Complete
Manual Series
C++ &
Python
The essential coding manual for
C++ and Python programming LLSMOGNIM
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Unleash the power of Python and C++
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There are many different programming
languages available to learn and use.
Some are complex and incredibly
powerful and some are extremely basic
and used as minor utilities For operating
systems. Python sits somewhere in the
middle, combining ease of use with a
generous helping of power that allows
the user to create minor utilities, a range
of excellent games and performance-
heavy computational tasks.
However, there's more to Python than
simply being another programming
language. It has vibrant and lively
community behind it that shares
knowledge, code and project ideas; as
well as bug fixes for Future releases.
It’s thanks to this community that the
language has grown and thrived and now
it’syour turn to take the plunge and learn
how to program in Python.
The first half of this book helps you
get started with the latest version of
Python and from there guide you on how
to.use some of the most common and
interesting functions and Features of the
language. Before long, you will be able to
code your own helpful system tools, text
adventures and even control character
as they move around the screen.
8 Why Python?
10 Equipment You will Need
12 Getting to Know Python
14 Howto Set Up Python in Windows
16 Howto Set Up Python on a Mac
How to Set Up Python in Linux
————— 7 ER 0 ) Say Hello to Python
Why Python?
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and some still available for older 8 and 16-bit computers too. Some of these languages
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Python out of all the rest:
PYTHON POWER
Ever since the earliest home computers were available, enthusiasts, users and professionals have toiled away until the wee
hours, slaving over an overheating heap of circuitry to create something akin to magic.
“These pioneers of programming carved their way into a new
Frontier, Forging small routines that enabled the letter A to scroll
‘across the screen. It may not sound terribly exciting toa generation
that's used to ultra-high definition graphics and open world, multi-
player online gaming. However, forty-something years ago it was,
blindingly brillant.
Naturally these bedsoom coders helped form the foundations for
‘every piece of digital technology we use today, Some went on to
become chief developers for top software companies, whereas
‘thers pushed the available hardware to its limits and founded the
billion pound gaming empire that continually amazes us.
Regardless of whether you use an Android device, 10S device, PC,
‘Mac, Linux, Smart TV, games console, MP3 playet, GPS device builtin
to. car set-top box ora thousand other connected and ‘smart’
appliances, behind them allis programming.
Allthose aforementioned caital devices need instructions to tell
them what to do, and allow them to be interacted with, These
instructions Form the programming core of the device and that core
can be built using a variety of programming languages.
“The languages in use today differ depending on the situation, the
platform, the device's use and how the device will interact with its
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programs, operating systems, games and so on.
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Python and so on,
"More general-purpose programming is used to create programs,
‘apps, software or whatever else you want to cal them. They/re
‘widely used across all hardware platforms and suit vitually every
conceivable application. Some operate aster than others and some
{are easier to learn and use than others. Python is one such general-
purpose language.
Python is what's known asa High-Level Language, in that t'talks
tothe hardware and operating system using a variety of arrays,
variables, objects, arithmetic, subroutines, loops and countless
more interactions. Whilst its nat as streamlined as a Low-Level
Language, which can deal directly with memory addresses, call
stacks and registers, its benefitis that it's universally accessible
‘and easy to learn
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Why Python? CH
Python was created over twenty sixyears ago and has evolved to
become an ideal beginner's language for learning how to program @
computer. t's perfect for the hobbyist, enthusiast, student, teacher
and those who simaly need to create their own unique interaction
between either themselves ora piece of external hardware and the
computer itself
Pythonis free to download, install and use ands available for Linux,
Windows, macOS, MS-DOS, 05/2, BeOS, IBM i-series machines, and
even RISC OS. Ithas been voted one ofthe top five programming
languagesin the world ands continually evolving ahead of the
hardware and internet development curve
Soto answer the question: why python? Simply put, i's Free, easy to
learn, exceptionally powerful, universally accepted, effective and a
superb learning and educational tool
BASIC was once the starter language that early
‘bit home computer users learned.
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Python isa more modern take on BASIC, it’s easyto learn
‘and makes for an ideal beginner's programming language.
——_> ®) Say Hello to Python )
Equipment You
Will Need
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Freely available.
‘WHAT WE'RE USING
‘Thankfully, Python is a multi-platform programming language available For Windows, macOS, Linux, Raspberry Pi and more. IF
you have one of those systems, then you can easily start using Python.
(| computer
Obviously you're going to need a computer in order to learn how to program in
Python and totest your code You can use Windows (rom XP onward) on ether 332
‘or 6ebit processor, an ple Mac or Linux installed PC
|_| AN IDE
‘AnIDE (Integrated Developer Environment) is used to enter and execute Python
‘ode. It enables you to inspect your program code and the values within the code, as.
‘well as offering advanced features. There are many different IDEs available, so Find
the one that works for you and gives the best results.
PYTHON SOFTWARE
macOS and Linux already come with Python preinstalled as part ofthe operating
system, as does the Raspberry Pi However, you need to ensure that you're running
the latest version of Python. Windows users need to download and install Python,
which we'll cover shortly.
[_] TEXT EDITOR
whist ext edo sande envionment to enter code ino. not an absolute
neces, You can enter and execute coe det from the OLE buta text eto,
Suchessbbine Text or Notepads, offers more advanced Features and colour coding
when entering code
|_| INTERNET ACCESS.
Python isan ever evolving environment and as such new versions often introduce
new concepts or change existing commands and code structure to make ita more
«efficient language. Having access to the Internet will keep you up-to-date, help you
‘out when you get stuck and give access to Python's immense number of modules.
TIME AND PATIENCE
Despite what other books may lead you to believe, you won't become a programmer
in 24-hours. Learning to code in Python takes time, and patience. Youmay become
stuck at times and other times the code willow lke water. Understand youre learning
‘something entirely new, and you will get there. ( Equipment You Will Need CH
THE RASPBERRY PI
Why use a Raspberry Pi? The Raspberry Plisa tiny computer that’s very cheap to purchase but offers the user a fantastic learning
platform. its main operating system, Raspbian, comes preinstalled with the latest Python along with many Modules and extras.
aaa
The Raspberry Pi 3s the latest version incorporating a more
powerful CPU, more memory, WiFi and Bluetooth support.
You can pick up @Pifor around £32 or asa part oFkt for €50+,
depending on the kit you're interested in,
7g FUZE PROJECT
The FUZE sa learning environment bult on the latest model
‘of the Raspberry Pl. You can purchase the workstations that
‘come with an electronics kit and even a robot arm For you to
build and program. You can find mare information on the FUZE
at www Fuze.co.uk
Coding
GEES in
ties nkile visu or Beginnels
bdmpublications.com. Our Pi
RASPBIAN books cover howto buy your
First RaspberryPi, sett up and
The Raspberry P's main operating system isa Debian-based use tsthere are some great
Linux distribution that comes with everything you need in step-by-step project examples
asimple to use package. i's streamlined for the Piand isan and guides to get the most
Ideal platform for hardware and software proj
programming and even asa desktop computer
Python From the Raspberry Pitoo.
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Getting to
Know Python
Python is the greatest computer programming language ever created. It enables
you to fully harness the power of a computer, in a language that’s clean and easy
RoR Uae] Ieee
WHAT IS PROGRAMMING?
Ithelps to understand what 2 programming language is before you try to learn one, and Python is no different. Let's take 2
look at how Python came about and how it relates to other languages.
PROGRAMMING RECIPES ene
Carel}
Programs ae lke recipes For computers. A
Aprogramminglanguage recipe to bake a cake could go tke this:
isa list of instructions that
‘a computer follows. These ut 100 grams of selFraising flourin a bowl.
instructions can be assimple Add 100 grams of butter to the bowl.
2s displaying your name ‘Add 100 mililtres of milk,
‘7 playing a music file, or Bake for halFan hour,
as complexas building a re
whole virtual world. Python oe
isa programming language
cee ne ee Just Uke a recipe, a program consists of instructions that you Follow 2
Inotder. A program that describes a cake might run ke this rm
a9 siiiiaitres oF mi:
by Guido van Rossum
‘at Centrum Wiskunde &
Informatica (CW) inthe bowl = 0
Netherlands asa successor to II flour = 100
the ABC language. [I butter = 50
milk = 100
bow! .append(Cflour buttermilk]
-ake..cook(bowL)
PROGRAM COMMANDS
You might not understand some of the Python commands, lke bowl append and cake.cook(bow).
‘The firsts list, the second an object; we'll Look at both inthis book. The main thing to know is
that it’s easy to read commands in Python. Once you learn what the commands do, I's easy to
figure out how a program works.
Guido van Rossum, the
Father of Python. HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES
Computer languas snown as “high-level
“This is because they ly high above the hardware (also referred to as
the metal’). Languages that “ly close to the meta’ lke Assembly,
are known as “low-level”. Low-level languages commands read a bit
lkethis:msg db ,@xa Len equ $ - msg
PYTHON 3 VS PYTHON 2
( Getting to Know Python cH
ZEN OF PYTHON
Python lets you access al the power ofa computer in a language
that humans can understand. Behind all thisis an ethos called "The
Zen of Python." This isa collection of 20 software principles that
influences the design of the language. Principles include “Beautiful
Is better than ugly” and “Simple isbetter than complex.” Type
‘import this into Python and it wil display all the principles.
Ina typical computing scenario, Python is complicated somewhat by the existence of two active versions of the language:
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scbribiaeninn ®) Say Hello to Python
How to Set Up
Python in Windows
Nelo NAD Ee) Mend cleo MEMES een}
Downloads page. Whilst most seasoned Python developers may shun Windows as the
platform of choice for building their code, it’s still an ideal starting point for beginners.
INSTALLING PYTHON 3.X
Microsoft Windows doesn't come with Python preinstalled as standard, so you're going to have to install it yourself manually.
Thankfully, it’s an easy process to follow.
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Features. On the frst screen available, ensure all boxes are ticked
and click the Next button,
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FETED ick the download button for version 3.x, and ESTeRED The next page of options include some interesting
save the file to your Downloads folder. When the daltons to Python. Ensure the Associate File with
Fite is downloaded, double-click the executable and the Python Python, Create Shortcuts, Add Python to Environment Variables,
installation wizerd wil launch. From here youhave two choices: recompile Standard Library and install fr All Users options are
Install Now and Customise Installation. We recommend opting for ticked. These make using Python later much easier. Click Install when
the Customise installation link you're ready to continue.
= Install Python 3.6.2 (32-bit) | ‘Advanced Options
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a FEED You mayneed to confirm the installation with the
Windows authentication notification. simply click
‘Yesand Python will begin to install. Once the installation is comple
the final Python wizard page will allow you to view the latest release
notes, and Follow some online tutorials.
oS
python a
windows
PEEP cefore you close the instal wizard window,
however, it's best to cick on the link next to the
shield detailed Disable Path Lenath Limit. This will alow Python
to bypass the Windows 260 character imitation, enabling you to
execute Python programs stored in deep Folders arrangements,
Setup was successful
‘Again, click Yes to authenticate the process; then you can Close the
installation window
Close
Windows 10 users will now =
Find the installed Python an
3.xwithin the Start button
Recently Added section, The
Firstlink, Python 3.6 (32-bit) sm
will aunch the command
line version of Python when
clicked (more on thatina
moment). To open the IDLE,
type DLE into Windows start
How to Set Up Python in Windows (CE
PPD licking on the 1OLe (Python 3.6 32-bit) tink wil
launch the Python Shell, where you can begin
your Python programming journey. Don't worry iF your version
er, a5 long as it's Python 3.x our cade will work inside your
Python 3 interface
PEPER) you now click on the windows Start button again
and this time type: CMD, you'llbe presented with the
‘Command Prompt link. Click t to get tothe Windows command line
environment. To enter Python within the command tne, you need
to ype: python and press Enter
The commande version of Python works in
Sue much the same way as the Shell you opened in
Step 8 noe the three lftfacng arrows (o>) hist perfectly
fe envionment Ks rot too userfiendly so leave the command
line fornon Ente eX to leave and cose the Command
Prompt window
sciences z= Say Hello to Python)
How to Set Up
Python on a Mac
IF you're running an Apple Mac, then setting up Python is incredibly easy. In Fact a
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INSTALLING PYTHON,
Apple's operating system comes with Python installed, so you don’t need to install it separately, However, Apple doesn't
update Python very often and you're probably running an older version. So it makes sense to check and update First
PEPE open anew Terminal window by clicking Go> FERED) ickon the latest version of Python 3%, in our
Utes, then double-click the Terminal icon, Now (se this isthe download button for Python 3.6.2.
enter: python =-version. You should see"Python 2.1" and This will automatically download the latest version of Python and
even later, iF Apple has updated the OS and Python installation, depending on how you've got your Mac configured, t automaticaly
Either way, it's best to check forthe latest version. starts the installation wizard,
FEE Oren Safari and heed over to www.python.ora/ FETED With the Python instalation wizard open, click on
downloads. Just 2s with the Windows setup the Continue button to begin the installation. I's
procedure on the previous pages, you can see two yellow download worth taking a moment to read through the Important information
buttons: one for Python 3.6.2, andthe other for Python 2.7.13, section, in case it references something that applies to your version
Note, that version numbers maybe different due tothe Frequent of macOS, When reads, click Continue again,
releases of Python.
1 ee
DOC Rute ana Tb ‘The next section details the Software License
Agreement, and whilst not particularly interesting
tomost Folks, it’s probably worth a read, When you're ready, click on
the Continue button once again
(How to Set Up Python on a Mac ¢ CE
‘There's nothing much ee (eto doin the Python
Sure installation wizard so you can click the Close button.
Ifyou now drop backinto Terminal session and reenter the
command: python3 =-version, you can seethe nev version's
now listed. To enter the command line version of Python, youneed
toenter: python3, To exit, it's: exit,
ESTEE inallyyou're be presented with the amount of
space Python wil take up on your system and an
Insta button, which you need to click to start the actual installation
‘oF Python 32xon to your Mac. You may need to enter your password
toauthenticate the instalation proces.
The installation shouldn't take too long; the older
STEP7
‘Mac Mini we used inthis sectionisa lite slower
than more modern Mac machines andit only took around thirty
seconds forthe Installation Successful prompt to be displayed,
PPI You nced to searchin Finder for the Python IDLE;
‘when you've Found it cickit to launch and it
should look similar to that of the Windows IDLE version shown on
the previous page. The only difference being the Mac detected
hardware platform it’s running on.
eee
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(Older Mac versions may have trouble with the
ewer versions of Python, in which case you will
need to revert toa previous Python 3.x build; as long as you're using
Python 33, the code in this book will work or you.
‘Python 3-12 (z312:79260M, Mar 24 2010, 0
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wonbdmpublestionscom QU Say Hello to Python_)
How to Set Up
Python in Linux
PYTHON PENGUIN
Linux is such a versatile operating system that it’s often difficult to nail down just one way of doing something. Different
distributions go about installing software in different ways, so we will stick to Linux Mint 18.1 For this particular tutorial
PEPE Fics:younced to ascertain which version of Python
's currently installed in your Linuxsystemy, as we
mentioned, we'fe going to be using Linux Mint 18.1 for this section.
‘Aswith macOS, drop into a Terminal by pressing CUrt+Atl+T
‘davidedavid-mint
File Edt View Search Terminal Help
eee ext enter: python ==version into the Terminal
screen. You should have the output relating to
version 2.x f Python inthe display. Ours in this particular case is
Python 2.7.12.
davidedavid-mint ~
Fle Edit View Search Terminal Help
wera bdmpubiations.com
FETED) some tinux cists will automatically update
the instalation of Python to the latest versions
whenever the system is updated. To check, first doa system update
and upgrade with:
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade
Enter your password and let the system do any updates.
ESTEE Once the update and upgrade is complete, you
may need to answer '' to authorise any upgrades,
enter: python. =-Verssion to see if Python 3.xis updated or even
installed. n the case of Linux Mint, the version we have is Python
3.5.2, which sine For our purposes. PETESIDD However, you want the latest version, 3.6.2 as per
the Python website atthe time of writing, you need
to build Python from source. Start by entering these commands into
the Terminal:
sudo apt-get install build-essential checkinstall
sudo apt-get install libreadline-gplv2-dev
Libncursesn5-dev Libssl-dev libsqlite3-dev tk-dev
Libgdbn-dev libc6-dev libbz2-dev
i ee oe
PEPE open upyour Linux web browser and go to
the Python download page: www.pythen.org/
‘downloads. lick on the Download Python 3.6.2 (or whichever
version t's on when you look) to download the source Python:
3.62tarxeflle
Inthe Terminal, go the Downloads folder by
entering: ed Downiloads/. Then unzip the
contents of the downloaded Python source code with: tar =xvF
Python-3.6.2. tar.xz. Now enter the newly unzipped folder
with ed Python-3.6.2/.
How to Set Up Python in Linux
PED within the python folder, enter:
Zeonfigure
sudo make altinstall
‘This coulda ite wile depending on the speed of your computer.
Once finished, enter python3.6 =-version to check the
Installed latest version.
FeTSEIE DD or the GUIIDLE, you need to enter the following
‘command into the Terminal:
sudo apt-get install idle}
The IDLE can then be started with the command: idLe3. Note, that
IDLE runs a different version fram the one you installed from source.
Gnadedend mint WDomiendutyner a2
FETED DD You atsoneed Pip (Pip installs Packages) which isa
tool to help you install more modules and extras.
Enter: sudo apt-get install python3-pip
PIP is then installed; check For the latest update with:
pip3 install --upgrade pip
When complete, close the Terminal and Python 3.x willbe available
via the Programming section in your dstro's menu,
wembdmpubliatonscom | ( Getting Started with Python CH
Getting started with Python may seem a
little daunting at first but the language
has been designed with simplicity in mind.
Like most things, you need to start slowly,
learn how to get a result and how to get
what you want from the code.
Inthis section, we cover variables,
numbers and expressions, user input,
conditions and loops; and the types of
errors you may well come across in your
time with Python.
Starting Python for the First Time
24 YourFirst Code
26 Saving and Executing Your Code
28 Executing Code from the Command Line
Numbers and Expressions
Using Comments
Working with Variables
User Input
Creating Functions
Conditions and Loops
Python Modules
BseRERS
vebinobiacncon CT =) Getting Started with Python e)
Starting Python For
the First Time
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STARTING PYTHON
We're not going to go into the details of getting the Raspberry Pi up and running, there's plenty of material already available
‘on that subject. However, once you're ready, fire up your Pi and get ready For coding
FETE RID With the Raspbian desktop loaded, cick on the SEED (or example, inthe shell enter: 242
‘Menu button followed by Programming » Python After pressing Enter, the nex¢ line displays the
3 (DLE). Ths opens the Python 3 Shall. Windows and Mac users can answer: 4. Basically, Python has taken the ‘code’ and produced the
Find the Python 3IOLE Shell from within the Windows Start button relevant output.
menu and via Finder
sepa an eae
een or “cna” far mre itr
BEER Thesheliswhereyou canentercode andseethe — JESTEEIARB the Python shel acts very much ikea calculator,
responses and output of code you ve programmed since cade is basically aseries of mathematical
into Python. Thisisakind of sandbox, where youre ableto try out interactions wth the system. Integers, which arethe infinite
‘some simple code and processes. sequence of whole numbers can easily be added, subtracted,
‘multiplied and so on,
ie Sereaits™ of “Lcens()” fer nore information While that’s very interesting, i's not particularly
exciting. Instead, try this:
=
print(“Hello everyone!”)
Just ike the code we entered in Sublime inthe Installing a Text
Editor section ofthis book,
PEP This isa lctie more ike t, since you've just produced
Your first bit of code. The Print command is fairly
self-explanatory, it prints things. Python 3 requires the brackets as
‘well as quote marks in order to output content to the screen, in this
‘ease the ‘Hello everyone! bit
>>> print(“Hello everyone! *)
Hello everyone!
>>|
( Starting Python for the First Time CH
ise)
The Python IDLE isa configurable environment. IF
you don’t lke the way the colours ae represented,
then you can always change them via Options > Configure IDLE and
clicking on the Highlighting tab. However, we don't recommend
that, as you won't be seeing the same as our screenshots.
Ear par tee nce = =m
stke most programs avalable, regardless of the
‘operating system, there are numerous shortcut
keysavallable. We don't have room for them all here but within the
(Options > Configure IDLE and under the Keys tab, you can see a list
of the current bindings.
PEPEED You mayhave noticed the colour coding within
the Python IDLE, The colours represent different
‘elements of Python code, They are:
Black —Data and Variables
Green—Strings
Purple— Functions
range Commands
Blue — User Functions
Dark Red Comments
Light Red Error Messages
IDLE Colour Coding
[-eeteur [user] exampies |
Purple | netene | ent)_peint 0)
The Python IDLE isa power interface and one
that’s actually been written in Python using one
of the available GU! toolkits. IF you want to know the many ins and
‘outs of the Shel, we recommend you take afew moments to view
‘wwnw.docs.python.org/3/library/idle.html, which detais many of
the IDLE's Features.
wonbdmpublestionscom Ey ED) cain saresisten)
Your First Code
UCT cM cuN Mga setomet Meee ass)
everyone!”)’ Function from the previous tutorial, However, let's expand that and look at
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PLAYING WITH PYTHON
‘With most Languages, computer or human, it’s all about remembering and applying the right words to the right situation.
‘You're not born knowing these words, so you need to learn them.
ESTeEEDD you've closed Python 31DLE, reopen itn BETES) ou cansee that instead of the number 4 the
whichever operating system version you prefer. In ‘output isthe 2+2 you asked to be printed to the
the Shel, enter the Famiiar Follows screen. The quotation marks are defining whats being outputted
aon tothe IDLE Shelto print the total oF 2+2 you need to remove
print¢“Helto”) aaa
print(2+2)
Justas predicted, the word Hello appears in the You can continue as such, printing 242, 46442343
Shell as bive text, indicating output From a string. 3nd Soon to the Shell An easier ways tousea
Its Fairly straightforward and doesn't require too much explanation. variable, whichis something we will coverin more depth later. For
Now try now, enter:
printcr2+2") ae ESTEEM) what you have done here isassign the letters
and b two values: 2 and 2. These are now variables,
‘hich can be called upon by Python to output, add, subtract, divide
‘and so on For as ong as their numbers stay the same. Ty this:
printca)
print)
er
The output ofthe as step dpaythe current
SUEDE values of both a and 0 individually, as you've asked
them to be printed separately. If you want to add them up, you can
use the following:
print(atb)
‘This code simply takes the values of @ and b, adds them together,
‘and outputs the result,
‘Ea She big ure Bent Eee
Ege SP a TT
BETA You can play around with different kinds of variables
‘and the Print function, For example, you could
‘assign variables For someone's name:
nane="David”
printCname)
y
( Your First Code
NS CH
PPT Nowlet’s adda surname:
surnane="Hayward”
print(surname)
‘You now have two variables containing a first name and a surname
and you can print them independently
FIED we were to apply the same routine as before,
using the + symbol, the name wouldn't appear
correctlyinthe outputin the Shell. Tr it
print(namessuenane)
You need a space between the two, defining ther as two separate
values and not something you mathematically play around with.
eG od Bon ne we i
In Python 3 you can separate the two variables
Sia
with a space using a comma
printCname, surname)
‘Alternatively, you can add the space yourself
printCname+” “+surname)
‘The use of the comma is much neater, as you can see.
Congratulations, you've just taken your First steps into the wide
‘weld of Python.
‘wen bdmpubliations.com EX 0 ) Getting Started with Python
Saving and Executing
Your Code
Whilst working in the IDLE Shell is perfectly fine for small code snippets, it’s not
designed For entering longer program listings. In this section you're going to be
introduced to the IDLE Editor, where you will be working from now on.
EDITING CODE
‘You will eventually reach a point where you have to move on from inputting single lines of code into the Shell. Instead, the
IDLE Editor will allow you to save and execute your Python code.
ESTeERED Fi'st open the Python IDLEShell and when t's up, JES tsage You can see that the same colour coding sin place
ck on File» New Fle. This willopen anew window in the IDLE Editor as isin the Shell, enabling you
‘with Untitied as es name. Thisis the Python IDLE Editor and within it to better understand what's going on with your code, However, to
you can enter the code needed to create your future programs. execute the code you need to first save it. Press FS and you get a
Save...Check box open.
=
ESTEEM The IDLE Editor is, for all intents and purposes, @ ESTeEE DD iickon the Ox button in the Save box nd select a
simple text editor with Python Features, colour destination where you" save all your Python code.
‘coding and so on; much inthe same vein as Sublime. You enter ‘The destination can be a dedicated Folder called Python or you
‘code as you would within the Shell, sotaking an example from the can just dump it wherever you lke. Remember to keep a tidy drive
previous tutorial, enter: though, to help you out inthe Future.
print(“Hello everyone!) Enter aname for your code, ‘print helo’ for
‘example, and ick on the Save button. Once the
Python code is saved it's executed and the output will be detailed in
the IDLE Shell In this case, the words ‘Hello everyone!”
BPI) Thi is how the vast majority of your Python code
willbe conducted. Enter itinto the Editar, hit FS,
save the code and look atthe output in the Shell. Sometimes things.
will differ, depending on whether you've requested a separate
window, but essentially thats the process.’ the process we wil
use thraughout this book, unless otherwise stated,
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ayer ee ee
Saale
Ifyou open the fil location ofthe saved Python
code, you can see that it endin a.py extension,
‘Thisis the default Python file name. Any code you create will be
‘whatever.py and any code downloaded from the many Internet
Pyehon resource sites wil be py, Just ensure that the codes written
for Python 3.
Saving and Executing Your Code CH
Let's extend the code and enter afew examples
From the previous tutorial:
nane="David”
surnane="Hayward”
print(nane, surname)
print Casb)
IF you press F5 now youl be asked to save the ile, again, as it’s been
modified from before.
Ifyou clckthe OK button, the file willbe
‘overwritten with the new cade entries, and
executed, with the outputin the Shell I’s nota problem with just
these Few lines but if you were to edita larger ile, overwriting can
become an issue. Instead, use File > Save As From within the Editor
tocreate abackup.
Be eR ED Now create anew file. Close the Editor, and open
‘anew instance (Fle > New File From the ShelD,
Enter the Following and save tas helo py
a="Python”
baris”
"cool!"
print(a, b, ¢)
‘You will use this code inthe next tutorial
| Seabee Getting Started with Python
Executing Code from
the Command Line
COMMAND THE CODE
Using the code we created in the previous tutorial, the one we named hello py, let’s see how you can run code that was made
in the GUL at the command line level.
you're atthe command line we can start
hon. For Python 3 youneed to enter the
waysis with Python 2, whilst the other uses the Python 3 libraries command python3 and press Enter. This will put youinto the
and s0 on. First though, drop into the command line or Terminalon command line version ofthe Shel, withthe Familiar three right:
‘your operating system, Facing arrows asthe cursor (>>),
asbefore ar EEZD cooneesovreaetoenerinecocsoine
reusing Iooked a previousty seh os
erty Pi: Windows users wil =
click the Start button and i
+h For CMD, then click the
Command Line returned search
and macOS users can get access
to their command line by dicking
Go> Utlities > Terminal
a2
primt(a)
You can see that it works exactly the same.
‘worabdmoubiations.com Executing Code from the Command Line CH
EapD Now enter: exit) to leave the command tine Python The result of running Python 3 code from the
session and return you back to the command Python 2 command line is quite obvious, Whilst it
prompt. Enter the folder where you saved the code from the ferences between the
previous tuterial and list the available files within; hopefully you the Print command over Python 2, the result
should see the hel Using Sublime for the moment, open the
isn'tas we expecte
hellopy file
PPD Fromithin thesame folder as the code youre PPED since Sublime Text isnt available for the Raspbe
doing to run enter the Following into the P;, you're going to temporarily leave the Pi for the
command line: ‘moment and use Sublime as an example that you dor't necessarily
need to use the Python IDLE. With the hello.py fle open, alteritto
Pshon LS LLOTPT include the Following:
This will execute the code we created, which to remind you is
ane=inputC"What is your name? *)
a="Python” printC‘Hello,”, name)
beri?
c="cool!”
print(a, b, )
FETTER) Noturally, since this is Python 3 code, using the PETRET PD Seve the hello.py ile and drop backto the
syntax and layout that’s unique to Python 3, it only command line. Now execute the newly saved
‘works when you use the python3 command. Fyou like trythe same code with:
‘with Python 2 by entering
python hello.py
python3 hello.py
The result willbe the original Python is cool! statement, together
with the added input command asking you For your name, and
displaying it in the command window.
wntioticcnon CE C3 Getting Started with Python
Numbers and Expressions
We've seen some basic mathematical expressions with Python, simple addition and the
like. Let's expand on that now and see just how powerful Python is as a calculator. You
can work within the IDLE Shell or in the Editor, whichever you like.
IT’S ALL MATHS, MAN
‘You can get some really impressive results with the mathematical powers of Python; as
languages, maths is the driving Force behind the code.
EETESEID Pen up the Gu! version of Python 3, as mentioned
you can use either the Shell or the Editor. For the
time being, you're going to use the Shell ust to warm our maths
muscle, which we believe isa small land located atthe beck of the
brain or nob.
PEPER the shell enter the following
22
'54356+34553245
99867344°27344484221
‘You can see that Python can handle some quite large numbers.
Ieee ee atts ts an,
‘most, if notall, programming
You can use al the usual mathematical operations:
divide, multiply, brackets and so on, Practise with a
Few, for example:
1
6/2
24283
2+")
You've no doubt noticed, dvsion producesa
decimal number. In Python these are called floats,
or floating point arithmetic, However, f you need an integer as
opposed to a decimal answer, then you can use a double slash
we
6/2
‘Andsoon. (Numbers and Expressions
You can also use an operation to see the remainder
left over from division, For example:
10/3,
wil splay 3333333333, which’s of course 3.3recurting.Fyou
now enter:
1053,
“This wil dsplay 1, which i the remainder left over from dividing 10,
into3.
"Next up we have the power operator, or
‘exponentiation if you want to be technical To work
‘out the power of something you can use @ double multiplication
‘symbol or double'star on the keyboard:
203,
10°10
Essentially it's 2x22 but we're sure you already know the basics
behind maths operators. Tis is how you would work tout in Python.
BRTEGEAD umbersand expressions don't stop there. Python
has numerous builtin Functions to work out sets
‘oF numbers, absolute values, complex numbers and a host oF
mathematical expressions and Pythagorean tongue-twisters. For
‘example, to convert a number to binary, use:
bing)
‘This willbe displayed as ‘0b11", converting the
integer into binary and adding the prefix Ob to the
Front. you want to remove the Ob prefix, then you can use:
format(3, ‘b")
“The Format command converts avalue, the number 3,to.2
formatted representation as controlled by the Format specification,
the’ par.
FETSEE DD /800lean Expression is. logical statement that will
tither be true or false, We can use these to compare
dataand test to see it's equal to, less than or greater than. Try this
Ina New File:
a-6
b=7
print, a == 6)
print(2, a == 7)
print(@3, a == 6 ond b == 7)
print(4, a == 7 and b == 7)
print(S, not a == 7 and b == 7)
print(6, o == 7 or b= 7)
print(7, a == 7 or b = 6)
print(8, not (a == 7 and b == 6))
print(9, not a= 7 and b = 6)
Execute the code from Step 9, and you can see a
series of True or False statements, depending on
the result ofthe two defining values: 6 and 7. I's an extension of
‘what you've looked at, and an important part of programming.
‘wen bdmpubliations.com C3 Getting Started with Python
Using Comments
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Follow the code line by line but over time, it can become difficult to read.
#COMMENTS!
Programmers use a method of keeping their code readable by commenting on certain sections. IF a variable is used, the
programmer comments on what i's supposed to do, For example. It's just good practise.
BETTER St2ttby creating anew instance of theiOLE Editor NBR resave the code and execute it. You can see that the
(Fle > New File) and create a simple variable and ‘outputin the DLE Shellisstilthe same as before,
print command despite the extra lines being added. Simply put, the hash symbol)
cae denotesa line of text the programmer can insert to inform them,
DRENECETHAIWOLUAIORIATT ETAT) and others, of what's going on without the user being aware.
‘Save the fle and execute the code. Q
yen 42st
ie Gm Sn rans op
Ses Seti Neti or “Lcmety" for nae iforetin
SS ee
[Be Git amt Bin tone wa
TEED ennina the code willreturn the ine: The value of A RSTSSWPMM Let's assume that the variable A that we've created
is, 10 into the IDLE Shell window, which iswhat we isthe number of livesin a game. Everytime the
‘expected. Now, add some ofthe types of comments you'd normally player dies the valve is decreased by 1. The programmer could
see within code: insert a routine along the lines of:
# Set the start value of A to 10 a=a-1
a=10 printC*You’ve just lost a life!”)
# Print the current value of A printC*You now have”, a, “Lives left!")
print(‘The value of A is,”, a) Whilst we know thatthe varlable A istves, and
that the player has just ost one, a casual viewer or
‘someone checking the code may not know. Imagine for a moment
that the code istwenty thousand lines long, instead of ust our
seven, You can see how handy comments a.
# Set the start value of A to 10
a-10
# Print the current value of A
print(*The value of A is,”, a)
# Player lost a life!
a-a-1
# Inform player, and display current value of A
lives)
printc“You've just lost a lifel")
print¢“You now have”, a, “Lives Left!”)
Essentially, the new code together with comments
could look ike:
You can use commentsin different ways. For
example, Block Commentsare a large section of
text that details what's going on in the code, suchas telling the code
reader what variables you're planning on using:
# This is the best game ever, and has been
developed by a crack squad of Python experts
Despite
# who haven’t slept or washed in weeks.
being very smelly, the code at least
# works really well.
a
tu Ce t
(Using Comments CH
PEED tine comments are comments that followa section
Cf code. Take our examples from above, instead oF
inserting the code on a separate line, we could use:
a=10 # Set the start value of A to 10
print(*The value of A is,", 0) # Print the current
value of A
a-a-1 # Player Lost a Life!
printC*You've just lost a life!”)
print(*You now have”, a, “Lives left!") # Inform
player, and display current value of A lives)
‘The comment, the hash symbol, can also be used to
‘comment out sections of code you don’t want to be
executed in your program. For instance, if you wanted to remove
the first print statement, you would use:
# print(“The value of A is,”, a)
a
@ Set the start value of A to 10
10
| Prine the current value of A
printc"The value of A is
Player lost’ life!
inform player. and display current value of A (Lives)
rine(“vou've just lost a 1ifel)
rine(-Yeu now have", a, “Lives left
>
FETED ov also use three single quotes to comment
‘out Block Comment or multitine section of
‘comments, Place them before and after the areas you want to
‘comment For them to work:
This is the best game ever, and has been developed
by a crack squad of Python experts who haven"t
slept or washed in weeks. Despite being very
smelly, the code at Least works really nell.
aaer SE
‘wen bdmpubliations.com EX 0 ) Getting Started with Python
Working with Variables
Cece chemi amo anes selec Te eee
worth going through the way they operate and how Python creates and assigns certain
NEWER 12) oe
VARIOUS VARIABLES.
‘You'll be working with the Python 3 IDLE Shell in this tutorial. you haven't already, open Python 3 or close down the previous
IDLE Shell to clear up any old code.
FETED '2s0me programming languages youre required ESSE You've seen previously that variables can be
to use a dollar sign to denate a string, whichis a concatenated using the plus symbol between the
variable made up of multiple characters, such as name of a person. variable names. In our example we can use: print name + “:
In Python this isn't necessary. For example, inthe Shell enter: 4 title). The midéle part between the quotations allows us to
nane="David Hayward” (or use your own name, unless you're _add.acolon and a space, as variables are connected without spaces,
also called David Hayward). ‘so we need to add them manually
eG Sel oes GENE Wr He
You can check the type of variable in use by You can also
issuing the type () command, placing the name of
the variable inside the brackets. In our example, this would be: ‘within another variable. For
‘type Came). Add new string variable: tit example, to combine both name
from Vikings” andtitlevariablesinto a new
ass variable we use:
character=name +“: +
title
‘Then output the content of the
new variable as:
print (character)
Numbers are stored as different
variables:
age=4
Type Cage)
Which, as we know, ae integers. BPR oweves,youcentcombine both strings and
Suave integer type variables in the same command, as you
woud asetofsniarverables Yu needto ether tun oneinto the
Uther orc versa Whenyou dotry tocombine bth you get an
error message
print (nome + age)
< Working with Variables ¢ cH
‘This presents abit ofa problem when you want to
work with a number that's been inputted by the
User, as age + 10 won't work due to being a string variable and an
integer. Instead, you need to enter:
Sia}
intCage) + 10
‘This ill TypeCastthe age string into an integer that can be
‘worked with
xc rome ine see tr ii
BRTTSDD This is 2 process known as TypeCasting. The Python,
code is:
print (character + “ is
old.)
‘or you can use!
print (character, “is*, age, “years old.”)
Notice again that in the last example, you don't need the spaces
between the words in quotes asthe commas treat each argument
to print separately
is “+ str(age) + “ years
>>> print (nane + age)
Traceback (most recent call Last)
File “™, Line 1, n
‘print’ (name * age)
Typetrror: can't convert “int* object to str implicitly
BiB prine (character's = se" « str(age) =" years old
Savill nbyar a Deacended fron vakine is 4 yhrs ole
STEP 7
‘Another example of TypeCasting is when you ask For
input from the user, such asa name. For example,
center:
‘age= input (“How old are you? “)
‘All data stored from the Input command is stored asa string variable,
‘le lt shal Debug Options windows He
1 Cetaale, Oct 18014, THT
fe
PERI the use of Typecasting is also important when
dealing with floating point arithmetic; eemember:
‘numbers that have a decimal point in them. For example, enter
shirt=19.99
Now enter typeCshirt) and you'lsee that Python as allocated
the numbers Toa, becase the value contains a decimal pot.
aerate
Meredits” or “Hicense()” for more information
\when combining integers and Floats Python
Usually converts the integer to a iat, but should
the reverse ever be applied it's worth remembering that Python
doesn't return the exact value. When converting afloat to an
integer, Python wil always round down tothe nearest integer,
called truncatingin our case instead of 19.99 t becomes 19.
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ren ae Cra Be a, TTT
tyes Scores! Sretsan or “tscansey* for nore information
Soe Eppecenare)
so thecanirt) C3 Getting Started with Python
User Input
WSN oes eon ret merle (NM nan eels cKO nL cna) (ord
earlier, so now would be a good time to focus solely on how you would get information
emt mec ere cnas
USER FRIENDLY
‘The type of input you want from the user will depend greatly on the type of program you're coding. For example, a game may
‘ask For a character's name, whereas a database can ask for personal detail
BERD its not aready, open the Python 31DLE shell,
and tart aNew Fle in the Editor Lets begin with
something really simple, enter:
print¢*Hello”)
firstname=input(“What is your first name? “)
print(“Thanks.”)
surnane=inputC“And what is your surname? “)
Eafe Now that we have the user'sname stored in a
‘couple of variables we can call them up whenever
‘we want:
print(‘Welcone”, firstname, surname, “
you're well today.”)
T hope
Fests yeya 8
Save and execute the code, and as you already no
doubt suspected, in the IDLE Shel the program will
ask for your first name, storing it as the variable firstname, followed
by your sumame; also stored in its own variable (surname)
Run the code and you can see aslightissve, the
fullstop after the surname follows a blank space.
‘Tocliminate that we can add a plus sign instead ofthe comma in
the code:
printC‘Welcone”, firstname, surnames. I hope
you're well today.”) ‘You dont always have to include quoted text within
the input command, For example, you can askthe
user their name, and have the inputin the line below:
print(“Hello. What”s your name?)
nanesinput()
seringutpy - /home/pi/Docurnents/Python Code/us)
[Ele Edt Farmat Bun Options Windows Help
rant( "Helle, what's your nane?")
BTID The code from the previous step i often regarded
2s being a litle neater than having a lengthy
‘amount of text the input command, butit'snata rule that's set in
stone, so do as you lke in these situations. Expanding on the code,
iy this
printC“Halt! Who goes there?”)
name=inputQ)
It's2 good start toa text adventure game, perhaps?
STEP 7
Now you can expand on t and use the raw input
from the userto flesh out the game litle:
if name=="David”:
print(‘Welcone, good sir. You may pass.
else:
print(“I know you not. Prepare for battle!”
-
(User input CH
hat youve cested here sa condon, which we
Sra will cover soon. In short, we're using the input from:
the userand measuring kagalnst.acondton So the user enters
David astheirname the guard wl low them to pass unhindered
Ele they entra name other than David, the guard challenges
themtoa Pht.
PEPE -ust2s youleamed previously, any input froma
User is automatically a string, so you need to apply a
“TypeCastin order to turn it into something else, This creates some
Interesting additions to the input command, For example:
# Code to calculate rate and distance
printC*Input a rate and a distance”)
rate = floatCinputC*Rate: "))
FTE EDD 10 finalise the rate and distance code, we can add:
distance = floatCinput(“Distance: “))
printC*Time:”, (distance / rate))
Save and execute the code and enter some numbers. Using the
Floattinout element, we've told Python that anything entered isa
Floating point number rather than a string EX 0 ) Getting Started with Python
Creating Functions
Now that you've mastered the use of variables and user input, the next step is to tackle
functions. You've already used a few functions, such as the print command but Python
enables you to define your own functions.
FUNKY FUNCTIONS
‘Afunction is a command that you enter into Python to do something. It's little piece of self-contained code that takes data,
‘works on it and then returns the result.
BETERDD (¢snotjust data that a function workson.theycan [NSE You can pass variables through Functions in much
do all manner of useful things in Python, such as the same manner. Lets assume you want the
sort data, change items fram one formatto anather and checkthe numberof letersina person's surname, you could use the Following
length or type of items. Basically, a Function is ashort word that's _code (enter the text editor For this example):
followed by brackets. For example, ten), ist() or type().
nane=input (“Enter your surname: “)
count=Lencnane)
print (“Your surnane has", count, “Letters in
itd
Press F5 and save the code to execute it.
PEPTSPDD function takes data, usuallya variable, works on BWA python hastens of functions built into it, Fartoo
‘depending on what the Functionis programmed ‘many to get into in the Limited space available here.
todo and returns the end value. The data being worked on goes However, to view thelist of builtin Functions available to Python 3,
inside the brackets so if you wanted to know how many letters navigate to www.docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html These
4are in the word antidisestablishmentarianism, then you'denter. ___are the predefined functions, but since users have created many
‘Jen(“antidisestablishmentarianism™) and the number28 more, they're not the only ones available,
‘would return, EETTSIEDD /dcitional runctions can be added to Python
{through modules. Python has a vast range oF
‘modules available that can cover numerous programming duties.
“They add Functions and can be imported as and when required. For
example, to use advanced mathematics Functions enter:
import math
(Once entered, you have access to all the math module functions.
FORGING FUNCTIONS
just imported itinto Python, you can utilise the square root Function,
Todoso, enter:
math.sqrt(16)
You can see that the code is presented as module function(data)
‘There are many different Functions you can import created by other Python programmers and you will undoubtedly come
across some excellent examples in the Future; you can also create your own with the deF command,
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[def Hello():)
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Bob"), then: Hello(name). Your
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the last line in the script and press CtrlS to save
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creating Functions (CI EX 0 ) Getting Started with Python
Conditions and Loops
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rather complex. How you use them depends greatly on what the program is trying to
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TRUE CONDITIONS
Keeping conditions simple to begin with makes learning to program a more enjoyable experience. Let's start then by checking
if something is TRUE, then doing something else iF isn't.
BEER 2's create a new Python program that wil ask TERED) Now you can use an istatement to check ifthe
te user to inputa word, then checkit to see iF its word length variable is equal to four and print 3
‘2 fourletter word or not. Start with Fle> New File, and begin with friendly conformation iit applies to the rule:
mee word=input(“Please enter a four-letter word: “)
wordsinput(“Please enter a four-letter word: “) word_Length=len(word)
if word Length ==
print (word, “is a four-letter word. Well done.”)
“The double equal sign (==) means checkif something is equal to
something else.
ferrite get ere eT
PEPER Nowwecancreatea new variable, then use the ten SEAR The colon at the end of iF tells Python that if this
function and pass the word variable through ito statement is true do everything ater the colon
‘get the total numberof letters the user has ust entered: that’s indented. Next, move the cursor back to the beginning of
word-inputCPlease enter @ four-letter word: *) —_eFitor
word_length=Len(word) word=input(“Please enter a four-letter word: “)
word_Length=Len(word)
‘if word_length 4:
print (word, “is a four-letter word. Well
done."
else:
print (nord, “is not a four-letter word,”)
pen mt et ar Now press FS again and rerun the program but ths time enter a
Five-etter word, The Shell wl display that i's nota Fourletter word
LOOPS.
PEPIID Now expand the codetto include another conditions.
Eventually, could become quite complex. We've
added a condition for threeletter words:
Wordsinput(“Please enter a four-letter word: “)
word LengtheLen(word)
if word length == 4:
print (nord, “is a four-letter word. Well
done”)
elif word_length
print (word, “is a three-letter word. Try again.”)
else:
print (nord, “is not a four-letter nord.”)
loop looks quite similar to a condition but they are somewhat different in their operation. A loop will run through the same
block oF code a number of times, usually with the support of a condition.
ee a
Sie Ce ee uu RL a ny
corres
x= 1
wile x < 10;
print Go)
PEED The cifference between if and while is when while
eee eg eet eet
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Cer tean rr cease Eee
PETTTED the For loop is another example. Fors used to
Usually alist stored as
ee ee
fords=[#Cat™, “Dog”, “Unicorn™
print Cword))
PPP the Fo: loop can also be used in the co
example by using the range Function:
Hor x in range (1, 10):)
print Go)
era
art
rmntotincon Getting Started with Python
Python Modules
MASTERING MODULES
‘Think of modules as an extension that’s imported into your Python code to enhance and extend its capabilities. There are
countless modules available and as we've seen, you can even make your own
EE Although good, the builtin Functions wihin Python
are limited, The use of modules, however, allows us
tomake more sophisticated programs. As you are aware, modules
are Python scripts that are imported, such as import math
BED ‘Some modules, especially on the Raspberry P
‘are included by default, the math module being a
prime example. Sadly, other modules aren't always avalable. A good
example on noni platformsis the pygeme module, which contains
‘many Functions to help create garmes. Try: import pygame,
‘worabdmoubiations.com
Ea he resultis an error inthe IDLE Shell asthe
ygame module isn’t recognised or installed in
Python. To installa module we can use PIP (Pip Installs Packag
Close down the IDLE Shell and drop into a command prompt or
Terminal session. At an elevated admin command prompt, enter:
pip install. pygane
BED The PIP installation requires an elevated status
due it installing components at cifferent locations.
\Windows users can search For CMD via the Start button and right,
click the result then click Run as Administrator. Linux and Mac users
canuse the Sudo command, with sudo pip install package, Close the command prompt or Terminal and
relaunch the IDLE Shell, When you now enter:
mport pygane, the module willbe imported into the code
‘without any problems. Youll find that most code downloaded or
‘copied From the internet will contain a module, mainstream of
Unique, these are usualy te source of errorsin execution due to
them being missing
a
BPTI The modules contain the extra code needed to
‘achieve acertain result within your own cade, as
‘we've previously experimented with. For example:
import random
Brings in the code from the random number generator module. You
‘can then use this module to create something ike
for i in range(10):
printCrandom.randint(1, 25))
a
This code, when saved and executed, wil display ten
STEP 7
rendam numbers from 1 to 25. You can play around
ith the code to display more or les, and From a great or lesser
range. For example
import random
for i in range(25):
printCrandom.randint(1, 100))
(Python Modules CH
~~
"Multiple modules can be imported within your code.
Sra ‘To extend our example, use:
‘import random
‘import math
for T in range(s):
printCrandom.randint(1, 25))
print(aath.pi)
‘The resultisa string of random numbers followed
by the value of Pias pulled from the math module
Using the print(math.p}) function. You can also pullin certain
Functions from a module by using the from and import commands,
such as:
fron random import randint
for i in range(s):
printCrandint(1, 25))
a
ESTESEE DD Thishelos create amore streamtined approach to
‘programming, You cn also use import module’,
which wllimport everything defined within the named module
However, it's often regarded as a waste of resources but it works
nonetheless. Finally, modules can be imported as aliases
‘import math as m
print(m.pi)
OF course, adding comments helps to tell others what's going on,
Dinan ciennsiOuanehounatens BA =a x Working with Data
Data is everything. With it you can
display, control, add, remove, create
and manipulate Python to your every
demand. Over these coming pages we
look at how you can create lists, tuples,
dictionaries and multi-dimensional lists;
and see how to use them to forge exciting
and useful programs.
Then, you can learn how to use date
and time Functions, write to files in your
system and even create graphical user
interfaces that take your coding skills to
new levels and into new project ideas.
46 Lists
48 Tuples
50 Dictionaries
52 Splitting and Joining Strings
54 Formatting Strings
56 Date and Time
58 Opening Files
60 writing to Files
62
-xceptions
Python Graphics
wor bdepublictions.com Lists
Lists are one of the most common types of data structures you will comes across in
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as a whole, or individually if wanted.
WORKING WITH LISTS
Lists are extremely handy in Python. A list can be strings, integers and also variables. You can even include Functions in lists,
‘and lists within lists.
BETEEEDD 4 lstisa sequence of data values called items. You REESE You can also access, or index, the last item in alist by
eeate the name of your list Followed by an equals using the minus sign before the tem number [-1)
sign, then square brackets nd the itemsseparated by commas: _orthe secondo las item with [2] and soon Trying to reference an
note that strings use quotes item thats thelist such [10] wll turn an error:
numbers = [1, 4, 7, 21, 98, 156) nunibersf-1]
nythical_creatures ~ [“Unicorn”, “Balrog”, mythical creatures[-4]
“Varpire”, “Dragon”, “Minotour”]
PEPER ce you've defined your list you can call each PEPP DD sicingis similar to indexing butyou can retrieve
byreferencing its name, Followed by a number. Lists ‘multiple tems ina list by separating iter numbers
startthe frsttem entry as 0, followed by 1,2, 3 and soon, witha colon. For example:
ae nunbers[1:3]
= ‘will output the 4 and 7, being tem numbers 1 and 2. Note thatthe
Tocall up the entire contents of thelist. returned values don't include the second index postin (asyou
ames ‘would numnbers[:3] to return 4 7 and 21).
“To callthe thir From zero itermin thelist (21 in this case) SST You can update items within an existing lis, remove
fems and even join lists together. For example, to
Join two lists you can use:
everything = nunbers + mythical_creatures
‘Then view the combined lis with:
everything
‘You can view what can be done with lists by entering
Sua8
