Proceeding to the Abnormal types of Urine, Abnormal Type of Urine can be detected through the

color of your urine. The usual color of urine is straw-yellow. Abnormally-colored urine may be
cloudy, dark, or blood-colored. Urine abnormality has various causes and this includes:

● Proteinuria
- Proteinuria is high levels of protein in your urine. Causes may include relatively
harmless conditions, including dehydration or intense exercise, or more serious,
including kidney disease or immune disorders. Testing can confirm proteinuria,
and a treatment plan can help you manage it. Moreover, as I’ve mentioned
Proteinuria is a high level of protein in your urine (pee). This condition can be a
sign of kidney damage.

Proteins have many important functions, including:

- Building muscles and bones.

- Regulating the amount of fluid in your blood.
- Fighting off infection.
- Repairing damaged tissues.

Proteins should remain in your blood. But if proteins enter your pee, they ultimately leave your
body, which can harm your overall health.

Protein in Urine Treatment

You won’t probably be needing a treatment if you have temporary or mild proteinuria. But if
you have proteinuria that lasts a long time, then you’ll need to treat the underlying condition.
Possible treatment includes:

● Changes to your diet. If high levels of protein are caused by kidney disease, diabetes, or
high blood pressure, your doctor will give you specific diet changes.
● Weight loss. Some conditions that impair kidney function can be managed by losing
weight.
● Blood pressure medication. If you have hypertension, lowering your blood pressure
may help treat proteinuria.
● Diabetes medication. You may need medication or insulin therapy to control high blood
sugar levels.
● Dialysis. If you suffer from glomerulonephritis and kidney failure, dialysis is used to
manage high blood pressure and fluids.
Next type of urine abnormality is Oliguria. Oliguria is when your kidneys make more or less
urine, depending on what your body needs to keep things in balance. If you pee too much or not
enough, it can sometimes be a sign that something is wrong. Oliguria is when you pee less than
usual. For adults, that means less than 400 milliliters of urine a day. The specific amounts for
infants and children are based on their weight (less than 1 milliliter per kilogram per hour for
infants, and less than 0.5 milliliters per kilogram per hour for children).

Lots of different things can cause oliguria. Many of them go away on their own, but some need
medical treatment. Dehydration: This is the most common cause of oliguria. It happens most
often when you've been vomiting or had diarrhea. Burns and other serious injuries: Burns can
dehydrate you and make you pee less. Other kinds of trauma that can cause oliguria include
blood loss (hemorrhage), anaphylactic shock from a bad allergy, and septic shock after an
infection or surgery.

Treatment: The treatment for oliguria depends on the cause. If you're dehydrated, your doctor
will recommend that you drink more fluids and electrolytes. In serious cases, you may need
fluids through an IV (a tube that puts fluid directly into a vein in your hand or arm). More fluids
can also help you pass small kidney stones, as can drugs that relax the muscles in the tube that
carries pee from your kidneys to your bladder (the ureter). If the stones are large, your doctor
may recommend using sound waves to break them up or surgery to take them out. Because
technically surgery can also fix other types of obstructions.

Third type of urine abnormality is polyuria. Polyuria is when your body makes more pee
than normal. Adults usually make about 3 liters of urine per day. But with polyuria, you could
make up to 15 liters per day. And study says that it's a classic sign of diabetes.

A few other conditions make you need to pee more often, such as an overactive bladder, an
enlarged prostate, and urinary tract infections. They can make you feel like you have to go all the
time, even if there isn’t much in your bladder. But polyuria makes you have to go more often
because your body makes more urine.

Aside from producing more urine than usual, there are also few symptoms of polyuria such as:

● Feeling thirsty. You're losing a lot of fluid, and that can lead to dehydration.
● Waking up often at night. Your urge to go doesn't stop when you sleep.
What Causes Polyuria?

Things that can cause you to make too much urine include:

● Type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Polyuria is often one of the first signs of diabetes. The
condition makes sugar build up in your bloodstream. If your kidneys aren’t able to filter it
out, it exits your body in your urine. As the extra sugar and fluids travel through your
kidneys, you have to pee more. Plus, the more you go, the thirstier you feel, and the more
you’ll drink.
● Pregnancy. Mothers-to-be can get gestational diabetes insipidus. It usually goes away
when you're no longer pregnant.
● Kidney disease or failure. Damaged kidneys can’t process urine like they’re supposed
to. Polyuria can often be an early sign of kidney trouble.
● Cushing's syndrome. This is when you have too much cortisol in your body. The extra
cortisol affects ADH (antidiuretic hormone), a hormone involved in urine production.
● Alcohol. It prevents your body from releasing ADH.
● Caffeine. It makes you pee more.

Polyuria Treatment

How you stop polyuria depends on what’s causing it. For example, if you have diabetes that isn’t
under control, you may need to make changes to your treatments. If a medicine you take is the
cause, talk to your doctor about switching to another drug or changing your dose. At home, cut
back on how much fluid you drink, especially those that have alcohol and caffeine.

4th Abnormal type of urine is Dysuria also known as painful urination. Dysuria means you feel
pain or a burning sensation when you pee (urinate). Men and women of any age can experience
dysuria, but it's more common in women. Urinary tract infections are commonly associated with
dysuria. Treatment depends on the cause and ranges from antibiotics, to avoiding irritants to
treating the underlying medical problem.

What are the symptoms of dysuria (painful urination)?

Symptoms of painful urination can vary between men and women, but both genders usually
describe it as a burning, stinging or itching. Burning is the most commonly reported symptom.

Pain can occur at the start of urination or after urination. Pain at the start of your urination is
often a symptom of a urinary tract infection. Pain after your urination can be a sign of a problem
with the bladder or prostate. Dysuria can be treated as well by seeking your healthcare provider
so he/she can provide ways to help.
Next type is the blood in urine, So what is blood in urine?

Hematuria is the medical name for the presence of blood cells in urine (pee). Healthcare
providers label blood in urine as gross, microscopic or dipstick.

● Gross hematuria occurs when there's enough blood present in your urine that it's visible
to the naked eye. It can turn toilet water a pale pink or bright red color.
● Microscopic hematuria happens when your urine has blood in it, but the amount is too
small for humans to see. In fact, you need a microscope to see it.
● Dipstick hematuria results when oxidation of a urine test strip causes a color change. It
doesn’t always mean that blood cells are present in your urine. Dipstick tests have
relatively high false-positive rates.

What are the causes of hematuria?

There can be a number of different causes of blood in your urine, some more serious than others.
These conditions can involve infections or stones, including:

● Urinary tract infection (UTI): This means that you have an infection in any part of your
urinary system.
● Urinary stone disease: This term describes stones found in your urinary system,
including kidney stones, bladder stones and ureteral stones.

Other conditions leading to blood in urine may include:

● Enlarged prostate (benign prostatic hypertrophy): In this non-cancerous condition,

your prostate becomes larger. The prostate is a body part that produces semen.
● Injury to your urinary tract: You have blunt or penetrating trauma from accidents or
assault.
● Menstruation: You may see blood in your urine when you have your period.
● Kidney (renal) disease: With this chronic condition, damage to your kidneys means they
don’t work as well.

In addition to these other conditions, cells growing uncontrollably in certain body parts — what
we know as cancer — can cause blood in your urine. These conditions include:

● Bladder cancer.
● Kidney cancer.
● Ureteral cancer.
● Urethral cancer.
 ● Prostate cancer.

How is hematuria diagnosed?

During your appointment, your healthcare provider will take a medical history and perform a
physical examination that might include a pelvic exam or a digital rectal exam. These things will
help your provider understand your symptoms better. Your provider may order other tests such
as:

● Urinalysis: A test on a urine sample.

● Urine culture: A urine test that checks for an infection.
● Urine cytology: A urine test that checks for any abnormal-appearing cells.
● Ultrasound: A test that uses ultrasound waves to examine your kidney, ureters and
bladder.
● Computed tomography (CT) scan: A test that uses X-rays and computers to make
cross-sectional images of your abdomen and pelvis.
● Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan: A test that uses a large magnet, radio waves
and a computer to produce images of your organs and structures.

The last Abnormal Type of Urine is Glycosuria. Glycosuria happens when you have glucose, or
other sugars like lactose, fructose, or galactose, in your urine. This is sometimes also called
glucosuria.‌

Normally, your body eliminates glucose in your urine when your blood sugar levels are too high.
In healthy people, your kidneys filter the glucose and reabsorb most of it back into your blood. ‌

Your body carefully controls glucose levels to maintain a steady balance. Too much glucose can
damage your organs and nerves, but your body does need enough sugar for energy. ‌

A small amount of glucose in your urine is normal. If a random urine sample shows more than
0.25mg/ml, this is considered glycosuria and can be caused by too high blood glucose levels, a
problem with your kidney filters, or both.

There are several causes of glycosuria and some of the main causes are:

● Conditions with problems using or making the hormone insulin

● Conditions with the kidney where the tubules are damaged, or other kidney defects
● Eating more sugars than the body can process at once

Glycosuria Symptoms
You might not know you have glycosuria until your urine is tested. Some types like renal
glycosuria and gestational glycosuria don’t cause any symptoms.‌

Over time, if it’s not treated, it can cause some symptoms, including:

● Tiredness
● Peeing a lot
● Feeling very thirsty
● Weight loss
● Feeling sick

Glycosuria Treatment

The treatment for glycosuria depends on the cause. Diabetes is best managed with lifestyle
changes and medications.

Treatments can include:

● Insulin
● Diet changes
● Exercise
● Anti-glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor antagonists‌