Exercise on Chapter 3

1. Express the following functions in cosine form:

(a) 4 sin (ω t - 30o)
(b) -2 sin 6t
(c) -10sin (ω t + 20o)
Solution
a) 4 sin (ωt – 30°) = 4 cos (ωt – 30° – 90°) = 4 cos (ωt – 120°)
b) -2 sin(6t) = 2 cos (6t + 90°)
c) -10 sin (ωt + 20°) = 10 cos (ωt + 20° + 90°) = 10 cos (ωt + 110°)
2. Find the sinusoids represented by these phasors:

(b) V 2 = 6 + j8 V, ω = 40
(c) I 2 = -0.5 – j1.2 A, ω = 10 3

Solution

Converting this to the time domain gives

b) V2 = 6 + j8 = 10∠53.13°
Transforming this to the time domain gives
V2 (t) = 10 cos (40t + 53.13°)]
c. I 2 = -0.5 – j1.2 = 1.3∠247.4°
Transforming this to the time domain gives
i2(t) = 1.3 cos (103t + 247.4°
3. Given the sinusoidal voltage V(t) = 50 cos (30t + 10 o) V, find:
(a) the amplitude Vm, (b) the period T, (c) the frequency f,
Solution
(a) Vm = 50 V.
(b) Period T= = 209.4ms
(c) Frequency f = ω/(2π) = 30/(2π) = 4.775 Hz.
4. Determine the phase angle between the two sinusoids and which one lags the
other.
V1 = 20 sin (ω t + 60 o) and V2 = 60 cos (ω t - 10 o)
Solution
V1 = 20 sin(ωt + 60°) = 20 cos(ωt + 60° - 90°) = 20 cos(ωt - 30°)
V2 = 60 cos(ωt - 10°)
This indicates that the phase angle between the two signals is 20° and that V1 lags
V2

5. Given i1(t) = 4 Cos (ωt + 30◦) and i2(t) = 5 sin (ωt − 20◦), find their sum
Solution:
Here is an important use of phasors—for summing sinusoids of the same
frequency. Current i1(t) is in the standard form. Its phasor is

We need to express i2(t) in cosine form. The rule for converting sine to cosine is to
subtract 90◦. Hence,
i2 = 5 Cos (ωt − 20◦ − 90◦) = 5 Cos (ωt − 110◦) and its phasor is

If we let i = i1 + i2, then

= 3.464 + j2 - 1.71 - j4.698 = 1.754 - j2.698

= 3.218 ∟- 56.97◦ A
Transforming this to the time domain, we get
i(t) = 3.218 cos (ωt - 56.97◦) A
6. The voltage V = 12 Cos (60t + 45◦) is applied to a 0.1-H inductor. Find the
steady-state current through the inductor.

Solution:

7. Calculate these complex numbers and express your results in rectangular form:

Solution
8. Determine Vo(t) in the circuit given below

Solution
To do the analysis in the frequency domain, we must first transform the time-
domain circuit given above to the phasor-domain equivalent shown below.

Figure -The frequency-domain equivalent of the circuit above

9. Find current i in the circuit given below, when Vs (t) = 50 cos200t V

 Solution

10. In the circuit shown below, V s = 60 cos (200t - 10 o) V.

Determine the current i.

Solution
 Let Z be the input impedance at the source.

1000‖-j500 = 200 - j400

1000‖ (j20 +200 – j400) = 242.62 -j239.84

11. Calculate Vo (t) in the circuit given below

Solution
12.For the circuit shown below, find Zeq and the current I. Let ω = 10rad/s.

Solution

13.Find V o in the circuit given below, using nodal analysis.

Solution
Consider the circuit shown below
14.Determine V0 in the circuit given below using nodal analysis

Solution

Consider the circuit shown below

 15.Use nodal analysis to find V in the circuit given below.

Solution
At the main node

16.Use mesh analysis to find Vo in the circuit given below

Solution
Consider the circuit as shown below.

For mesh 1

For mesh 2

Substituting (2) into (1),

17.In the circuit given below calculate I1 and I2 by using mesh

analysis,
Solution
For Mesh 1

For Mesh 2.
18.Compute Vo in the circuit given below using mesh analysis

Solution
Consider the circuit below.
 19.For the circuit shown in Fig. below, find the average power
supplied by the source and the average power absorbed by the
resistor.

Solution
The current is given y
I=

Then the average power supplied by the voltage source is

The current through the resistor is:

The voltage across the resistor is:

The average power absorbed by the resistor is

 Which is the same as the average power supplied. Thus, average

power absorbed by the capacitor is zero.
20.The voltage across the load is v(t) = 60 cos (ωt - 10◦) V and the current
through the element in the direction of the voltage drop is i(t) =
1.5 cos (ωt + 50◦) A. Find:
(a) the complex and apparent powers,
(b) the real and reactive powers,
(c) the power factor and the load impedance.
Solution:
(a) For the rms values of the voltage and current, we write

The complex power is

The apparent power is

(b) We can express the complex power in rectangular form as

S = 45 ∟- 60◦ = 45[cos (-60◦) + j sin (-60◦)] = 22.5 - j38.97
Since S = P + jQ, the real power is
P = 22.5 W
(c) The power factor is pf = cos (-60◦) = 0.5 (leading)
It is leading, because the reactive power is negative. The load impedance is

which is a capacitive impedance.