Problem Sheet 1. Exact Differential Equations.
1. Problems on Exact differential equations.
Solve the following equations:
1. (y2 – x2 ) dx + 2xydy = 0 [ Ans: xy2 – (x3/3) = c ]
2. (2xycosx2 – 2xy + 1) dx + (sinx2 – x2) dy = 0 [ Ans: ysinx2 – x2y + x = c ]
dy ycosx + siny+ y
3. dx + sinx+ xcosy+ x =0 [ Ans: ysinx + x(y + siny ) = c ]
dy y +1
4. dx = ( ) y [Ans: (y + 1)(x – ex) = c ]
y +2 e −x
(1+ e ) dx +e
x x
( ) x
]
x
5. y y
1− dy=0 ; y(0) = 4 [ Ans: (1+ ye y ) = 4
y
6. ( cosx + ysinx)dx = cosx dy ; y(π) = 0 [ Ans: sinx – ycosx = 0 ]
7. ( y e xy + 4 y 3 ) dx+ ( x e xy+12 x y 2 −2 y ) dy =0 ; y(0) = 2
[ Ans: exy + 4xy2 – y2 = -3 ]
8. ( 4x3y3dx + 3x4y2dy ) – ( 2xydx + x2dy ) = 0 [ Ans: x4y3 – x2y = c ]
9. (ex + 1) cosx dx + ex sinx dy = 0 [ Ans: sinx (ex + 1) = c ]
10.( 1 + log(xy)]dx + ( 1 + (x/y) )dy = 0 [ Ans: y + xlog(xy) = c ]
11.[ y (1 + 1/x) + cosy]dx + (x + logx – xsiny)dy = o [ Ans: y(x + logy )+x cosy = c ]
dy y
12. dx = 2 ylogy+ y−x [Ans: y2logy – xy = c ]
13.( y e xy −2 y 3 ) dx + ( x e xy −6 x y 2−2 y ) dy=0 [ Ans: exy – 2xy3 – y2 = c ]
dy tany−2 xy− y
14. dx = 2 2 2
x −x tan y +sec y
[hint: for exact use 1+tan 2
x = sec 2
x;
[Ans: xtany – x2y – xy – tany = c ]
15.( y 2 e xy 2 +4 x 3 ) dx + ( 2 xy e xy 2−3 y 2 ) dy=0 [Ans: e xy 2 + x4 – y3 = c ]
16. (tany + x)dx + (xsec2y – 3y)dy = 0 [Ans: xtany + (x2/2) – (3y2/2) = c ]
Equations reduced to Exact Differential Equations:
∂ M ∂N
−
Type 1: If ∂ y ∂x = f(x) then Integral Factor = e∫ ( ) dx f x
Solve the equations:
1. (x2 + y2 + 1)dx – 2xydy = 0 [ I.F. 1/x2 Ans: x2 – y2 – 1 = cx ]
2. (2xlogx – xy)dy + 2y = 0 [ I.F. 1/x Ans: 2ylogx – y2/2 = c ]
3. (xy2 – e(1/x3) )dx – x2y dy = 0 [ I.F. 1/x4 Ans: 1/3 e(1/x3) – y2/2x2 = c ]
4. (y – 2x2)dx – x(1 – xy )dy = 0 [ I F 1/x2 Ans: -(y/x) – 2x + y2/2 = c ]
5. (x sec2y – x2 cosy )dy = (tany – 3x4)dx [ I F 1/x2 Ans: - (tany/x) – x3 + siny = c ]
6. (x2 + y2 +x)dx + xy dy = 0 [ I F x Ans: 3x4 + 6x2y2 + 4x3 = C ]
7. x sinx dy/dx + y(xcosx – sinx ) = 2 [ I F 1/x2 Ans: (2/x) + (ysinx)/x = c ]
ycosx ysinx 2
[Hint: ∫ Mdx =∫ x
dx−∫ 2 dx−∫ 2
x x
cosx x−1 x−1 x−1
= y∫ x dx - y [sinx −∫ −1 cosxdx ¿−2 ¿
−1 −1
cosx ysinx cosx
= y ∫ x dx + x - y ∫ x dx + 2/x = 2/x + (ysinx)/x = c.
8. (x – y2)dx + 2xydy = 0 [ I F 1/x2 Ans: x logx + y2 = c ]
9. (1 – xy + x2y2)dx + (x3y – x2)dy = 0 [ I F 1/x Ans: logx - xy + x2y2/2 = c.]
10. (x4 + y4)dx – xy3dy = 0 [I F x5 Ans: logx – 4y4/x4 = c ]
∂N ∂M
−
Type 11: If ∂x ∂ y = f(y) then Integral Factor = e∫ ( f y)
dy
M
1. (y4 + 2y)dx + (xy3 + 2y4 – 4x)dy = 0 [ I F 1/y3 Ans: ( y + 2/y2) + 3y2/2 = c ]
2. (2xy4ey + 2xy3 + y)dx + (x2eyy4 – x2y2 – 3x)dy = 0
[ I F 1/y4 Ans: x2ey + x2/y + x/y3 = c ]
3. xex(dx – dy) + exdx + yeydy = 0 [ I F e-y Ans: xex-y + y2/2 = c ]
4. ((y/x) secy – tany)dx + (secy logx – x)dy = o [ I F cosy Ans: ylogx – xsiny = c ]
5. y(xy + ex)dx – ex dy = 0 [ I F I/y2 Ans: x2/2 + ex/y = c ]
6. (xy3 + y)dx + 2(x2y2 + x + y4 ) dy = 0 [ I F y Ans: 3x2y4 + 6xy2 + y6 = c ]
Type III: The equation is of the form y f 1(x,y)dx + x f2(x,y)dy = 0
then Integral Factor is 1/(Mx – Ny) provided Mx – Ny ≠ 0
Solve the equations :
1. y(1 + xy + x2y2)dx + x(1 – xy + x2y2)dy = 0
[ IF 1/2x2y2 Ans: - 1/2xy + xy/2 + (1/2)log(x/y) = c ]
2. y(xy + 2x2y2)dx + x(xy – x2y2)dy = 0
[ IF 1/3x3y3 Ans: - 1/3xy + (2/3)logx – (1/3)logy = c ]
( ) OR y(x y + 2)dx + x(2 – 2x y ) = 0
2 3
dy x y +2 y
3. dx =− 3 2
2 2 2 2
2 x−2 x y
[I F 1/3x3y3 Ans: (1/3) logx – (2/3)logy – 2/3x2y2 = c ]
4. (x3y3 +x2y2 + xy + 1)ydx + (x3y3 – x2y2 – xy + 1)xdy = 0
5. (y + xy2)dx + (x – x2y)dy = 0
6. (xysin(xy) + cos(xy))ydx + (xy sin(xy) – cos(xy))xdy = 0
Type IV: The equation is homogenous equation then
Integral Factor is 1/(Mx + Ny) provided Mx + Ny ≠ 0
Solve the equations
1. (x2y – 2xy2)dx – (x3 – 3x2y)dy
2. y(x + y)dx – x(y – x)dy = 0
3. (x2 – xy + y2)dx – xydy = 0
4. x dy/dx + y2/x = y OR (y2 – xy)dx + x2 dy = 0
5. 3x2y4dx + 4x3y3 dy = 0
6. (x4 + y4)dx -xy3dy = 0
7. (x2 + y2)dx – (x2 + xy)dy =0
Equations reduced Linear Differential Equations
Type I f’(y)dy/dx + f(y) P = Q where P , Q are functions of x or constant.
Solve the equations:
1. dy/dx + xsin2y = x3cos2y
2. xdy/dx + y logy = xyex OR (1/y)dy/dx + (logy)/x = ex
3. dy/dx + tanx tany = cosx secy OR cosy dy/dx + tanx siny = cosx
4. dy/dx = ex-y(ex – ey) OR eydy/dx + ex ey = e2x
5. (secx tanx tany – ex)dx + secx sec2y dy = 0 OR sec2ydy/dx + tanxtany = ex/secx
6. dy/dx = xy + y2 e(-x2/2) logx
7. dz/dx + (z/x)logz = (z/x2) (logz)2
[ Hint: divide equation by (1/z)dz/dx + (1/x)logz = (1/x2) (logz)2
Put logz = y equation can be written as dy/dx + (y/x) = y2/x2
Divide by y2, (1/y2)dy/dx + (1/y)(1/x) = 1/x2 which can be solved ]
Type II f’(x)dx/dy + f(x) P = Q where P , Q are functions of y or constant.
Solve the equations:
1. xy(1+xy2)dy/dx =1 OR (1/x2) dx/dy – (1/x)y = y3
2. y (dx/dy) = x – yx2 siny OR dx/dy – x/y = - x2 siny
3. y (dx/dy) = x – yx2 cosy OR dx/dy – x/y = - x2 cosy
4. dy/dx = y3/(e2x + y2) eqn can be rewrite dx/dy = (e2x + y2) / y3
i.e.) dx/dx = e2x/y3 + 1/y divide by e2x ⇒ e-2x dx/dy – e-2x 1/y = 1/y2
Bernoulli’s Equation: dy/dx + py = Q yn where P and Q are functions of x
or dx/dy + P x = Q xn where P and Q are functions of y.
Solve the Equations: 1.x dy/dx + y = x3y6
[Hint: first divide by y6 then divide by x eqn becomes (1/y6 )dy/dx +(1/x) (1/y5)= x2 ]
2. y – cosx dy/dx = y2(1-sinx)cosx [hint divide by y2cosx convert standard form]
3. dy/dx = xy + y2 e(-x2/2) logx [ divide by y2 convert into standard form ]
4. dy/dx + (x / (1 – x2)y = x y ½ [ Hint: divide by y1/2 ]
5. ydx + x (1 – 3x2y2)dy = 0 OR dx/dy + (1/y)x = 3x3y ]
