Advance Java Notes

MSBTE Diploma

Chapter 1: AWT

 Component, container, window, panel

 AWT Controls
 Layout managers
 Flow layout
 Border layout
 Grid layout
 Card layout
 Gridbag layout
 Menu & Menu bars

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 Abstract Windowing Toolkit

Definition: Java AWT (Abstract Window Toolkit) is an API to develop

Graphical User Interface (GUI) or windows-based applications in Java.

Java AWT components are platform-dependent i.e. components are displayed

according to the view of operating system. AWT is heavy weight i.e. its
components are using the resources of underlying operating system (OS).

Java में GUI (Graphical User Interface) create करने के 2 तरीके है , पहला AWT

और दू सरा SWING. Swing AWT का extended version है , इसमें कुछ advanced

features होते है । AWT के द्वारा भी अच्छी graphical application develop की जा

सकती है । AWT एक GUI library होती है , जो graphical application में graphical

components(Buttons, Text box, Check box) add करने के ललए packages और

classes provide करती है । AWT library को लकसी भी java program के साथ यू ज़
लकया जा सकता है । उसके ललए आपको java.awt.* package को import करना पड़ता

है ।

Features of AWT in Java

 AWT is a set of native user interface components
 It is based upon a robust event-handling model
 It provides Graphics and imaging tools, such as shape, color, and font
classes

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  AWT also avails layout managers which helps in increasing the flexibility
of the window layouts
 Data transfer classes are also a part of AWT that helps in cut-and-paste
through the native platform clipboard
 Supports a wide range of libraries that are necessary for creating graphics
for gaming products, banking services, educational purposes, etc.

Container in Java :

Containers are integral part of AWT GUI components. A container provides a

space where a component can be located. A Container in AWT is a component
itself and it adds the capability to add component to itself. Following are
noticable points to be considered.

 Sub classes of Container are called as Containter. For example Panel,

Frame and Window.
 Container can add only Component to itself.
 A default layout is present in each container which can be overridden
using setLayout method.

Types of containers:

There are four types of containers in Java AWT:

1. Window
2. Panel
3. Frame
4. Dialog

Window

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The window is the container that have no borders and menu bars. You must use
frame, dialog or another window for creating a window. We need to create an
instance of Window class to create this container.

Panel

The Panel is the container that doesn't contain title bar, border or menu bar. It is
generic container for holding the components. It can have other components like
button, text field etc. An instance of Panel class creates a container, in which we
can add components.

Frame

The Frame is the container that contain title bar and border and can have menu
bars. It can have other components like button, text field, scrollbar etc. Frame is
most widely used container while developing an AWT application.

In hindi:

Classes Explanation

Window ये एक window होती है । इस window की border नही ीं होती है ।

और इसमें menu bar भी नही ीं होता है ।

ये एक window होती है । इसमें title bar और menu bar नही ीं

Panel
होते है । और इस window की border भी नही ीं होती है ।

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 ये एक window होती है । इसमें menu bar और title bar होते है ।
Frame
और इस window की borders भी होती है ।

ये लकसी दू सरी window के अीं दर एक window होती है । ये

Dialog लकसी user event पर कोई message और उसके साथ action

लेने के ललए components को display करती है ।

AWT Controls

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AWT Components
1. Containers

Container in Java AWT is a component that is used to hold other components

such as text fields, buttons, etc. It is a subclass of java.awt.Component and is
responsible for keeping a track of components being added. There are four types
of containers provided by AWT in Java.

Types of Containers

1. Window: It is an instance of the Window class having neither border nor

title. It is used for creating a top-level window.
2. Frame: Frame is a subclass of Window and contains title, border and
menu bars. It comes with a resizing canvas and is the most widely used
container for developing AWT applications. It is capable of holding
various components such as buttons, text fields, scrollbars, etc. You can
create a Java AWT Frame in two ways:
i. By Instantiating Frame class
ii. By extending Frame class
3. Dialog: Dialog class is also a subclass of Window and comes with the
border as well as the title. Dialog class’s instance always needs an
associated Frame class instance to exist.
4. Panel: Panel is the concrete subclass of Container and doesn’t contain
any title bar, menu bar or border. Panel class is a generic container for
holding the GUI components. You need the instance of the Panel class in
order to add the components.

That was all about the container and its types let us now move further in this
Java AWT Tutorial article and learn about the rest of the components.

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2. Button

java.awt.Button class is used to create a labeled button. GUI component that

triggers a certain programmed action upon clicking it. The Button class has two
constructors:

//Construct a Button with the given label

public Button(String btnLabel);

//Construct a Button with empty label

public Button();

A few of the methods provided by this class have been listed below:

//Get the label of this Button instance

public String getLabel();

//Set the label of this Button instance

public void setLabel(String btnLabel);

//Enable or disable this Button. Disabled Button cannot be clicked

public void setEnable(boolean enable);

3. Text Field

A java.awt.TextField class creates a single-line text box for users to enter texts.
The TextField class has three constructors which are:

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//Construct a TextField instance with the given initial text string with the
number of columns.

public TextField(String initialText, int columns);

//Construct a TextField instance with the given initial text string.

public TextField(String initialText);

//Construct a TextField instance with the number of columns.

public TextField(int columns);

A few of the methods provided by TextField class are:

// Get the current text on this TextField instance

public String getText();

// Set the display text on this TextField instance

public void setText(String strText);

//Set this TextField to editable (read/write) or non-editable (read-only)

public void setEditable(boolean editable);

4. Label

The java.awt.Label class provides a descriptive text string that is visible on

GUI. An AWT Label object is a component for placing text in a container.
Label class has three constructors which are:

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// Construct a Label with the given text String, of the text alignment

public Label(String strLabel, int alignment);

//Construct a Label with the given text String

public Label(String strLabel);

//Construct an initially empty Label

public Label();

This class also provides 3 constants which are:

public static final LEFT; // Label.LEFT

public static final RIGHT; // Label.RIGHT

public static final CENTER; // Label.CENTER

Below I have listed down the public methods provided by this class:

public String getText();

public void setText(String strLabel);

public int getAlignment();

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//Label.LEFT, Label.RIGHT, Label.CENTER

public void setAlignment(int alignment);

Programming & Frameworks Training

5. Canvas

A Canvas class represents the rectangular area where you can draw in an
application or receive inputs created by the user.

6. Choice

Choice class is used to represent a pop-up menu of choices. The selected choice
is shown on the top of the given menu.

7. Scroll Bar

The Scrollbar class object is used to add horizontal and vertical scrollbar in the
GUI. It enables a user to see the invisible number of rows and columns.

8. List

The object of List class represents a list of text items. Using the List class a user
can choose either one item or multiple items.

9. CheckBox

The Checkbox is a class is a graphical component that is used to create a

checkbox. It has two state options; true and false. At any point in time, it can
have either of the two.

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So, that was all you need to know about the AWT components. Now, I hope
you are ready to get your feet wet with Java AWT application.

In the next section of this Java AWT tutorial, I will show you how to build a
calculator using AWT components.

Example : Developing a Calculator with Java AWT

Here I will show you how to create a calculator using AWT, where you will be
able to perform basic mathematical operations. Below is a screenshot of how
your Calculator will look like:

Now in order to build this, you need to type in the following code:

package urengineeringfriend.awt;

import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.ActionEvent;
import java.awt.event.ActionListener;

class Calculator extends Frame implements

ActionListener

{
Label lb1,lb2,lb3;

TextField txt1,txt2,txt3;

Button btn1,btn2,btn3,btn4,btn5,btn6,btn7;

public Calculator()
{
lb1 = new Label("Var 1");
lb2 = new Label("Var 2");

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 lb3 = new Label("Result");

txt1 = new TextField(10);

txt2 = new TextField(10);
txt3 = new TextField(10);

btn1 = new Button("Add");

btn2 = new Button("Sub");
btn3 = new Button("Multi");
btn4 = new Button("Div");
btn5 = new Button("Mod");
btn6 = new Button("Reset");
btn7 = new Button("Close");

add(lb1);
add(txt1);
add(lb2);
add(txt2);
add(lb3);
add(txt3);
add(btn1);
add(btn2);
add(btn3);
add(btn4);
add(btn5);
add(btn6);
add(btn7);

setSize(200,200);
setTitle("Calculator");
setLayout(new FlowLayout());
//setLayout(new
FlowLayout(FlowLayout.RIGHT));
//setLayout(new

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FlowLayout(FlowLayout.LEFT));
btn1.addActionListener(this);
btn2.addActionListener(this);
btn3.addActionListener(this);
btn4.addActionListener(this);
btn5.addActionListener(this);
btn6.addActionListener(this);
btn7.addActionListener(this);

}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae) {
double a=0,b=0,c=0;
try
{
a = Double.parseDouble(txt1.getText());
}
catch (NumberFormatException e) {
txt1.setText("Invalid input");
}
try
{
b = Double.parseDouble(txt2.getText());
}
catch (NumberFormatException e) {
txt2.setText("Invalid input");
}
if(ae.getSource()==btn1)
{
c = a + b;
txt3.setText(String.valueOf(c));
}
if(ae.getSource()==btn2)
{

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 c = a - b;
txt3.setText(String.valueOf(c));
}
if(ae.getSource()==btn3)
{
c = a * b;
txt3.setText(String.valueOf(c));
}
if(ae.getSource()==btn4)
{
c = a / b;
txt3.setText(String.valueOf(c));
}
if(ae.getSource()==btn5)
{
c = a % b;
txt3.setText(String.valueOf(c));
}
if(ae.getSource()==btn6)
{
txt1.setText("0");
txt2.setText("0");
txt3.setText("0");
}
if(ae.getSource()==btn7)
{
System.exit(0);
}
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Calculator calC = new Calculator();
calC.setVisible(true);

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 calC.setLocation(300,300);
}
}

As you might have noticed that here we have used just functionalities. You can
always add more functions to your application and create a full-fledged
Calculator.

Imp Questions from AWT Controls

Which is a component in AWT that can contain another components like

buttons, textfields, labels etc?

a. Window
b. Container
c. Panel
d. Frame

How many types of controls does AWT support?

a. 7
b. 6
c. 5
d. 8

Which is the container that doesn’t contain title bar and menu bars. It can
have other components like button, text field etc?

a. Window
b. Frame
c. Panel

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 d. Container

Which object can be constructed to show any number of choices in the

visible window?

a. Choice
b. Menu
c. List
d. Checkbox

By which method we can set or change the text in a label in AWT?

a. setText()
b. getText()
c. addText()
d. all of these

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Layout Manager

The LayoutManagers are used to arrange components in a particular manner.

The Java LayoutManagers facilitates us to control the positioning and size of

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the components in GUI forms. LayoutManager is an interface that is
implemented by all the classes of layout managers.

The Abstract Windowing Toolkit (AWT) has the following five layout
managers:

 java.awt.BorderLayout
 java.awt.FlowLayout
 java.awt.GridLayout
 java.awt.CardLayout
 java.awt.GridBagLayout

Border Layout Manager

In the Border Layout Manager, the components are positioned in five different
areas (regions). In other words, North, South, East, West and Center. Each
region may contain only one component.

If you enlarge the window, you will notice that the center area gets as much of
the newly available space, as possible. The other area will expand, only as much
as necessary, to keep the available space filled.

Example

1. import java.awt.*;
2. import java.awt.event.*;
3. import javax.swing.*;
4. public class Border extends JFrame
5. implements ActionListener {
6. private JButton b[];
7. private String names[] = {
8. "Hide North Border",
9. "Hide South Border",
10. "Hide East Border",
11. "Hide West Border",
12. "Hide Center Border"
13. };

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 14. private BorderLayout layout;
15. public Border() {
16. super("BorderLayout");
17. layout = new BorderLayout(5, 5);
18. Container c = getContentPane();
19. c.setLayout(layout);
20. b = new JButton[names.length];
21. for (int i = 0; i < names.length; i++) {
22. b[i] = new JButton(names[i]);
23. b[i].addActionListener(this);
24. }
25. c.add(b[0], BorderLayout.NORTH);
26. c.add(b[1], BorderLayout.SOUTH);
27. c.add(b[2], BorderLayout.EAST);
28. c.add(b[3], BorderLayout.WEST);
29. c.add(b[4], BorderLayout.CENTER);
30. setSize(400, 300);
31. show();
32. }
33. public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
34. for (int i = 0; i < b.length; i++)
35. if (e.getSource() == b[i])
36. b[i].setVisible(false);
37. else
38. b[i].setVisible(true);
39. layout.layoutContainer(getContentPane());
40. }
41. public static void main(String args[]) {
42. Border bord = new Border();
43. bord.addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {
44. public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) {
45. System.exit(0);
46. }
47. });
48. }
49. }

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Grid Layout Manager

Grid Layout is used to place the components in a grid of cells (rectangular).

Each component takes the available space within its cell. Each cell, has exactly
the same size and displays only one component. If the Grid Layout window is
expanded, the Grid Layout changes the cell size, so that the cells are as large as
possible.

In other words, the layout manager divides the container into a grid, so that
components can be placed in rows and columns. Each component will have the
same width and height. The components are added to the grid starting at the
top-left cell and proceeding left-to-right, until the row is full. Then go to the
next row. This type of layout is known as, the Grid Layout Manager.

Example

1. import java.awt.*;
2. import java.awt.event.*;

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 3. import javax.swing.*;
4. public class Grid extends JFrame implements ActionListener {
5. private JButton b[];
6. private String names[] = {
7. "Contacts",
8. "Message",
9. "Call Log",
10. "Games",
11. "Settings",
12. "Applications",
13. "Music",
14. "Gallery",
15. "Organiser"
16. };
17. private boolean toggle = true;
18. private Container c;
19. private GridLayout grid1, grid2, grid3;
20. public Grid() {
21. super("GridLayout");
22. grid1 = new GridLayout(2, 3, 5, 5);
23. grid2 = new GridLayout(3, 2);
24. grid3 = new GridLayout(3, 5);
25. c = getContentPane();
26. c.setLayout(grid3);
27. b = new JButton[names.length];
28. for (int i = 0; i < names.length; i++) {
29. b[i] = new JButton(names[i]);
30. b[i].addActionListener(this);
31. c.add(b[i]);
32. }
33. setSize(400, 400);
34. show();
35. }
36. public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
37. if (toggle)
38. c.setLayout(grid3);
39. else if (toggle)
40. c.setLayout(grid2);
41. else
42. c.setLayout(grid1);
43. toggle = !toggle;
44. c.validate();
45. }
46. public static void main(String args[]) {
47. Grid G = new Grid();
48. G.addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {
49. public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) {
50. System.exit(0);
51. }
52. });

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 53. }
54. }

Output

Flow Layout manager

The flow layout, is the most basic layout manager in which components are
placed from left to right, as they were added. When the horizontal row is too
small, to put all the components in one row, then it uses multiple rows. You can
align the components left, right, or center (default).

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Example

1. import java.awt.*;
2. import javax.swing.*;
3. public class Flow {
4. JFrame f;
5. public Flow() {
6. f = new JFrame();
7. JButton b1 = new JButton("Red");
8. JButton b2 = new JButton("Green");
9. JButton b3 = new JButton("Yellow");
10. JButton b4 = new JButton("Purple");
11. JButton b5 = new JButton("Blue");
12. JButton b6 = new JButton("Pink");
13. JButton b7 = new JButton("Brown");
14. f.add(b1);
15. f.add(b2);
16. f.add(b3);
17. f.add(b4);
18. f.add(b5);
19. f.add(b6);
20. f.add(b7);
21. f.setLayout(new FlowLayout(FlowLayout.LEFT));
22. f.setSize(400, 200);
23. f.setVisible(true);
24. }
25. public static void main(String[] args) {
26. new Flow();
27. }
28. }

Output

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Card Layout Manager

The card layout class manages two or more components that share the same
display space, in such a way that only one component is visible at a time.

Basically, each card is like a playing card in a stack, in which only the top card
is visible at any time. That is why it is known, as the Card Layout Manager.
Each card is normally a panel that can use any layout manager.

Example

1. import java.awt.*;
2. import javax.swing.*;
3. public class Flow {
4. JFrame f;
5. public Flow() {
6. f = new JFrame();
7. JButton b1 = new JButton("Red");
8. JButton b2 = new JButton("Green");
9. JButton b3 = new JButton("Yellow");
10. JButton b4 = new JButton("Purple");
11. JButton b5 = new JButton("Blue");
12. JButton b6 = new JButton("Pink");
13. JButton b7 = new JButton("Brown");
14. f.add(b1);
15. f.add(b2);
16. f.add(b3);
17. f.add(b4);
18. f.add(b5);
19. f.add(b6);
20. f.add(b7);
21. f.setLayout(new FlowLayout(FlowLayout.LEFT));
22. f.setSize(400, 200);
23. f.setVisible(true);
24. }
25. public static void main(String[] args) {
26. new Flow();
27. }
28. }

Output

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Outputs after clicking "Next card" and "Last card" and then "previous card":

Next card

Last card

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The previous card will be the next card, in other words, card two.

GridBag Layout Manager

The GridBag layout manages the components in rows or columns that allow
specified components to span multiple rows and columns. Not all the rows and
columns have the same height and width.

This is the most complex layout manager, since it specifies the size and position
characteristics of its components, by specifying constraints for each component.

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Example

1. import javax.swing.*;
2. import java.awt.*;
3. import java.awt.event.*;
4. public class GridBag extends JFrame {
5. private Container container;
6. private GridBagLayout gbLayout;
7. private GridBagConstraints gbConstraints;
8. public GridBag() {
9. super("GridBagLayout manager");
10. container = getContentPane();
11. gbLayout = new GridBagLayout();
12. container.setLayout(gbLayout);
13. gbConstraints = new GridBagConstraints();
14. JTextArea ta = new JTextArea("TextField1", 5, 10);
15. JTextArea tx = new JTextArea("TextField2", 2, 2);
16. String names[] = {
17. "Laptop",
18. "Palmtop",
19. "Tablet",
20. "Mobile"
21. };
22. JComboBox cb = new JComboBox(names);
23. JTextField tf = new JTextField("TextField");
24. JButton b1 = new JButton("Button 1");
25. JButton b2 = new JButton("Button 2");
26. JButton b3 = new JButton("Button 3");
27. gbConstraints.fill = GridBagConstraints.BOTH;
28. addComponent(ta, 0, 0, 1, 3);
29. gbConstraints.fill = GridBagConstraints.HORIZONTAL;
30. addComponent(b1, 0, 1, 2, 1);
31. addComponent(cb, 2, 1, 2, 1);
32. gbConstraints.weightx = 1000;
33. gbConstraints.weighty = 1;
34. gbConstraints.fill = GridBagConstraints.BOTH;
35. addComponent(b2, 1, 1, 1, 1);
36. gbConstraints.weightx = 0;
37. gbConstraints.weighty = 0;
38. addComponent(b3, 1, 2, 1, 1);
39. addComponent(tf, 3, 0, 2, 1);
40. addComponent(tx, 3, 2, 1, 1);
41. setSize(350, 200);
42. show();
43. }
44. private void addComponent(Component c, int row, int column, int width, int height)
{
45. gbConstraints.gridx = column;

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 46. gbConstraints.gridy = row;
47. gbConstraints.gridwidth = width;
48. gbConstraints.gridheight = height;
49. gbLayout.setConstraints(c, gbConstraints);
50. container.add(c);
51. }
52. public static void main(String args[]) {
53. GridBag app = new GridBag();
54. app.addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {
55. public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) {
56. System.exit(0);
57. }
58. });
59. }
60. }

Output

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 Menu & Menu Bar

The object of MenuItem class adds a simple labeled menu item on menu. The
items used in a menu must belong to the MenuItem or any of its subclass.

The object of Menu class is a pull down menu component which is displayed on
the menu bar. It inherits the MenuItem class.

Menus are very familiar to programmers in the Windows environment. A

menu has a pull-down list of menu items from which the user can select one at a
time. When many options in multiple categories exist for selection by the user,
menus are the best choice since they take less space on the frame. A click on the
MenuItem generates an ActionEvent and is handled by an ActionListener. A
Menu and a MenuItem are not components since they are not subclasses of the
java.awt.Component class. They are derived from the MenuComponent class.
The following hierarchy illustrates that.

Menu Hierarchy

Menu creation involves many classes, like MenuBar, MenuItem and Menu and
one is added to the other.

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MenuComponent

A MenuComponent is the highest level class of all menu classes; like a

Component, it is the super most class for all component classes like Button,
Frame etc. A MenuBar is capable of holding the menus and a Menu can hold
menu items. Menus are placed on a menu bar.

Procedure for Creating Menus

The following is the procedure for creating menus:

 Create menu bar

 Add menu bar to the frame
 Create menus
 Add menus to menu bar
 Create menu items
 Add menu items to menus
 Event handling

In the following program, a menu is created and populated with menu items.
User's selected menu item or sub-menu item's

1. import java.awt.*;
2. class AWTMenu extends Frame
3. {
4. MenuBar mbar;
5. Menu menu,submenu;
6. MenuItem m1,m2,m3,m4,m5;
7. public AWTMenu()
8. {
9. // Set frame properties
10. setTitle("AWT Menu"); // Set the title
11. setSize(300,300); // Set size to the frame
12. setLayout(new FlowLayout()); // Set the layout

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 13. setVisible(true); // Make the frame visible
14. setLocationRelativeTo(null); // Center the frame
15. // Create the menu bar
16. mbar=new MenuBar();
17. // Create the menu
18. menu=new Menu("Menu");
19. // Create the submenu
20. submenu=new Menu("Sub Menu");
21. // Create MenuItems
22. m1=new MenuItem("Menu Item 1");
23. m2=new MenuItem("Menu Item 2");
24. m3=new MenuItem("Menu Item 3");
25. m4=new MenuItem("Menu Item 4");
26. m5=new MenuItem("Menu Item 5");
27. // Attach menu items to menu
28. menu.add(m1);
29. menu.add(m2);
30. menu.add(m3);
31. // Attach menu items to submenu
32. submenu.add(m4);
33. submenu.add(m5);
34. // Attach submenu to menu
35. menu.add(submenu);
36. // Attach menu to menu bar
37. mbar.add(menu);
38. // Set menu bar to the frame
39. setMenuBar(mbar);
40. }
41. public static void main(String args[])
42. {
43. new AWTMenu();
44. }
45. }

Sample output of this program:

Maharashtra’s No.1 Learning Platform For MSBTE Course Details

 Few more MCQ Questions

Which abstract class is the super class of all menu related classes?

a. MenuComponent
b. MenuBar
c. MenuItem
d. CheckBoxMenuItem

The most commonly used layout managers are ______.

a. Flow layout
b. Border layout
c. Grid layout
d. All of these

Question

Default layout manager for subclasses of window is _____

a. Card layout
b. Gridbag layout
c. Frame
d. Border layout

Question

Each menu is associated with a _______ list of menu items.

a. Checkbox
b. Drop-down
c. Choice

Maharashtra’s No.1 Learning Platform For MSBTE Course Details

 d. None of these

Maharashtra’s No.1 Learning Platform For MSBTE Course Details

Maharashtra’s No.1 Learning Platform For MSBTE Course Details