BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
SESSION – 2019-2023
Submitted by: -
Vibhum Shukla – 0801EE191095
Rushali pandit– 0801EE191066
Under the Guidance of
1. Dr.Arun Parakh Sir
2. Miss Shreya Ma’am
Acknowledgement
It is our proud privilege and duty to acknowledge the kind of help and
guidance received from several people in preparation of this report. It
would not have been possible to prepare this report in this form
without their valuable help, cooperation and guidance.
We express our sincere gratitude to our professors, Department of
Electrical Engineering, for guiding us in investigations for this report
and in carrying out experimental work. Our numerous discussions
with them were extremely helpful.
The project on “Transformer health monitoring” was very helpful
to us in giving the necessary background information and inspiration
in choosing this topic for the project. It will be very helpful to blind
and deaf persons and we are glad to present this project for these
needy persons.
Last but not least, we wish to thank our PARENTS for financing our
studies in this college as well as for constantly encouraging us to learn
something new and innovative in our field. Their personal sacrifice in
providing this opportunity to learn engineering is gratefully
acknowledged.
NEEd FOr AUTOMATION
Due to some economic aspects, the online condition monitoring system has
not been directly implemented in distribution transformers in past times
[75,76]. However, with the new generation of the smart distribution grid, the
internet of things (IoT), cloud computing, and advanced metering
infrastructure are often combined in the electric power systems. This complex
system can gather huge data and information, assisted by an array of new
approaches, technologies and applications. The real-time data collection,
transmission, data access, and rapid analysis of huge amounts of multivariate
data are becoming the basis for sustaining the reliable operation of power
systems. The development of these advanced technologies aims to optimize
the operation of the distribution network, simplify the distribution
transformer monitoring process but still ensure high accuracy. While the
Internet of Things can help to track, monitor and manage electric equipment
through connecting with the internet for information exchange, improving
the communication platform of the smart grid. Cloud computing provides a
solution to store huge amounts of data and process heavy computational work
for transformer monitoring activities of the distribution grid. Many research
studies have been implemented to take advantage of this smart management
system. Because distribution transformers are critical assets and the load of a
distribution transformer is governed by the end-user, which therefore makes it
an uncontrollable load [58,65], further uncertainty comes from PV
integration at the distribution level as well as EV recharging facilities. Thus
extensive and continuous monitoring is required. Most conventional diagnosis
methods for distribution transformers were traditionally carried out off-line
when the transformer was taken out of service. With the development of the
information technology and smart sensors devices, the reliability of the
transformer status assessment system can be carried out on line. The
monitoring process is carried out online, in real-time, and thus the accuracy of
the condition analysis for the transformer can be greatly improved. Real-time
monitoring of transformers can help to find out the potential risks of failure
for distribution transformers. For this reason, further analysis can be
implemented to identify the development trend of the risks easily and help
making necessary decisions in time in order to avoid unexpected and
catastrophic equipment shut-downs. Monitoring data is also stored on the
cloud system and analyzed to assist in making decisions on the replacement
and maintenance of distribution transformers in the future. Appl. Sci. 2020,
10, 8115 13 of 20 In [77], an online transformer health monitoring system is
proposed by using the global mobile service (GSM). A mobile-embedded
system including a single-chip microcontroller and sensors is designed to
monitor load currents, over-voltage, transformer oil level and oil temperature.
If there is any abnormality in the system, the GSM module will send short
message service (SMS) messages to designated mobile telephones containing
information about the abnormality. After the fault clearing, the total system
again starts to monitor the condition of the transformer. As it is a wireless
communicating system, there is no need for high-cost large cables. In paper
[78], GSM is also used to monitor distribution transformers’ parameters such
as current, temperature, oil level, vibration and humidity in every fifteen
seconds. The monitoring process is implemented pretty the same with the
described system in [79]. The microcontroller is the core of RTU that collects
data from sensors nearby the transformer and sends data to monitoring nodes
via GSM/GPRS module. GPRS has high efficiency, convenience and low cost
and provides a good solution to meet the need of distribution transformer
monitoring systems. Figure 6 presents the general flowchart of the monitoring
systems. The investment cost of a distribution transformer is much lower than
that of a power transformer. In order to get quality evaluation results,
high-quality sensors are required. This means that the monitoring system will
be very expensive, not consistent with the actual ability of the utilities.
Therefore, the corresponding monitoring system for distribution transformers
should be designed to be acceptable. To save installation costs, the monitoring
parameters are usually voltage, current or ambient temperature that can get
easily obtained from electrical measurement systems. These parameters also
contribute significantly in identifying the potential risks of transformers in
operation, thereby making initial assessments of transformer status before
making more thorough inspection decisions. Real-time monitoring
transformers using advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) is an effective
low-cost solution for managing smart transformers as well as smart grids. In
[80], an AMI system is proposed to supervise transformer operation under fire
hazards. The main parts of the detection system are sensors, valve systems and
the control box. The control box will receive measured data from sensors and
send commands to control the system. This smart monitoring system not only
provides fast fault detection but also improves the overall health of
transformers as well as the distribution system. In [81], the AMI systems are
used to collect data in real-time including transformer loading, transformer
aging, estimated ambient temperature, and computed the hottest temperature
from oil-immersed distribution transformers. The gathering information can
be used indirectly to determine the priority candidate transformer for
replacement before failure. The meter measurements can be utilized to
develop temporally high-resolution views of transformer loading indirectly to
determine each operational transformer’s aging acceleration. In [49,82], the
papers provided a methodology that was used to predict the outage and
congestion for distribution transformers. This paper uses the hourly usage
data collected from Ameren Illinois’ AMI meters to determine distribution
transformer outage, failure, and overload. The proposed methodology not
only detects and visualizes outage and congested areas in near real-time but
also detects transformers and distribution areas with a long history of outage
and congestion. More recently, portable systems allow diagnosing the
dielectric part of many electrical apparatus including oil-insulated
transformers [82–84]. The portable system uses a sensor which is a special
wideband antenna. It can detect both partial discharge pulses and the signal of
AC supply voltage remotely from the tested component; in this way, the need
for direct connection or component turn-off is avoided. Table 5 compares the
considered monitoring parameters, the advantages and disadvantages of
real-time monitoring techniques in the literature. It can be seen that the
advanced techniques are good solutions and have the potential to provide a
low-cost health assessment system based on existing sensors, energy
monitoring meters and the existing communication networks. These solutions
can support utilities to monitor distribution transformers continuously and
set up suitable transformer management strategies. However, low-cost does
not directly translate into a short lifetime or lack of robustness. A good design
practice may achieve higher quality and lifetime from lower-cost components
(e.g., design for manufacturability, Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 8115 14 of 20 good
weatherization, good thermal design, etc.). Point out the distinction between
number and cost of power and distribution transformers: power transformers
are more expensive but fewer of them. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, x FOR PEER
REVIEW 13 of 21 communicating systems, there is no need for high-cost
large cables. In paper [78], GSM is also used to monitor distribution
transformers’ parameters such as current, temperature, oil level, vibration and
humidity in every fifteen seconds. The monitoring process is implemented
pretty the same with the described system in [79]. The microcontroller is the
core of RTU that collects data from sensors nearby the transformer and sends
data to monitoring nodes via GSM/GPRS module. GPRS has high efficiency,
convenience and low cost and provides a good solution to meet the need of
distribution transformer monitoring systems. Figure 6 presents the general
flowchart of the monitoring sYSTEM.
IntRodUctIon
With the increase in peak demand and the need to
improve grid infrastructure for the ease of
operation and management with high reliability, the
distribution smart grid is one of the most important
elements to accelerate the modernization of the
currently aging power system. The distribution grid is
also the area that is affected significantly by smart
technologies [1]. Automating and controlling the
grid remotely will help reduce operating costs, increase
information accuracy as well as quickly fix
faulty areas in the electricity power system [2].
The distribution transformer is the last component for
voltage transformation in the power grid.
It is used to convert the medium voltage to the low
voltage level that is used for households or
for commercial use. Distribution transformers are thus
one of the most important components of
the distribution power system [3]. Moreover, for each
HV/MV primary substation, there are tens
of secondary substations. As a result, in a
medium-sized city with 40 HV/MV primary stations,
There are around one thousand distribution
transformers. Many of them are damaged every year
due to various reasons. Accelerated degradation and
failure of distribution transformers can occur
because of several conditions such as oil leakage,
overloading, unbalanced loading and harmonics.
However, the majority of failures are caused by a
combination of these electrical, mechanical and
thermal
stresses acting upon the power transformer components
over time [4]. Although the manufacturer
generally establishes design and operational limits, the
impact on service life is non-binary and
multi-dimensional in nature. For example, exceeding a
thermal limit to a moderate extent for a short
amount of time will not cause immediate failure, but
more severe overloading for an extended period
will likely cause irreversible damage. If these impacts
can be more fully characterized or impending issues
can be detected in the field, it could help utilities
reduce the rate of failures and degradation, increase the
reliability of electric service and reduce the cost of
utility operations and maintenance. Therefore, it is
important to study and develop effective methods of
monitoring the condition and health of distribution
transformers.
REQUIREMENT:
Name of the product-
Remote Health Monitoring of Distribution Transformer
Purpose-
The main objective of it is real-time monitoring of the health
conditions of the distribution transformer using IoT
technology. The way a doctor analyses the different
symptoms in a human being to understand the disease and
suggest a cure, same way condition monitoring techniques
make use of different internal as well as external parameters
associated with the transformer and predicts its operational
status and according to which a proper decision can be made.
The parameters such as temperature, voltage, and current of a
transformer are to be monitored and processed. The recorded
data is required to be sent using a Wi-Fi module and should
be able to be accessed from anywhere around the world using
IOT technology using the HTTP protocol.
Input –
The product will make use of a number of sensors. Oil level,
temperature, humming sound, and transformer loading are
the monitored parameters. The analog output of the sensor
should be fed to ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) of a
PIC16F877A microcontroller as input. The ADC converts the
signal to digital values and transfers the data to the
processing system.
Output –
It is imperative that the transformers function correctly
without any faults, and should any faults occur, the same
should be detected and corrected as soon as possible to
prevent the failure of the power system to supply power.
Continuous LCD displays of monitored parameters and
electronic buzzers need to be included to send alert alarms.
Function –
1) Top oil temperature of distribution transformer- In case of
violation of the temperature limits, the oil starts expanding.
The oil can even lose its insulating property at higher
temperatures. The breakdown of insulating oil is a function of
hydrostatic pressure applied and the voltage in the windings
of the transformer. If the insulating property of oil fails, it
will start conducting, and hence the induction principle fails
and causes short circuit fault.
2) Oil Level- The oil in the transformer serves two purposes.
It is used for insulating as well as cooling purposes. The
desirable properties of transformer oil are high thermal
conductivity, chemical stability, and dielectric strength. The
level of transformer oil is used to detect faults in a
transformer.
3) Transformer Loading – The voltage, current, power factor
etc are to be monitored which would give the loading profile
of the transformer.
4) Humming – The humming noise also needs to be
monitored through a microphone to know about the health
status of DT.
Performance –
In real-time installations, broadband wireless modems can be
used. Data transfer rates will depend on the network traffic.
But it will not harm the performance because the data size is
very less.
Approximate Manufacturing Cost- Rs 4000.
The SPECIFICATIONS-
MICROCONTROLLER: The microcontroller that has
been used for this project is from the PIC series. PIC
microcontroller is the first RISC-based microcontroller
fabricated in CMOS (complementary
metal-oxide-semiconductor) that uses a separate bus for
instruction and data allowing simultaneous access of
program and data memory.
ULTRASONIC SENSOR: Ultrasonic sensor is used to
check the oil level in the transformer. Due to overheating
the oil starts to evaporate and the oil level decreases and
thus this decrease in the oil level may be dangerous to
the transformer. Thus this sensor indicates the level and
we get aware of the level. Thus we can look over the oil
viscosity also. Ultrasonic sensors measure distance by
using ultrasonic waves.
CURRENT SENSOR: A current sensor is a device that
detects electric current (AC or DC) in a wire, and
generates a signal proportional to it. The generated signal
could be analog voltage or current or even digital output.
It can be then utilized to display the measured current in
an ammeter or can be stored for further analysis in a data
acquisition system or can be utilized for control
purposes.
TEMPERATURE SENSOR: The most commonly used
control complex process control furnace plants.
POWER SUPPLY: The step-down transformer is used
commonly in power supplies to reduce the high risk
associated with high voltage to considerably low voltage. The
transformer has two coils namely primary coil and secondary
coil. Between these two coils, there is no electrical
connection rather they are connected by the alternating
magnetic field. This field is created by using the soft-iron
core of the transformer.
LCD: A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display
or another electronically modulated optical device that uses
the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid
crystals do not emit light directly, instead of using a backlight
or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome.
LCDs are available to display arbitrary images (as in a
general-purpose computer display) or fixed images with low
information content, which can be displayed or hidden, such
as preset words, digits, and 7 segments displays
.
SIMULATION CIRCUIT
