TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

938 Aurora Blvd., Cubao, Quezon City

College of Engineering and Architecture

Civil Engineering

PROPOSED THREE STOREY RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for

CE404
(Theory of Structures I)

Submitted by
Baguio, John Lemuel
Cano, Gabriel
Chiang, Kok Hong
Domingo, Ewald
Sto. Domingo, Jhon Paul
CE41FB1

Submitted to
Engr. Emmanuel Lazo

1st Semester A.Y. 2017-2018

October 14, 2017
 ABSTRACT

Loading in the structure of the building is the first consideration to design the proper material like
Reinforced steel bars, and the area of the columns and beams. You need to get the total force of the
building so that you know if you're structure would stable and long lasting. In this project, the proponents
analyse, compute and tabulated the results specifically, the wind load, dead load and live load, axial
loading, shear loading and moment of the THREE-STOREY RESIDENTIAL BUILDING that we want to
construct. The floor area dimension of the structure is 12 meters x 7 meters. The structure's height is 12.2
meters from finish floor line to the tip of the roof.

We have determined the dead and live load the graph and by the formula L/2=2, and through our
computation, we have arrived a value lesser that 2, thus the structure have one-way slab.

The wind load is determined through the graphs. Since the location of the project is in Metro
Manila, it is in zone 2. Then we compute the necessary computations with the given formula. In the end, we
have arrived at the loadings of the windward and leeward of each section of the stucture, the longitudinal
and transverse.

The lateral loads of the structure are determined by two methods: Portal Method and Cantilever
Method. Portal Method is used to compute the lateral loading in the transverse section of the structure. The
Cantilever Method on the other hand is used to compute the lateral loading of the longitudinal section of the
structure. Through the 2 processes that we used, we have computed the axial loading, shear loading and
the moment value of each beam and columns.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE……………………………………………………………………………………………………….…0
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...1
TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………………………………………….….2
CHAPTER 1: BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT………………………………………………………….…..3
1.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………….3
1.2 Description of the Structure……………………………………………………………………………….……3
1.3 Location of the Structure………………………………………………………………………………….….…4
1.4 Significance of the Structure……………………………………………………………………………………5
1.5 Scope and Limitations…………………………………………………………………………………….….....5
1.6 Definition of Terms and Code……………………………………………………………………………….…5
CHAPTER II: PROJECT DESIGN PLANS………………………………………………………………….……6
1
2
2.1 Architectural Plans……………………….…………………………………………………………………..…6
2.2 Structural Plans…………………………………………………………………………………………………7
CHAPTER III: DESIGN METHODOLOGY…………………………………………………………………….…13
3.1 Design Methodology……………………………………………………………………………………………13
3.2 Structural Analysis Methods………………………………………………………………………….….……13
3.3 Design Inputs……………………………………………………………………………………………………16
CHAPTER IV: STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS………………………………………………………………………18
4.1 Load Analysis……………………………………………………………………………………………..….…18
4.2 Results of the Analysis…………………………………………………………………………………...……20
CHAPTER V: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS………………………………………………………...……24
5.1 Summary of Results…………………………………………………………………………………...………24
5.2 Conclusions………………………………………………………………………………………………….….24
APPENDIX A……………………………………………………………………………………………………..…25
ANALYSIS OF WIND LOADS……………………………………………………………………………….……25
APPENDIX B……………………………………………………………………………………….…………….…26
PORTAL METHOD OF ANSLYSIS FOR LATERAL LOADS IN FRAMES…………………………………26
APPENDIX C…………………………………………………………………………………………………..……27
CANTILEVER METHOD OF ANALYSIS FOR LATERAL LOADS IN FRAMES……………………...……27

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 CHAPTER I

BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Since the dawn of history, structural engineering has been essential part of human endeavour.
However, it was not until about the middle of the seventeenth century that engineer began applying the
knowledge of mechanics (mathematics and science) in designing structures. Earlier engineering structures
were designed by trial and error and by using rules of thumb based on past experiences. Through time
passed by the process of the structural analysis has been revolutionized because of the computers, It
could solve large systems of simultaneous equation, analyses that took days and sometimes weeks in the
pre-computer era could now be performed in seconds.

Structural analysis is the prediction of the performance of a given structure under prescribed loads
and/or other external effects, such as support movements and temperature changes. It is also the science
and art of planning, designing, and constructing safe and economical structures that will serve their
intended purposes. Structural analysis is also an integral part of any structural engineering project; its
function is being the prediction of the performance of the proposed structure.

As the researchers created and designed their proposed project which is a proposed Residential
Building two storey building the researchers learned to understand the principles of designing and
computing structural analysis that the researchers determined if the proposed building will be stable and
reliable.

1.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE STRUCTURE

This structure is a Residential that the researchers aim to build with a high capacity and accurate
engineering concepts within right and passed the standard of National Building Code .
2.3 Location of the Structure
2.4 Significance of the Structure

The results of the study will be beneficial to the following:

Students. The finding of the research benefits students taking CE403 for their proposed structure. The
proposed structure will serve as their reference on guide for the information that they need in designing and
analyses.

Professors. The result of this structure will serve as a guide of teachers for promoting, and supporting the
efficiency of this study to the student

Future Researches. Simply, result will give them more information and insights for the future researchers
about analyzing proposed structures.

2.5 Scope and Limitations

The focus of the structure is about the Wind Load,Live Load, Dead Load,Shear,Moment and Axial
Force of the proposed structure. The study contain analysis about the stability of the structure.Therefore
the study will be fully understood by the students taking CE403(Theory of Structures) Subject and faculty
teaching the said subject.

2.6 Definition of Terms and Code References

Wind Load: are produced by the flow of the wind around the structure

Live Loads: are loads of varying magnitudes and/or positions caused by the use of the structure.

Dead Loads: are gravity loads of constant magnitudes and fixed positions that ace permanently on the
Structure.

Shear Forces: are unaligned forces pushing one part of a body in one specific direction, and another part of
the body in the opposite direction.

Bending Moments: is the reaction induced in a structural element when an external force or moment is
applied to the element causing the element to bend. The most common or simplest structural element
subjected to bending momentsis the beam. 

Axial Force: is the compression or tension force of the member

5
 CHAPTER II

PROJECT DESIGN PLANS

2.7 Architectural Plans

7
8
9
10
2.8 Structural Plans

11
12
 CHAPTER III
DESIGN METHODOLOGY

3.1 Design Methodology

Creating of Computing Computing

the floor plan the dead load the wind
of the house. and live load load.
with the
weight of the
beam.

Making of the Computing Computing

Summary or the Dead load the lateral
the Research and Live Load. load thru
Paper. Cantilever
and Portal
Method.

Laying out the design and plan of building structure -> Drawing the isometric and elevation ->
Computing for the loading :
 Slab
 Vertical loads
 Wind (cantilever and portal method)

3.2 Structural Analysis Methods

In this project, we want to the get the axial loadings, shear loadings and the moment of each beam
and columns of the house. We use the Cantilever Method in getting the loadings in the longitudinal section
of the house while we use Portal Method in getting the loadings in the transverse section.
 Calculating for these values involved three particular methods: frame analysis, vertical loading,
wind loads (portal and cantilever methods)
Slab method: involves characterizing the slab and identify its distribution along the buildings beams
and girders
Where the longer side is divided by the shorter side L/B

L
45o
B

L/B <2
L/B >=2

Vertical loads

The assumptions for vertical approximate analysis are:

1. The inflection points are located at 0.1L for either end
2. No axial force on girders

And subsequently evaluated with the assumption that moment and summation of forces is zero

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Portal Method

Portal method Works under the assumption that there is zero moment at the mid-span and mid-height of
each member. Also that the column in the middle generally takes more shear force and is generally stiffer,
this results in double the base shear force. After which calculate the forces acting on the imposed hinges
assuming moment is zero

Cantilever method:
Where similarly to portal method we assume impose hinges on midpoints on members of the frame
with the assumption that all moment and summation of forces are equal to zero
Equation of Centroid
x=∑Area of each column ∗ distance from
reference
∑Area of each column
=∑A ∗ x /∑A

Relative Column Forces

Forcey=distance from Horizontal Force to centroid * (Ref y)

distance from Reference to centroid

3.3 Design Inputs

Floor Dead and Live loads

15
Dead Load Loading Live Load (Residential) Loading

Floor fill (Concrete) 0.017 Basic floor area 1.9

Floor finish (Concrete) 0.023 Storage 1.9

Exterior wind wall 0.53

Parameters for wind load: low-rise simple diaphragm buildings

1. Determine the basic wind speed V and wind directionality Kd

Buildings: 0.85 Kd
2. Determine the importance factor I : 1.00
Residential: Category II importance factor
3. Determine exposure category
Surface Roughness : Category B: 4.2 m(0.7 and 0.57), 7.2m(0.7 and 0.62), 11.2m (0.7 and 0.7)
4. Determine the topographic factor
Urban area: not applicable
5. Determine the gust effect factor
Rigid Structures 0.85
6. Determine external pressure coefficients

7. Determine the velocity pressure qz or qh

q =0.0047 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I ( kg / cm2 ; V in km/ hr )
8. Determine the design wind load F
F = qz G Cp Af
where qz= velocity pressure elevated at height z of the centroid area
Af = projected area normal to the wind
Structural members
17
 CHAPTER IV
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

4.1 Load Analysis

A. Results of Wind Load Analysis

1. Uniform Wind Load (Longitudinal)

a) P1 = 0.6228 KN
b) P2 = 0.6466 KN
2. Concentrated Wind Load (Longitudinal)
a) P1 = 9.5797 KN
b) P2 = 10.3145 KN
3. Uniform Wind Load (Transverse)
a) P1 = 0.6228 KN
b) P2 = 0.6466 KN
 4. Concentrated Wind Load
a) P1 = 12.7729 KN
b) P2 = 13.7527 KN

B. Load-Frame Distribution

1. Longitudinal Lateral Loads

a) @A
(1) Axial Load = 1.151 KN (y)
(2) Shear = 5.635 KN
(3) Moment= 3.6515 KN.m
b) @B
(1) Moment= 6.452 KN.m
(2) Shear = 1.846 KN
(3) Moment= 30.243 KN.m
c) @E
(1) Axial Load = 2.846 KN
(2) Shear = 6.174 KN
(3) Moment= 3.6515 KN.m
d) @F
(1) Axial Load = 8.538 KN
(2) Shear = 6.461 KN
(3) Moment= 5.4771 KN.m

e) @I
(1) Axial Load = 2.846 KN
(2) Shear = 6.174 KN
(3) Moment= 12.9654 KN.m
f) @J
(1) Axial Load = 8.538 KN
(2) Shear = 6.461 KN
(3) Moment= 13.5681 KN.m

2. Transverse Diagram of lateral Loads

a) @B
(1) Axial Load = -7.3223 KN
(2) Shear = 4.9851 KN
(3) Moment= -7.4777 KN.m
b) @C
(1) Axial Load = -1.2467 KN
(2) Shear = 9.9703 KN
(3) Moment= -14.9555 KN.m
c) @D
(1) Axial Load = 9.7639 KN
(2) Shear = 4.9851 KN
(3) Moment= -7.4778 KN.m

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 d) @F
(1) Axial Load = -19.9059 KN
(2) Shear = 8.4233 KN
(3) Moment= 17.6889 KN.m
e) @G
(1) Axial Load = 8.7646 KN
(2) Shear = 16.8466 KN
(3) Moment= 35.3779 KN.m
f) @H
(1) Axial Load = 29.8651 KN
(2) Shear = 8.4223 KN
(3) Moment= 17.6889 KN.m

g) @J
(1) Axial Load = -19.9059 KN
(2) Shear = 8.4233 KN
(3) Moment= 17.6889 KN.m
h) @K
(1) Axial Load = 8.7646 KN
(2) Shear = 16.8466 KN
(3) Moment= 35.3779 KN.m
i) @L
(1) Axial Load = 29.8651 KN
(2) Shear = 8.4223 KN
(3) Moment= 17.6889 KN.m

4.2 Results of the Analysis

C. Internal forces in joints and support reactions

1. a’b’ & a’e’ = 0.605 KN
2. b’c’ = 0.807 KN
3. c’d’ = 0.605 KN
4. b’f’ = 1.882 KN
5. c’g’ = 1.344 KN
6. d’h’ = 1.341 KN
7. e’f’ = 8.145 KN
8. f’g’ = 4.796 KN
9. g’h’ = 0.505 KN
10. e’i’ = 3.452 KN
11. f’j’ = 5.232 KN
12. g’k’ = 5.635 KN
13. h’l’ = 1.846 KN

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 14. i’j’ = 8.764 KN
15. j’k’ = 5.155 KN
16. k’l’ = 4.616 KN
17. i’m’ & m’ = 3.792 KN
18. j’n’ & n’ = 8.843 KN
19. k’o’ & o’ = 6.174 KN
20. l’p’ & p’ = 6.461 KN
D. Tabulated
b’ d’ e’ g’ j’ l’ m’ s’ (RY)
a’ 0.605 0.605 KN
c’ 0.807 0.605 1.344 KN
f’ 1.882 8.145 4.796 5.232 KN
h’ 1.341 0.505 1.846 KN
i’ 3.452 8.764 3.792 KN
k’ 5.635 5.155 4.616 6.174 KN
n’ 8.843 8.843 KN
p’ 6.461 6.461 KN
(RY) 3.792 6.174

E. Shear, Moment, and Axial Diagrams

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Shear
Maximum negative shear = 12.635 N

Moment 2°
Maximum moment = 65.708 N.m

22
Moment 3°

506.608 KN.m

Axial
Maximum axial force = 11.3845 N

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 CHAPTER V
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

5.1 Summary of Results in the project

This three story residential building has axial loading, shear loadings and moment loading;

Maximum negative shear = 12.635 N, and Moment 2° at Maximum moment = 65.708 N.m, Moment 3°

506.608 KN.m and Maximum axial force = 11.3845 N.

5.2 Conclusions

We computed the following data gathered about the Wind Load,Live Load, Dead
Load,Shear,Moment and Axial Force of the proposed structure and concluded the following Loads;
Maximum negative shear = 12.635 N, and Moment 2° at Maximum moment = 65.708 N.m, Moment 3°
506.608 KN.m and Maximum axial force = 11.3845 N. and The study contain analysis about the stability
of the structure.

The uniform wind load and concentrated wind load for longitudinal are P1=0.6228 KN and
P2=0.6466 KN and, P1=9.5797 KN and P2=10.3145 KN respectively. The uniform wind load and
concentrated wind load for tranverse are P1=0.6228 and P2=0.6466 and, P1=12.7729 and P2=13.7527
 APPENDIX A
ANALYSIS OF WIND LOADS

A. Results of Wind Load Analysis

1. Uniform Wind Load (Longitudinal)

a) P1 = 0.6228 KN
b) P2 = 0.6466 KN
2. Concentrated Wind Load (Longitudinal)
a) P1 = 9.5797 KN
b) P2 = 10.3145 KN
3. Uniform Wind Load (Transverse)
a) P1 = 0.6228 KN
b) P2 = 0.6466 KN
4. Concentrated Wind Load
a) P1 = 12.7729 KN
b) P2 = 13.7527 KN

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 APPENDIX B
PORTAL METHOD OF ANSLYSIS FOR LATERAL LOADS IN FRAMES

1. Longitudinal Lateral Loads

a) @A
(1) Axial Load = 1.151 KN (y)
(2) Shear = 5.635 KN
(3) Moment= 3.6515 KN.m
b) @B
(1) Moment= 6.452 KN.m
(2) Shear = 1.846 KN
(3) Moment= 30.243 KN.m
c) @E
(1) Axial Load = 2.846 KN
(2) Shear = 6.174 KN
(3) Moment= 3.6515 KN.m
d) @F
(1) Axial Load = 8.538 KN
(2) Shear = 6.461 KN
(3) Moment= 5.4771 KN.m

e) @I
(1) Axial Load = 2.846 KN
(2) Shear = 6.174 KN
(3) Moment= 12.9654 KN.m
f) @J
(1) Axial Load = 8.538 KN
(2) Shear = 6.461 KN
(3) Moment= 13.5681 KN.m

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 APPENDIX C
CANTILEVER METHOD OF ANALYSIS FOR LATERAL LOADS IN FRAMES

1. Transverse Diagram of lateral Loads

a) @B
(1) Axial Load = -7.3223 KN
(2) Shear = 4.9851 KN
(3) Moment= -7.4777 KN.m
b) @C
(1) Axial Load = -1.2467 KN
(2) Shear = 9.9703 KN
(3) Moment= -14.9555 KN.m
c) @D
(1) Axial Load = 9.7639 KN
(2) Shear = 4.9851 KN
(3) Moment= -7.4778 KN.m
d) @F
(1) Axial Load = -19.9059 KN
(2) Shear = 8.4233 KN
(3) Moment= 17.6889 KN.m
e) @G
(1) Axial Load = 8.7646 KN
(2) Shear = 16.8466 KN
(3) Moment= 35.3779 KN.m
f) @H
(1) Axial Load = 29.8651 KN
(2) Shear = 8.4223 KN
(3) Moment= 17.6889 KN.m

g) @J
(1) Axial Load = -19.9059 KN
(2) Shear = 8.4233 KN
(3) Moment= 17.6889 KN.m
h) @K
(1) Axial Load = 8.7646 KN
(2) Shear = 16.8466 KN
(3) Moment= 35.3779 KN.m
i) @L
(1) Axial Load = 29.8651 KN
(2) Shear = 8.4223 KN
(3) Moment= 17.6889 KN.m

27