Power Electronics II – EPM 352s

Course instructors:

Prof. Dr. Hussein Mashaly Prof. Dr. Mostafa I. Marei

TAs.:
Eng. Ahmed Zakaria
Eng. Merna Khalid
Eng. Khalid Mohamed

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 Power Electronics II – EPM 352s

text books:
• M. H. Rashid, “Power electronics: circuits, devices, and
applications,” Pearson - Prentice Hall, 4th edition, 2014.

• N. Mohan, T. M. Undeland, and W.P. Robbins “Power

Electronics: Converters, Applications and Design,” John
Wiley, 3rd edition, 2015.

• D. W. Hart, “Power Electronics,” McGraw-Hill International

Edition, 2011

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Power Electronics II
Lecture 1

Prof. Dr. Mostafa I. Marei

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 DC – DC converters

They are known as DC-converters and they convert fixed DC

directly to variable DC.

DC converters ≡ AC transformers with variable turns ratio.

DC converters are widely used for:

•Traction motor control in electric automobiles
•Dc voltage regulation
•To generate a current source for current source inverter
•Marine hoists
•Forklift trucks

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 Principle of step-down operation
When the switch SW, Known as the
chopper, is closed for a time t1, the input
voltage Vs appears across the load.
If the switch remains off for time t2, the
voltage across the load is zero.
The switch may be:
• BJT
• MOSFET
• GTO
• IGBT
The practical devices have a finite
voltage drop from 0.5 to 2V.
For the sake of simplicity, the voltage
drops across power semiconductor
devices are neglected.
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The average output voltage is given by:
1 t1 t1
Va 
T 0
vo dt  Vs  ft1Vs  kVs
T
The average Load current is given by:

Va kVs
Ia  
R R
Where, T is the chopping period; k=t1/T is the duty cycle of chopper; and f
is the chopping frequency.

The rms value of output voltage is found from:

1
1 kT  2
Vo _ rms 
T 0
vo2 dt 

 kVs

Assuming a lossless converter, the input power to the converter is

the same as the output power and is given by:
1 kT 1 kT vo2 Vs2 Vo2_ rms
Pi 
T  0
vo idt 
T 0 R
dt  k
R

R
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The effective input resistance seen by the source is :
V V Vs R
Ri  s  s  
Is Ia kVs R k
The duty cycle 0<k <1  the output voltage 0<Vo <Vs .
There are two type of switching operation:
1- Constant-frequency operation:
The chopping frequency f (or chopping period T ) is kept constant
and the on-time t1 is varied. The width of the pulse is varied and
this type of control is known as pulse-width-modulation (PWM)
control.
2- Variable-frequency operation:
The chopping frequency f is varied. Either on-time t1 or off-time t2
is kept constant. This is called frequency modulation. The
frequency has to be varied over a wide range to obtain the full
output voltage range. This type of control would generate
harmonics at unpredictable frequencies and the filter design would
be difficult. 7
Sheet 1: Q1
The dc converter shown in the figure below has a resistive load of
R=10Ω and the input voltage is Vs=220V. When the converter switch
remains on, its voltage drop is vch=2V and the chopping frequency is
f=1kHz. If the duty cycle is 50%, determine
(a) the average output voltage Va,
(b) the rms output voltage Vo,
(c) the converter efficiency,
(d) the effective input resistance Ri of the converter.

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Solution:

R=10 Ω, Vs = 220V, k = 0.5, vch=2V, f=1kHz.

(a) Va  kVs  0.5  (220  2)  109V .

(b) Vo  kVs  0.5  (220  2)  154.15V

(c) The output power can be found from:

2
1 kTVo 1 kT (Vs  Vch ) 2 (Vs  Vch ) 2
Po 
T 0 R dt  T 0 R
dt  k
R
(220  2) 2
Po  0.5   2376.2W
10

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The input power to the converter can be found from
1 kT 1 kT Vs ( Vs  Vch ) Vs ( Vs  Vch )
Pi 
T 0 sV idt 
T 0 R
dt  k
R
220  2
Pi  0.5  220   2398W
10

The converter efficiency is

Po 2376.2 Vs  Vch
   99.09% 
Pi 2398 Vs

V Vs R 10
(d) Ri  s     20.18
I a k (Vs  Vch ) / R k (1  Vch / Vs ) 0.5(1  2 / 220)

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Generation of duty cycle
The duty cycle k can be
generated by comparing a dc
reference vr with a sawtooth
carrier signal vcr .
The carrier signal vcr is give by:
Vrp
vcr  t
T
At t = kT, vr  vcr
Vrp
vr  kT
T
vr
k 
Vrp
By varying vr from o to Vrp, the duty cycle k can be varied from 0 to 1.

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 Step-Down chopper with RL Load:

The operation of the chopper can

be divided into two modes:
• During mode 1, the chopper is
switched on and the current flows
from the supply to the load.

mode 1

mode 2

• During mode 2, the chopper is switched off and

the load current continues to flow through
freewheeling diode Dm.
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 Case 1: Continuous load current:

For Mode 1 (the on-mode):

The load current can be found from:

di
Vs  Ri1  L 1  E
dt
with initial current i1(t=0) =I1 ,
the load current is :
Vs  E
i1 (t )  I 1e tR / L  (1  e tR / L ) ....(1)
R
Mode 1 is valid during 0 ≤ t ≤ t1(=kT);
and at t=t1, the load current becomes:
i1 (t  t1  kT )  I 2

 kTR / L Vs  E
 I 2  I1e  (1  e kTR / L )
R
........... (2)
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 For Mode 2 (the off-mode):

The load current in mode 2 is found from:

di2
0  Ri 2  L E
dt
with initial current i2(t=0) =I2, the load is:
E
i2 (t )  I 2 e tR / L  (1  e tR / L ) .....(3)
R
Mode 2 is valid 0 ≤ t ≤ t2[=(1-k)T].
At the end of mode 2, the load current is:
i2 ( t  t 2 )  I 1
E
 I1  I 2 e
 (1 k )TR / L
 (1  e (1k )TR / L ) ........... (4)
R
At the end of mode 2, the converter is
turned-on again in the next cycle.
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The peak-to-peak load ripple current can be determined from
solving Eqs. (2) and (4), then:
I  I 2  I1

Solving equation (2) and (4) for I1 and I2 , we get:

V  e kz  1  E ..............................................................(5)
I1  s 
 e z 1   R
R  
V  e  kz  1  E
I2  S   z   ...........................................................................(6)
R  e 1  R
Where z=TR / L is the ratio of chopping or switching period to the
load time constant

Which after simplification becomes

Vs 1  e  kz  e  z  e (1 k ) z
I  .......................................................(7)
R 1  ez

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The condition for maximum ripple,
d (I )
 0 ..........................................................................(8)
dk
gives e-kz=e-(1-k)z  –k = -(1-k)  k=0.5. The maximum peak-to-peak
ripple current (at k=0.5 ) is:
Vs R ........................................................(9)
I max  tanh
R 4 fL

For 4fL>>R, tanh θ ≈ θ and the maximum ripple current can be

approximated to:
Vs
I max  .................................................................(10)
4 fL
Note: Equations 1 to 10 are valid only for continuous current flow.

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 Case 2: Discontinuous load current:
For low switching frequency 
large off-time  the load current may
decay to zero and becomes discontinuous.

In the on Mode, I1=0 and Eq. 1 becomes: I3

Vs  E t3
i1 (t )  (1  e tR / L ) .......... (11)
R
In the off-mode, Eq. 3 is valid for 0≤ t ≤ t3 such that i2 ( t = t3 )= I1 =0, which
gives:
E t R / L L  R I2 
0  I 2 e t3 R / L  (1  e 3 )  t3  ln 1  
R R  E 
 i1 (kT )  I 2
Substituting in Eq. (11)
Vs  E
i1 (kt)  I 2  (1  e  kz )
R
Substituting for I2 in t3 : t3 
L 
R 
V  E 
ln 1   s  
1  e 
kz 

 E  
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 Case 2: Discontinuous load current:
The average output voltage
is calculated from:
1
Va  [kT Vs  (T  kT  t3 ) E ]
T

The average load current is calculated

as follows:
Va  VL _ average  R I a  E E
 VL _ average  0
Va  E
 Ia  t3
R
This rule can be used for continuous
current.
The average supply current for lossless
converter:
Va I a
Vs I s  Va I a  I s 
Vs
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Discontinuous current operation happen when:
E ↑
τ (=L/R) << T
R↑
L↓
 T ↑ (f ↓)

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Sheet 1: Q2
A converter is feeding an RL load as shown in the figure below with
Vs=220V, R=5Ω, L=7.5mH, f=1kHz, k=0.5, and E=0V. Calculate:
(a) the minimum instantaneous load current I1,
(b) the peak instantaneous load current I2,
(c) the peak to peak load ripple current,
(d) the average value of the load current Ia,
(e) the rms load current Io,
(f) the effective input resistance Ri seen by the source,
(g) the rms chopper current IR.

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Solution:

Vs = 220V, R=5 Ω, L=7.5mH, E=0V, k = 0.5, f=1kHz.

(a) The minimum instantaneous load current

Vs  e kz  1  E
I1   z  
R  e 1  R
TR 0.001 5 Or:
z  3
 0.6667
L 7.5 10 By solving Equation (2)
220  e 0.50.6667  1  0 and (4) results in :
I1   0.6667    18.37 A
5  e 1  5 I1 = 18.37 A, and
(b) The maximum instantaneous load current I2 = 25.63 A
V  e  kz  1  E
I2  S   z   Proof is required.
R  e 1  R
220  e 0.50.6667  1  0
I2   0.6667
5  e
   25.63
1  5 
(c) I  I 2  I1  25.63  18.37  7.26 A
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(d) The average load current is approximately,
I I 25.63  18.37
Ia  1 2   22 A
2 2
V kV 0.5  220
or : I a  a  s   22 A
R R 5
(e) Assuming that the load current rises
linearly from I1 to I2, the instantaneous
load current can be expressed as
I
i1  I 1  t
kT

The rms value of the load current can be found from:

2
1 kT 2 1 kT  ( I 2  I1) 
kT 0 kT 0 
Io  i1 dt   I1  t  dt  22.1A
kT  22
(f) The average source current:
I s  k I a  0.5  22  11A

And the effective input resistance,

Vs 220
Ri    20
Is 11
(g) The rms chopper current can be found from,
2
1 kT 1 kT  (I  I ) 
IR 
T 0
i12 dt 
T 
0
 I1  2 1 t  dt  15.63 A
 kT 

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