NURSING PROCESS IN THE

COMMUNITY

PRESENTED BY-
Mr. Kailash Nagar
Asst. Professor
 Introduction
 The nursing process is a systematic way of

determining a client health status, isolating health

concern and problems, developing the plans to
remediate them, initiating actions to implement
the plan, and finally evaluating the adequacy of
the plan in promoting wellness and problem
resolution.
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 The nursing process commonly
consists of five phases:
 Community assessment;
 Community diagnosis;
 Planning;
 Implementation and;
 Evaluation.

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 Community as a Client

For community health nurses, working with

communities has two important missions:
 The community directly influences the health of

the individuals; families, groups, and populations

who may be a part of it,
 Provision of the most important health services at

the community level.

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 Dimensions of the Community as Client

A community has three features

1. Location
2. A population
3. A social system
 It is useful to think of these dimensions of every
community as a rough map to follow for assessing
needs or planning for service provision.
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 1. Location

 Every physical community carries out daily

existence in a specific geographic location. The

health of a community is affected by this location
including the placement of health services, the
geographic features, plants, animals and animals
and the human made environment.

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 Six Location Variables

1. Community boundaries
 To talk about community in any sense, one must

first describe its boundaries. It serves as basis

for measuring incidence of wellness and illness
and for determining spread of a disease.

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 2. Location of health services
 When assessing a community, the
community health nurse will want to
identify the major health centers and know
they are located. Use of health services
depends on availability and accessibility.

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 3. Geographic features
 Communities have been constructed in
every suitable physical environment and that
environment certainly can affect the health
of a community. Injury, death, and
destruction may be caused by floods,
cyclones, earthquakes volcanoes…etc.
recreational activities at lakes, seashores,
mountains promote health and wellness.

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 4. Climate
 Climate has a direct effect on health of a

community e.g., extreme heat and cold).

5. Flora and Fauna
 Poisonous plants and disease carrying
animals can affect community health.

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 6. Human made environment
 All human influences on environment

(housing, dams, farming, types of industry,

chemical wastes, air pollution…etc.) can
influence levels of community wellness.

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 2. Population
 Population consists not only of a specialized

aggregate, but also of all the diverse people, who

live within the boundaries of the community. The
health of any community is greatly influenced by
the population that lives in it. Different features
of the population suggest the health needs and
provide bases for health planning.
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  Population variables

 Size: the size of a population influences the

number and size of health care institutions.

Knowing community size provides important
information for planning.
 Density: increased population density may

increase stress. Similarly when people are spread

out health care provision may become difficult.
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  Composition: composition of the population

often determines types of health needs. A health

community is one that takes full account of and
provides for differences in age, sex, educational
level, and occupation of its members, all of which
may affect health concerns. Determining a
community composition is an important early
step in determining its level of health.
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  Rate of growth or decline: rapidly growing

communities may place extensive demands on

health services. Marked decline in population
may signal of poorly functioning community.
 Cultural difference: health needs may vary

among sub-cultural and ethnic populations.

Cultural difference can create conflicting or
competing demands for resources and services or
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create inter-group hostility. 25 June 2021
  Social class and educational levels: social

class refers to the ranking of groups within

society by income, education, occupation,
prestige or a combination of these factors.
Educational level is a powerful determinant of
health related behavior. Health promotion and
preventive health services are most needed for
people with low income and educational levels.
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  Mobility: mobility of the population affects continuity

of care and availability of services. Mobility has a direct

effect on the health of a community.

 Social system: in addition to location and population,

every community has a third dimension, a social system.

The various parts of community social system that
interact and influence the system are called social system
variables.

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  These variables include the health, family,

economic, educational, religious, welfare, legal,

communication, recreational, and the political
systems. Although community health nurses must
examine all the systems in the community and
how they interact, the health system is of
particular importance to promote the health of
the community.
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 Phases of Nursing Process in the
Community
Community Assessment
 This is the process of searching for and validating
relevant community based data according to a
specified method, to learn about the interaction
among the people, resources and environment.
 Community assessment includes; Collecting
pertinent community data
 Analyzing and interpreting the collected data.

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 Community need assessment
 is the process of determining the real or

perceived needs of a defined community of

people.

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 Major Aspects of Community
Assessment (Eight sub-systems)
A. Physical Environment
Just as physical examination is important to
individual patients, so is examination of the
community physical environment. Five senses are
used in physical assessment: inspection,
auscultation, vital signs, system review, and
laboratory studies.
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  Inspection: uses all sense organs and is done by
walking survey in the community, or micro-
assessment of housing, open spaces, boundaries,
transportation service centers, markets places,
meeting street people, signs of decay, ethnicity,
religion, health and morbidity, political media.
 Auscultation: is listening to the community
residents about the physical environment.

 Vital signs: observe the climate, terrain, natural

boundaries such as rivers and hills.
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  Community resources: look for signs of
life such as notices, posters, new housing
and buildings.
 System review: hosing age, architecture,
building materials used, signs of disrepair,
running water, plumbing, sanitation,
windows (glasses)...Etc.
 Laboratory studies: census data or
planning studies for community mapping.

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 B. Health and social system
 Differentiate between facilities located
within the community and those located
outside. Hospital: number of beds, staffing,
budget, health center, clinics, or health
posts, public health services, private clinics,
pharmacies, dental and other services. Signs
of drugs or substance abuse, alcoholism.
Social services include counseling and
support, clothing, food, shelter and special
needs as well as markets and shops.
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 C. Economics
 Financial characteristics median household
income, percentage of households living in
poverty less than 100 Birr per month. Labor
force characteristics, employment status of
the general population greater than 18 years
of age. Occupational categories and
percentage of persons employed by
government, farmers, skilled, unskilled,
professional, types of business/industry.
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 D. safety and transportation
 Police, sanitation (water source, solid waste
disposal, sewage and air quality) and fire
services. Primary means of transportation;
walking, mule, taxi, bus, train, private car,
and air services.
 Frequency and affordability of
public/private transport, and standard of
roads.

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 E. politics and government
 business alliances, religious groups, youth
and women’s associations, professional
associations, ethical associations, political
activism…etc. describe the associations’
objectives and activities.

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 F. Communication
 Bulletin boards, posters, oral messages,
radio, television, newspapers, postal
services, telephone. Look for TV aeries,
telephone wires, magazines, and satellite
dishes.

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 G. Education

 Types of schools, colleges and universities.

Note languages used, grades, courses

offered, percentage of attendants (male,
female), adequacy, accessibility, and
acceptability of education. Average number
of years completed by people at school.
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 H. Recreation
 Note facilities such as stadium, recreational

areas, volley ball's court, playground, picnic

areas, museum, music/dancing,
theatre/cinema. Who is going out about
during the evening and in the morning?
Teenagers, mothers and children, the
homeless?
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 Community Assessment Tool
(Questionnaires)
 The following areas are of nursing concerns
when making community assessment that
helps to reach a community nursing
diagnosis. The point under each sub-heading
may be modified to meet the need of
individual practice. The questions are
modified under the following sub-headings.

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  Location perspectives----

 Population perspectives----

 Social system perspectives----

 Community core

The definition of core is “that which is essential, basic,

and enduring.” The core of a community is its people-
their history, characteristics, values and beliefs. The first
stage of assessing a community, then, is to about its

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people. 25 June 2021
 Major components of community core
 History- history of that society

 Demography- age, sex, ethnicity, marital

status Vital statistics- birth, death, values

beliefs, and religious practice of the people

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 Community Analysis and Nursing
diagnosis Community Analysis
 Analysis is the study and examination of data.
Analysis is necessary to determine community
health needs and strength as well as to identify
patterns of health responses and trends in health
care use. Community analysis, like so many
procedures we carry out, may be viewed as a
process with multiple steps.
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 The phases of analysis include:
 Data categorization (demographic, geographic, socio-

economic, health resource and services…etc)

 Data summarization (rates, charts graphs…etc.)

 Comparing data (with similar data, identification of data

gaps, incongruence…etc)

 Draw inferences (draw logical conclusions from the

evidence) that lead to community diagnosis.

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 Community nursing diagnosis
 This is a statement that defines the health

strength, health problems or health risks of the

community. Nursing diagnosis is a real clinical
judgment or conclusions about human response
to actual or potential problems (ANA). A
community diagnosis forms the basis for
community based intervention.
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 A nursing diagnosis has three parts
 Description of the problem (specific target

or groups)
 Identification of factors/etiology related to

(r/t) the problem

 The sign and symptoms (the manifestations)

that characteristics of the problem.

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 Examples;
 Inadequate ANC r/t inadequate health information or
service accessibility as evidenced by 70% of female delivering
at hospital with no antenatal care.
 Poor nutritional status of under five children in the
community r/t knowledge deficit regarding weaning diet
as evidenced by growth monitoring chart.
 High infant mortality r/t inadequate ANC, maternal
nutrition, and unhygienic delivery practice as evidenced by
IMR 75 /1000 live births.
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 Planning

 It is a logical, decision making process of

design an orderly, detailed programs of

action to accomplish specific goals and
objectives base d on assessment of the
community and the nursing diagnosis
formulated.
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 Activities in planning:
 Setting priorities involves:
Assigning rank/importance to client’s needs
Determining the order in which the goal
should be addressed. The goal can be
immediate, intermediate or long range goal.

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 Establishing goal and objectives
 Goal is a broad statement of desired end results.
Objectives are specific statement of the desired
outcomes. Characteristics of good objectives
 Specific- target specific population
 Measurable- when the results are stated
 Achievable- within the capacity of the available
resources.
 Relevant- fits with the general police
 Time bound- that is achieved within specified
time frame.
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  Planed actions

are specific activities or methods of accomplishing

the objectives or expected outcomes.
 Outcome measurements

 Is judging of the effectiveness of goal attainment.

How and when was each objective met, why not?

 Recording the plan

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 Implementation
 Implementation is putting the plan into
actions and actually carrying out the
activities delineated in the plan, either by
nurse or other professionals. It is the action
phase of the nursing process. Community
interventions are the therapeutic actions
designed to promote and protect the
community health, treat and remediate
community health problems and support
the community as it changes over time.
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 Key areas of nursing intervention in the
community are:
 link the community members with the
available resources
 pulls together information and resources
to assist community in addressing its
health concern and problems
 marinating its strength through
facilitation, education, organization,
consultation and direct care.
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 Evaluation
 It is systematic, continuous process of comparing the

community’s response with the outcome as defined by

the plan of care. The ultimate purpose of evaluating
interventions in community health nursing is to
determine whether planned actions met client needs, if
so how well they were met, and if not why not.

 Evaluation requires a stated purpose, specific standards

and criteria by which to judge and judgment skills.

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 Thank You

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