CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION
“Pay attention to people not to your mobile”

The mobile phone is a modern-day invention, which has managed to reach

many parts of the world enabling telecommunications across where it was not
possible before.
Although mobiles seem to be ideal device for simplicity and
connectedness, nothing is perfect. Such negative effects of mobiles are health
risks such as mental health, bullying, eye strain and digital numb, brain tumors,
lack of sleep, impaired growth and development among infants and toddlers and
no self-control in owning a mobile.
Mobile phone addiction/ abuse/ misuse is one of the forms of compulsive
use of “a mobile phone” by people across the world. A new kind of health
disorder in this category, is now challenging health policy makers globally to
think on this rapidly emerging issue.
Especially, smart phones are not only for the adults, but also available for
children to approach and use. Children can easily contact smart phones to use and
they use them as toys. Because parents busy working, easily provide their
children with mobiles, and more often which sometimes lead to mobile addiction.
Researchers have pointed out that the brain structure becomes like
‘popcorn brain’ which is dull to reality. There are research results that show
smart phones cause attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD).
A Research study results have shown that amount of physical exercise
have also decreased which interferes with physical growth and development.
Mentally, children with mobile phone or game addiction are deprived of the
ability to sympathize with other children and become aggressive which make
them difficult to make friend. These negative results imply that IT tools should
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 not be used as means to take care of children.
Smartphones' atrocious power over young and curious minds has devastating
effects on mental, emotional, and behavioural functioning. Studies have proven a
positive correlation between mobile addiction and depression, anxiety, and stress.
On an emotional level, increased feelings of seclusion and self-absorption cause
loneliness and depression among adolescents. Comparisons promoted by social
media platforms have increased anxiety and self-esteem degradation among teens.
These mood disorders get transformed into a series of behavioural manifestations
such as eating disorders, self-harming tendencies, and self-destructive delinquent
behaviours.
The information overload caused by exposure to uncensored and unlimited
internet usage has led to cognitive disorders such as reduced attention span, acute
decrease in concentration and incapacity to be productive in task completion, and
academic failures. Their difficulties expand to include the inability to control
cognitive-emotional impulses and increase unhealthy tendencies, impulsivity, and
hyperactivity. Accompanied by a preoccupation with phone usage, such a cognitive
impact evades into their social lives by reducing social interaction skills and
meaningful relationships
The radio waves used for mobile phones can cause fatal diseases like brain
tumours and cancer.Excessive usage of mobile phones makes your kid’s life
sedentary from a very early age. This makes your kid an obese and stamina-less
adult. Child renmay have behavioural problems while socializing.Due to less or no
interaction with people around, teenagers and even children start developing
depression. children who use the phone constantly may have issues concentrating
and hearing.Sleep disturbances are another major problem seen in people who use
phone unrestrictedly.
The negative implications of smartphones extend to include a violent
potential channelled by the anxiety and irritability it induces. A shocking incident
reports the intensity of violence where a 16-year-old boy in Lucknow, killed his

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mother due to her repeated attempts to reduce his gaming addiction. Gaming has
proven to induce aggressive tendencies among adolescents, particularly boys, due
to their inability to regulate dangerous emotionality. Uncensored usage of the
internet can lead to addiction to pornographic content, increasing cyber-bullying
and sexually deviant behaviour among growing teens. Children are both prey to
such criminal activities or become a part of the network of cybercrimes themselves
While the emotional, cognitive, and behavioural implications prove the
gravity of the situations, positive intervention strategies at home and the psycho-
therapeutic approach are highly effective in increasing mental health and reducing
maladaptive manifestations of smartphone usage. Appropriate help with
consideration of the unique strengths of the child can lead to a transforming state of
healthy functioning.
Reasons for mobile or gadget addiction in children and teenagers

 They are everywhere and easy to get

 They are engaging and fun for the children

 It gives children a sense of control, since they can choose what to do

when they are playing a game or watching a video

 It provides them an escape route from the daily pressures of life like
failures, bullying, fights with friends, expectations from parents, etc.

 They see their parents also glued to the screens for hours

Use technology to channelize their abilities in the right direction

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 The technology is just a tool and how one uses it determines whether it is
useful or harmful. The same mobile phone can be used to show children videos
about things that they are passionate about. Let’s say if your child is passionate
about programming and coding software, you can channelize this interest of theirs
and make them learn these skills. There are many videos and websites available
freely online that teach how to do things and you can help your child learn things
that he/she is interested in.

Talk to your Kid

Teenagers and adolescent children incline more towards cell phones because

they stop getting attention from home. They suddenly feel tons of emotions due to
the newly formed hormones in their bodies. While we as parents, start believing
that they are grown-ups and need lesser attention now.

This is when they start relying more on their mobile phones. They treat it as
a device that can entertain them, connect them to their friends, help them relieve
their stress, and help them share their emotions and stories. If you talk to your
children, irrespective of their age, and give them the required attention, they might
not feel the need to depend on a gadget for venting out their emotions.

It is important for you, as parents, not to let your children get addicted to
mobile phones. However, it is quite difficult in this digital age when these devices
find usage even in the education systems. Nevertheless, there are a plethora of
indoor and outdoor activities that can assist you with ways how to distract your
child from mobile. All you need is to be with your child as a pillar of support.

Warn Before you Act

It has been an hour since your eight years old has been playing his favourite
game on your mobile phone. It is time for him to leave the phone. Naturally, your

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child will be reluctant in leaving the phone. You come and take away the phone.
And then, starts the rebellious confrontation.

MAKE FAMILY RULE

In order to avoid this scenario followed by a meltdown of you as well as

your kid, it is better to warn him at least 10-15 minutes before his allotted time is
about to end. Give him a warning every 5 minutes, so that he has enough time for
completing his current stage in his game. With time, your kid will realize the
importance of rules.

Make a rulebook for your family for limiting the usage of electronic devices.
Make sure everyone abides by these rules. It should have points something like
this.

1. No one should use mobile phones during family activities, breakfast,

and dinner.
2. No one should use any gadget at least half an hour before going to
bed.
3. Not more than half an hour of screen time should be allowed for kids
below five years of age.
4. No lone time with electronic gadgets should be allowed for kids below
twelve years of age.
5. Everyone should finish their work (like kids should finish reading and
homework, dad and mom should finish office work and household
chores) before sitting down with that little monster.
As parents, you understand your kids and family better. Hence, you can
modify the above rules as per the needs of your family. However, everyone should
strictly follow the rules; else, there should be a punishment for everyone. It can be
something like deducting half an hour of usage time from the next day.

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Password Protection

You go into the kitchen for a minute and your kid leaves all his toys, grabs
your phone and starts playing his favourite video in no time. There starts a
torturous activity of getting your phone back and then handling the teary meltdown.

Isn’t it better to password protect your cell phone and avoid the whole
scenario? Of course, your child will need time to understand that he cannot simply
take away your phone and have fun. But once that stage is over, he won’t grab your
phone in your absence and starts using it.

STOP USING SMART PHONES AS BABY SITTERS

This trick works only when you have command over your child. When he
understands that he cannot do anything without your permission. This doesn’t work
with babies or bigger children. You might have to face a struggle in such cases
before this trick can help you.

We all know these little electronic devices are amazing babysitters. They
come to your rescue when you want to have a hot cup of coffee in peace or want to
enjoy your food in a restaurant without running behind a hyperactive toddler. This
is okay for once in a while.

However, you need to watch-out if this is happening almost every other day.
If so, you are contradicting your own theory of keeping your kid away from a
mobile phone. Try to involve your kid in the activity that you need to do peacefully
at home. Of course, he will do more bad than good initially, but eventually, he will
learn how to help you. You can also give him something new to play with while
you have your hot coffee – like a bundle of old newspapers.

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For behaving in a restaurant, order a dish that your kid loves eating himself. You
can also take a small noise-less toy to the restaurant to keep your kid busy

Control Yourself

First things first, your kid doesn’t listen to you, he imitates you. So, before
changing him, you need to change yourself. Get rid of your love for that small
screen first. When its work, explain it to your child that it is work and you cannot
avoid it. However, never hide your social media scanning process under your work.
Be truthful to your children if you expect them to be the same as you.

You can instead opt to help your kids in studies, talk to them about their
school, go out to play with them in a park, cook their favourite dishes or involve
everyone at home in a family activity. You have to tell your child that the real fun
is outside that small screen.

NEED FOR THE STUDY

The technology is just a tool and how one uses it determines whether it is
useful or harmful. The same mobile phone can be used to show children videos
7
about things that they are passionate about. if a child is passionate about
programming and coding software, mobile can channelize this interest of theirs
and make them learn these skills. There are many videos and websites available
freely online that teach how to do things and you can help child learn things that
he/she is interested in.

Over past 20 years, human beings have experienced a huge paradigm shift
from traditional industrial society to digital society. Mobile devices have been at
the center of this change, bringing totally different life style.
Recent studies have shown that the statistical value of cell phone usage
is 87% worldwide, 78.29% in India. Moreover, by 2021, the number of mobile
phone users is expected to rise to 3.76 billion, i.e. nearly half of the world
population at the time.
The development and increased use of smart phones make it easier for
infants and toddlers to be exposed to smart phones, and it is possible to
access the internet every time and everywhere.
Therefore, infants and toddlers can be naturally exposed to smart phones at
home with their mothers. With smart phones, they listen to children’s song, watch
videos, play games and use educational applications. In infancy and early
childhood, children build attachment relations with their mother. Among a
variety of factors which have influence on a body, emotion, and cognition of
human beings during one’s entire life, a mother, in particular, has an effect on a
lot of parts of development process of infants and toddlers.
Infants and toddlers absolutely need adult’s intervention because they lack
of judgment and self-control on time, compared to adolescents and adults.
Although cognitive and emotional efficacy of mother has implications for their
children’s number of hours use of mobile phone, there is no study on this matter.
Due to advent of educational applications, according to game auditing
committees research, the first average age to start playing games has become
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 lower from 2009 5 to 2012 4.8. Average number of playing games in a week is
3.7 from age 3 to 9 and 3 from age 9 to 18.
Jays George, Mankumari mistry (2019) conducted a pre-
e x p e r i m e n t a l study to assess the effectiveness of video-assisted teaching
on the knowledge of parents regarding the effects of smart phone overuse on the
growth and development of preschoolers in selected schools of navi Mumbai. A
sample of 60 parents was selected by simple convenient sampling technique. Pre-
test video assisted teaching program on smartphone overuse was given by
investigator, after that, posttest was done after 1 week with the help of structured
questionnaire. The data were analyzed and the results revealed that majority
(23.46%) of the parents had an average knowledge of score (6-9) during pre-test,
where as in post-test, knowledge score of the parents improved, with a majority
of 25(50%) having very good knowledge. The study concluded that video
assisted teaching program me can be used to increase knowledge and awareness
about the smart phone overuse in the children.
The researcher personally perceived from the experience, at the time of
community posting, the parents’ complaints regarding the excessive use of
mobile phones by their children. Furthermore, majority of the people are unaware
or not concern about the ill effects of mobile phone usage. Therefore, the
researcher foresaw the need for conducting this study.
Penetration of mobile technology is rapidly rising. Excessive use leads to
Technology addiction, which often start early in adolescence. The purpose of the
present study was to assess Technology addiction and its correlates among school
students in rural India. The mean age of the study participants was 15.1 years.
Among the participants, 30.3% (95% Confidence Interval = 27.2%-33.3%) met the
dependence criteria. One-third (33%) of the students stated that their grades had
gone down due to gadget use. Technology addiction was more among male
students (odds ratio = 2.82, 95% CI = 1.43, 5.59), those having a personal mobile
phone (2.98, (1.52-5.83), use smart phone (2.77, 1.46-5.26), use one additional

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gadget (2.12, 1.14-3.94) and those who were depressed (3.64, 2.04-6.49). Increased
mobile phone access in rural India is leading to technology addiction among school
students. Certain demographic and gadget specific factors predict addiction. The
technology addiction possibly contributes to poor academic performance and
depression. This warrants studies on a larger scale, with interventions for judicious
use of gadgets.
Constant dependency on one’s mobile phone, to cater to psychological needs
and extraneous necessities, causing a constant attachment to ones gadget, leading to
loss of productivity and developing chronic side effects such as depression,
loneliness, lack of social behaviour, loss of sound sleep and various health issues:
is termed as MPA. Mobile phones are hailed as one of the greatest inventions of the

20 century. But with technological advances, human dependency increased and led
to an irreplaceable position of a phone in our daily life. MPA is a behavioural form
of addiction just like any other, but different from substance addiction.
According to a report by New York Times (2017) both adults and teens
check their mobile phones 150 times a day, that is every 6 minutes and send an
average of 110 texts per day. A recent Huffington post article reported the
following statistics 92 percent of teens go online daily, and 24 percent say they are
online “almost constantly.” 76 percent of teens use social media (81percent of older
teens, 68 percent of teens (ages 13 and 14).71 percent of teens use Facebook,
52percent use Instagram, 41 percent us Snap chat, 33 percent use Twitter. 77
percent of parents say their teens get distracted by their devices and don’t pay
attention when they’re together. 59 percent of parents say they feel there.
The various functions of a mobile phone, the symptoms/addictive
behaviours, and the impacts, causes and treatments of MPA are discussed in this
paper. Here was an inverse relationship between the score of mobile phone
addiction and quality of life, with the increasing dependence on mobile phones, the
quality of life of individuals, especially in the mental function, become worse.
Quality of life of students and other psychological aspects such as academic
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performance are heavily dependent on mobile phone addiction and the use of social
networks. Increasing the use of mobile phones can cause mental disturbances,
stress, and anxiety in individuals. Hence, Internet addiction and Cyberspace can
negatively affect student quality of life.According to studies, increased use of the
internet and elevated tendency to Cyberspace is associated with mental disorders
and quality of life in persons. In addition to the negative impact on quality of life,
mobile phone and internet addiction, can affect grade point average negatively and
cause academic failure. Limiting the use of mobile phones in individuals can be
positively associated with effective improved performance in various aspects of
life. Hence, interventional and educational programs to reduce the use of mobile
phone and its applications to improve students' quality of life seem necessary.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

“A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VIDEO
ASSISTED TEACHING ON CHILDHOOD MOBILE
ADDICTION AMONG MOTHERS OF UNDER FIVE
CHILDREN AT SELECTED AREA, GUNTUR DISTRICT, A.P”.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1. To assess the pre and post test level of knowledge regarding childhood
mobile addiction among mothers of under five children in experiment
and control groups.
2. To evaluate the effectiveness of video assisted teaching regarding
childhood mobile addiction among mothers of under five children in
experimental group.
3. To compare post-test level of knowledge regarding childhood mobile
11
 addiction among mothers of under five children in experimental and
control groups.
4. To find out the association between post test levelof knowledge with
the selected demographic variable among mothers of under five
children in experimental and control group .

HYPOTHESIS

 H1: There is a significant difference in the level of knowledge

regarding childhood mobile addiction among mothers of under five

children in experimental and control group.
 H2: There is a significant association between the post-test level of
knowledge and socio demographic variables among mothers of under
five children in experimental and control group.

OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS
 Assess:
It refers to gathering information regarding childhood mobile
addiction among mothers of under 5 children.
 Effectiveness
It refers to the magnitude to which the video assisted teaching
will be helpful in gaining the knowledge regarding childhood
mobile addiction.

 Video assisted teaching

It refers to importing knowledge to the mothers of under 5
children regarding childhood mobile addiction, its causes, effects,
complications and prevention.
 Childhood mobile addiction.
It refers to chronic or periodic obsessions caused by repeated use
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 of mobile phones, which may lead to intense and sustained
demand and reliance among infants and toddlers.
 Mothers of under five children
It refers to a married women who is having children of 0-5 years
ASSUMPTIONS

The present study assumes that:

 Mothers of under five children may not aware about the health hazards
of childhood mobile addiction,
 Video assisted teaching may help the mothers to promote their
knowledge on mobile dependence and its harmful effects on health
among under five children.
 Mothers may utilize the knowledge to reduce mobile phone excessive
usage by children and prevent the harmful effect

DELIMITATIONS

The present study is limited to:

 4 weeks of data collection.

 Assessment of the knowledge regarding mobile addiction.

 Sample size 60.

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 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Conceptual frame work is a cohesive, supporting linkage of selected

interrelated concepts that provide meaning to events. It is a device for organizing
ideas and turn bringing order to related objects, observation events and experiences.
It serves as a guide of research a spring board for the research hypothesis.
(Basavanthappa;2007)
Conceptual frame work provides the form which the investigators view the
problem and is not merely of previous research and investigation of co- existing
theoretical and knowledge about the topic.
(Basavanthappa;2007)
The conceptual frame work represents a less format attempt at organizing
phenomenon than theory and deal with abstraction that are assembled virtue of
their relevance to a common theme.
(Polit and Hungler,2008)
The conceptual frame work adapted for this study is based on “Kings goal
Attainment Theory” (1976).
Kings goal Attainment Theory:
Nursing is defined as a process of human interaction between and client by
each perceives the other end and the situation through communication. They set
goals, explore means, agree and judgement cannot be observed through they can be
inferred, interaction, can be directly observed and transaction is dependent on
achievement of the goal.
This involves interaction between the investigator and the degree students.
The six major concepts describe this phenomenon:

Perception: Refers to person’s representation of study.it is not observable, but it

can be inferred. Here the investigators perception is need for mobile addiction
among mothers of under five children
Action: Is defined as a sequence of behaviors involving mental and physical action.
14
The sequence is first mental action to recognize the resenting conditions; and
finally, mental in an effort to exert control over the situation, combined with
physical action seeking to achieve goals.
The nurse educators’ action is to plan and conduct video- assisted
teaching program me for mothers of under five children about effectiveness of
mobile addiction.
Reaction: Is not specifically defined but might considered to be included in the
sequence of behaviors described in action.
Here the investigator prepares time schedule and physical set up for
giving video assisted teaching program me on mothers of under five child .
Interaction: Refers to verbal and non- verbal behavior between an individual and
environment, in between two or more individuals, it involves goal directed
perception and communication is a process whereby information is given from one
person to another either directly in face-to-face meeting or indirectly through
telephone, television, or the written word.
Here the investigator and mothers working together to achieve the goal an
Investigator performs the giving of video assisted teaching program me.
Transaction: Is a process of interaction in which human beings communicate with
the environment to achieve goals that are valued. goal directed human behaviors.
It depends upon the achievement of the goal. In this stage, the investigator
reassesses the knowledge about effectiveness of mobile addiction among mothers
by giving post test which analyze effectiveness of video assisted teaching program
me with the help of structured knowledge questionnaire and improvement in
knowledge a regarding management of mobile addiction.

15
 MODIFIED KING’S GOALS ATTIANMENT THEORY

PERCEPTION ACTION REACTION INTERACTION TRANSACTION

RE
Perception
Demographic
Mental Action Evaluation
variable
 Age Mutual Goal Post- test
 Age of the
Setting assessment of
 To Communication knowledge of
children
reduce Investigator and mobie
 Religion addictive Sequence mothers working addiction
 Type of victims of together to achieve among mothers
family among behaviour
NURSING the goal. by structured
 education mothers Preparation
INVESTIGATOR  Investigator questionnaire
 occupation of under of time performs to with the help of
 Family five schedule
give video video assisted
income children. and teaching
 Child  To physical set assisted
programme.
educational improve up for teaching
institution knowled giving programme
 Source of ge and video
information among assisted
under 5 teaching
Pre test Improvement
mothers programme
Assessment of in knowledge
UNDER five knowledge by  Physical
MOTHERS and attitude
structured Action
regarding
questionnaire.
Administration prevention of
of Video mobile
Assisted FEEDBAC addiction
teaching K addiction
programme 16
CHAPTER-II

17
 CHAPTER-2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The review of literature is a broad comprehensive, in depth, systematic and
critical review of scholar publications, unpublished scholarly print materials audio-
visual materials and personal communication
A literature review is a written summary of the existing knowledge on a
research problem, The task of reviewing research literature involving the
identification, selection, critical analysis and written description of existing
information on a topic.

The review of literature is an account if what has been already established

or published on a particular research topic by accredited scholars and researchers.
A high-quality literature review is more than a mechanical exercise. It is an art
and science.
Conducting a literature review is a little like doing a full study, in the sense
that reviewers start with a question, formulate and implement a plan for gathering
information, and then analyze and interpret information.
Researches typically conduct research within the context of existing
knowledge by undertaking a thorough literature review. Regardless of length, a
good review requires thorough familiarity with available evidence. It must be
comprehensive and up to date.
This chapter deals with the selected mothers which are related to the
objectives of the proposed study. Review of literatures relevant to the study were
undertaken, which helped the investigator to develop deep insight into the
problems and gain information on what has been done in the past.
The literature review for the present study has been organized and
presented under the following headings:

2.1 Literature related to incidence of mobile phone dependence and

addiction.

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 2.2 Literature related to mobile dependence and its harmful effects on
health
2.3 Literature related to effectiveness of various interventions on mobile
addiction.

2.1 Literature related to incidence of mobile phone dependence and

addiction.
Kiran. s, Sanjana JS et al “(2020) Mobile Phone
Addiction: Symptoms, Impacts and Causes and the results is Mobile phones are
requisites for many young adults, but such devices may negatively affect their
mental health and well-being. Rapid development in mobile phone technologies
provides a rich selection of features and improved portability that increases the
prevalence of mobile phone use, especially among young adults. They often
develop attachment toward mobile phones, seeking the proximity of mobile
phones and experiencing distress on separation 1 . A multitude of studies have
documented that mobile phone addiction would bring about negative impacts on
physical and mental health as well as social adaption such as academic
problems, interpersonal problems, health issues, depression, anxiety, and even
suicidal ideation2. In India alone, it is estimated that about 530 million smart
phone users will be active by the end of 2018 3 . The worldwide mobile phone
addiction related issues are growing at an alarming pace. Such issues need
immediate addressing. In this paper, various symptoms, impacts and causes of
mobile phone addiction is summarized. Various journals dealing with similar
issues are reviewed in this paper.

Priyanka dichwalkar, Anjali Puntambekar (2018) conducted a descriptive

study in urban school of Mumbai to evaluate the smart phone addiction in urban
school children. Asymptomatic school children (N=15) with 13 boys (n=19) and
26 girls(n=26) between the age group of 13-16 years were assessed for smart
phone addiction by the smart phone addiction scale. The data were collected and

19
graphically represented in Microsoft Excel. The data revealed that 73.3% of
children were addicted and 26.66% were non-addicted and are at high risk of
addiction. The study concluded that there is a need to create awareness about the
addiction before it causes any serious health issue.

Seong-Soo cha, Bo- kung seo (2018) conducted a study aimed to

examine smartphone use patterns, smartphone addiction characteristics, and the
predictive factors of the smartphone addiction in middle school students in South
Korea. A total of 1824 middle school students were included the study through
stratified r andom sampling by city age and sex. The data was collected by smart
phone addiction proneness scale. The results revealed that 563(30.9%) were
identified as a risk group for smartphone addiction and 1261(69.1%) were
classified as a normal user group according to their scores. The risk group for
smartphone addiction used a smartphone for an average of 313.13 minutes per
day, which was 33.17 minutes longer than that of the normal user group. The
predictive factors of smartphone addiction were daily smartphone and social
networking service use duration, and the awareness of game overuse.
Joo Eun Lee, Sung-In Jang et al (2017) conducted a study on
Relationship between Mobile Phone Addiction and the Incidence of Poor and Short
Sleep among Korean Adolescents: a Longitudinal Study of the Korean Children &
Youth Panel Survey and the study shows that The aim of this study was to examine
the relationship between mobile phone addiction and the incidence of poor sleep
quality and short sleep duration in adolescents. We used longitudinal data from the
Korean Children & Youth Panel Survey conducted by the National Youth Policy
Institute in Korea (2011-2013). A total of 1,125 students at baseline were included
in this study after excluding those who already had poor sleep quality or short sleep
duration in the previous year. A generalized estimating equation was used to
analyze the data. High mobile phone addiction (mobile phone addiction score > 20)
increased the risk of poor sleep quality but not short sleep duration. We suggest

20
that consistent monitoring and effective intervention programs are required to
prevent mobile phone addiction and improve adolescents' sleep quality.

Seong-Soo Cha, Bo-Kyung Seo (2017) Smartphone use

and smartphone addiction in middle school students in Korea: Prevalence, social
networking service, and game use.
This study aimed to examine smartphone use patterns, smartphone addiction
characteristics, and the predictive factors of the smartphone addiction in middle
school students in South Korea. According to the Smartphone Addiction Proneness
Scale scores, 563 (30.9%) were classified as a risk group for smartphone addiction
and 1261 (69.1%) were identified as a normal user group. The adolescents used
mobile messengers for the longest, followed by Internet surfing, gaming, and social
networking service use. The two groups showed significant differences in
smartphone use duration, awareness of game overuse, and purposes of playing
games. The predictive factors of smartphone addiction were daily smartphone and
social networking service use duration, and the awareness of game overuse.

Yup-Mi Beck, Jeong-Min Lee and Kyu-Soo Kim (2012) investigated the smart
phone use condition of infants and toddlers, and mothers' perception of their
children's smart phone use, including the role of a mother's parental efficacy in
making difference in the smart phone use condition of infants and toddlers.
Parents whose children go to childhood education institutes in D and I cities were
selected as research subjects. The total number of the children was 500, and with
collected data, frequency analysis and difference verification were carried out by
using SPSS program. The results of study showed that infants and toddlers most
frequently used smart phones at home with their mothers, and toddlers used smart
phones more than infants did, and infants and toddlers used smart phones 'less
than 5 times a week', with average 1hours a day. Secondly, analysis of mothers'
perception of infants and toddlers' smart phone use indicated that the need of their

21
children was the most influential factor. And mothers who said their kids needed a
smart phone considered it a useful learning tool, but others opposed smart phone
use because of its negative effects on children's physical and cognitive
development. Among many programs, cartoon animation was most frequently
used with smart phones, contrary to the infrequent use of educational contents.
Thirdly, the difference in smart phone use condition according to parental efficacy
of mother showed that there was a significant difference between the number of
use and average use hours.

Dixit S, Shukla H, Bagwat AK, Bindal A, Goyal A et al

(2010) conducted a cross sectional study to evaluate mobile phone dependence
among 200 students of a central medical college in India at the age group of 17-28
years by using pre- deigned questionnaire method. Systemic random sampling was
used to select samples. The study results revealed that 18.5% were monophobias
or mobile dependent students. 73% of students keeps their mobile phones for 24
hrs. a day. 44% students spend Rs. 250-500 per month for their mobile recharge.
He study concluded that mobile phone dependence is an emerging problem even
among health professionals in this modern era.
Luke pens worth (2020) find out the problems including facts and statistics,
signd of mobile addiction. To give you an idea of the extent of the problem and
who it is affecting, here are some facts and statistics surrounding smartphone
addiction:

The average time spent using the mobile internet for American adults in
2019 was around 3 hours and 30 minutes per day, up 20 minutes per day as
compared to 2018. (Vox).Mobile traffic accounted for 53.3 percent of all internet
traffic in 2019, a 222 percent increase compared to 2013. (Broadband Search) 95
percent of teens have access to a smartphone. (Pew Research Center)The risk of
smartphone addiction is highest in young people, especially females. (NCBI)One
in four youth is dealing with problematic smartphone usage. (BMC

22
Psychiatry)Smartphone addiction is more common in users who are less
emotionally stable. (University of Derby) Problematic smartphone use is linked to
lower self-esteem. (NCBI)Americans check their smartphones 96 times per day.
(Asurion)More than one in five teen drivers involved in a car accident were
distracted due to smartphone use. (Assurance)One in four adults wake up at least
once during the night to check their smartphones. One in three teens do the same.
(Common Sense Media)39 percent of children wish their parents would spend less
time on their device, up from 28 percent in 2016. (Common Sense Media)38
percent of children think their parents have a smartphone addiction, up from 28
percent in 2016. (Common Sense Media) 62 percent of parents and 64 percent of
teens use a mobile device within 30 minutes of waking up. (Common Sense Media)

2.2 literature related to mobile dependence and its harmful effects on

health.
Guan yang et al ( 2021) studied about physical activity influence the mobile phone
addiction among Chinese undergraduates and the method and result about By the
quota sampling, a total of 650 participants engaged in this survey and completed
relevant measurements including physical activity rating scale-3 (PARS-3) and
mobile phone addiction tendency scale (MPATS).Results: Gender (β = 0.271, P <
0.05) and major (β = -0.169, P < 0.05) could significantly predict MPA,
respectively, and physical activity was an imperative protective factor to decrease
MPA (β = -0.266, P < 0.001). While the physical activity level enhanced from none
exercise to medium exercise, an optimum dose-response relationship would emerge
between physical activity and MPA (F (3,604) = 4.799, P < 0.01). Most important,
the relation between physical activity and MPA can be moderated by exercise type.
Especially in terms of aerobic endurance exercise, the higher level of physical
activity the undergraduates performed, the lower degree of MPA would be suffered
by them (β = -0.266, P < 0.001).

23
 Wenfu Li et al (2020) the impact of adverse childhood
experience on mobile phone addiction in Chinese college students. This study
further investigated the association between ACEs and mobile phone addiction, and
the mediating effects of attachment styles and interpersonal relationships. The
cross-sectional design and multiple questionnaires, namely, the Revised Adverse
Childhood Experience Questionnaire, the Mobile Phone Addiction Index, the
Revised Adult Attachment Scale (AAS), and the Interpersonal Relationship
Comprehensive Diagnostic Scale (IRCDS) were used in the sample of 345
university students. Correlation analysis revealed that adverse childhood
experience, attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance, interpersonal relationship,
and mobile phone addiction were significantly positively correlated with each
other. Results of regression analysis showed that attachment style and interpersonal
relationship played multiple mediation roles in the association between adverse
childhood experience and mobile phone addiction. That is, (1) adverse childhood
experience was positively related to mobile phone addiction, (2) both attachment
anxiety and interpersonal relationship played partial and parallel mediating roles
between adverse childhood experience and mobile phone addiction, and (3)
attachment anxiety/avoidance and interpersonal relationship mediated the
relationship between adverse childhood experience and mobile phone addiction
sequentially. These results indicated that mobile phone addiction among college
students who had adverse childhood experience can be relieved by way of the
remission of attachment anxiety, reduction of attachment avoidance, and
improvement of interpersonal relationship.

David wiljer et al (2020) conducted a study on effects of mobile and web app on
mental health help – seeking among college and university students. A total of 481
students were randomized into two groups: 240 to usual care, and 241 to the
intervention group. There were no significant differences in help-seeking intentions
24
between the usual care and intervention groups over 6 months (F2,877=0.85; P=.43,
f=0.04). Both groups demonstrated similar increases in formal help-seeking
intentions at 3 and 6 months (F2,877=23.52; P<.001, f=0.21). Compared with males,
females sought more help from formal resources (OR 1.86; 95% CI 1.22 to 2.83,
P=.001). Females were less likely to seek help from informal sources than males
(OR 0.80; 95% CI 0.22 to 0.73, P<.001)

Neesha Hussain shamsy (2020) conducted a study on Mobile Health for Perinatal
Depression and Anxiety and the result is A total of 26 publications describing 22
unique studies were included (77% published after 2017). mHealth apps were
slightly more common than texting-based interventions (12/22, 54% vs 10/22,
45%). Most tools were for either depression (12/22, 54%) or anxiety and
depression (9/22, 41%); 1 tool was for anxiety only (1/22, 4%). Interventions
starting in pregnancy and continuing into the postpartum period were rare (2/22,
9%). Tools were for prevention (10/22, 45%), screening (6/22, 27%), and treatment
(6/22, 27%). Interventions delivered included psychoeducation (16/22, 73%), peer
support (4/22, 18%), and psychological therapy (4/22, 18%). Cost was measured in
14% (3/22) studies.

Lu li and grace k l lok et al (2020) done research on

the severity of mobile phone addiction and its relationship with quality of life in
Chinese university students. The result of the study is Compared to students in
mainland China, those in Macao and Hong Kong were more likely to have
excessive mobile phone use. Multiple linear regression revealed that high academic
pressure and poor academic performance were positively associated, while male
gender, greater interest in academic major and long sleep duration were negatively
associated with the severity of mobile phone addiction. Students addicted to mobile
phone use had significantly lower scores across all QOL domains.

25
 So-young Park et al (2019) conducted a study on long
term symptoms of mobile phone use on mobile phone addiction and depression
amonh Korean adolescents. This study aimed to compare the mean scores of
mobile phone use, mobile phone addiction, and depressive symptoms at three-time
points among Korean adolescents according to gender and to examine the
differences in the long-term relationships among the three abovementioned
variables between Korean boys and girls in a four-year period. Data for 1794
adolescents (897 boys and 897 girls) were obtained from three waves of the second
panel of the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey. Multigroup structural
equation modeling was used for data analyses. The study findings showed that at
each of the three-time points, Korean girls tended to use their mobile phones more
frequently and were at a higher risk of mobile phone addiction and depressive
symptoms than Korean boys. Significant changes were observed in the longitudinal
relationships among phone use, mobile phone addiction, and depressive symptoms
in Korean adolescents across time periods, but no gender differences were found in
the strengths of these relationships. These findings contribute to expanding the
knowledge base of mobile phone addiction and depressive symptoms among
Korean adolescents

Gadi lissak (2019) conducted a study related to Adverse physiological and

psychological effects of screen time on children and adolescents and result is about
research is focusing more on mobile devices use, and studies suggest that duration,
content, after-dark-use, media type and the number of devices are key components
determining screen time effects. Physical health effects: excessive screen time is
associated with poor sleep and risk factors for cardiovascular diseases such as high
blood pressure, obesity, low HDL cholesterol, poor stress regulation (high
sympathetic arousal and cortisol dysregulation), and Insulin Resistance. Other
physical health consequences include impaired vision and reduced bone density.
26
Psychological effects: internalizing and externalizing behavior is related to poor
sleep. Depressive symptoms and suicidal are associated to screen time induced
poor sleep, digital device night use, and mobile phone dependency. Excessive
digital media use by children and adolescents appears as a major factor which may
hamper the formation of sound psychophysiological resilience.

Lennart Hardell (2018) done thesis on effects of mobile phone

on children and adolescence health. No previous generation has been exposed
during childhood and adolescence to this kind of radiation. The brain is the main
target organ for RF emissions from the handheld wireless phone. An evaluation of
the scientific evidence on the brain tumor risk was made in May 2011 by the
International Agency for Research on Cancer at World Health Organization. The
scientific panel reached the conclusion that RF radiation from devices that emit
nonionizing RF radiation in the frequency range 30 kHz-300 GHz is a Group 2B,
that is, a "possible" human carcinogen. With respect to health implications of
digital (wireless) technologies, it is of importance that neurological diseases,
physiological addiction, cognition, sleep, and behavioral problems are considered
in addition to cancer. Well-being needs to be carefully evaluated as an effect of
change behavior in children and adolescents through their interactions with modern
digital technologies.

Tingting gao et al (2017) The influence of alexithymia on mobile

phone addiction: The role of depression, anxiety and stress and thr result is An
individual's level of alexithymia was significantly correlated with depression,
anxiety, stress and mobile phone addiction. Alexithymia had a significantly
positive prediction effect on mobile phone addiction, and depression, anxiety, and
stress on mobile phone are positive predictors. Depression, anxiety or stress had
partially mediating effects between alexithymia and mobile phone addiction.
Alexithymia not only directly had a positively impact on mobile phone addiction,

27
 but both also had an indirect effect on mobile phone addiction through depression,
anxiety or stress.

2.3 Literature related to effectiveness of various interventions on mobile

addiction.
Amar Ghelani (2021) purposed a study on knowledge
and skills for social workers on mobile crisis intervention team. Mobile Crisis
Intervention Teams (MCIT) offer assessment and support for people in distress
while averting escalation. Little attention has been given to the requisite
competencies for social workers on MCITs. This narrative review, informed by
crisis theory and the author's experience as an MCIT social worker, provides a
roadmap of knowledge and skills to familiarize practitioners, educators, and
students with this growing intervention model. Social workers on MCITs should
have the capacity to engage complex clients, de-escalate tension, assess for risk,
plan for safety, provide brief addiction counselling, diffuse interpersonal
conflict, link clients with community resources, advocate for change, challenge
systemic racism, build constructive relationships, and document services with
awareness of relevant legislation. The role of social workers on MCITs is
multifaceted and requires attention to balancing client well-being, client safety,
and community safety. The practice insights discussed in this article are relevant
to preventing harm and loss of life while facilitating engagement between clients
and mental health services.

Abhijit Nadkarni et al (2021) conducted a study on the

systematic development of a mobile phone – delivering brief intervention for
hazardous drinking in India. The research team sourced 72 journal articles from
two selected systematic reviews. Key content areas extracted from the studies
included facts and statistics about health related to drinking behavior, self-
reflection, goal-setting messages, motivational messages, and skills to manage

28
 risky situations. The IDIs with experts and hazardous drinkers endorsed most of
these content areas as well. The Delphi survey achieved consensus on 19 content
areas, which included targeted recommendations, personalized feedback and
information, goal management, and coping skills. The content and intervention
development workshops resulted in an intervention package delivered over 8
weeks, with the following seven themes guiding the content of the weekly
messages: safe drinking/health education, alcohol reduction, drinking and risk
management, drinking alternatives, situational content, urge management, and
maintenance and relapse prevention.

Stephanie M carpenter et al (2020) purposed a study on development in

mobile health just-in-time adaptive interventions for addiction Addiction is a
serious and prevalent problem across the globe. An important challenge facing
intervention science is how to support addiction treatment and recovery while
mitigating the associated cost and stigma. A promising solution is the use of mobile
health (mHealth) just-in-time adaptive interventions (JITAIs), in which intervention
options are delivered in situ via a mobile device when individuals are most in need.
Recent findings: The present review describes the use of mHealth JITAIs to
support addiction treatment and recovery, and provides guidance on when and how
the micro-randomized trial (MRT) can be used to optimize a JITAI. We describe
the design of five mHealth JITAIs in addiction and three MRT studies, and discuss
challenges and future directions.
Shaun Liverpool et al (2020) conducted a study on engaging
children and young people in digital mental health interventions This study
identified 6 modes of delivery from 83 articles and 71 interventions for engaging
CYP: (1) websites, (2) games and computer-assisted programs, (3) apps, (4) robots
and digital devices, (5) virtual reality, and (6) mobile text messaging. Overall, 2
themes emerged highlighting intervention-specific and person-specific barriers and
facilitators to CYP's engagement. These themes encompassed factors such as

29
suitability, usability, and acceptability of the DHIs and motivation, capability, and
opportunity for the CYP using DHIs. The literature highlighted that CYP prefer
DHIs with features such as videos, limited text, ability to personalize, ability to
connect with others, and options to receive text message reminders. The findings of
this review suggest a high average retention rate of 79% in studies involving
various DHIs.

Yukun Lan et al (2018) done a study of group mindfulness based cognitive

behavioral intervention for smartphone addiction among university students.
students with smartphone addiction were divided into a control group (n = 29) and
an intervention group (n = 41). The students in the intervention group received an
8-week GMCI. Smartphone addiction was evaluated using scores from the Mobile
Phone Internet Addiction Scale (MPIAS) and self-reported smartphone use time,
which were measured at the baseline (1st week, T1), post-intervention (8th week,
T2), the first follow-up (14th week, T3), and the second follow-up (20th week, T4).
Results: Twenty-seven students in each group completed the intervention and the
follow-up. Smartphone use time and MPIAS scores significantly decreased from
T1 to T3 in the intervention group. Compared with the control group, the
intervention group had significantly less smartphone use time at T2, T3, and T4
and significantly lower MPIAS scores at T3.
Emmanuel kuntsche et al (2017) is proposed a study on binge
drinking prevalence, correlates an intervention. Mostly occurring among young
people at weekends, binge drinking increases the risk of both acute (e.g. injuries)
and long-term negative consequences (e.g. alcohol disorders). Binge drinkers tend
to be extrovert, impulsive and sensation-seeking. Stress, anxiety, traumatic events
and depression are also related to binge drinking. Both alcohol-related behaviour of
parents and general parenting (e.g., parenting styles, monitoring) are also
important. Other major risk factors for binge drinking are frequently spending time
with friends who drink, and the drinking norms observed in the wider social
environment (e.g., school, community, culture). Emergency departments, birthday
30
parties, fraternities and the workplace serve as settings for interventions; these are
increasingly delivered via digital and mobile technology. There is evidence of
small-sized effects across approaches (brief interventions, personalised normative
feedback, protective behavioural strategies etc.) and populations.
Sunu Wibirama (2017) done research towards understanding addiction
of mobile devices Mobile devices addiction has been an important research topic in
cognitive science, mental health, and human-machine interaction. Previous works
observed mobile device addiction by logging mobile devices activity. Although
immersion has been linked as a significant predictor of video game addiction,
investigation on addiction factors of mobile device with behavioral measurement
has never been done before. In this research, we demonstrated the usage of eye
tracking to observe effect of screen size on experience of immersion. We compared
subjective judgment with eye movements analysis. Non-parametric analysis on
immersion score shows that screen size affects experience of immersion (p<;0.05).
Furthermore, our experimental results suggest that fixational eye movements may
be used as an indicator for future investigation of mobile devices addiction. Our
experimental results are also useful to develop a guideline as well as intervention
strategy to deal with smartphone addiction.

Robyn whittaker et al (2016) done a

study on mobile – based intervention for smoking cessation. This updated search
identified 12 studies with six-month smoking cessation outcomes, including seven
studies completed since the previous review. The interventions were
predominantly text messaging-based, although several paired text messaging with
in-person visits or initial assessments. Two studies gave pre-paid mobile phones to
low-income human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive populations - one
solely for phone counselling, the other also included text messaging. One study
used text messages to link to video messages. Control programmes varied widely.
Studies were pooled according to outcomes - some providing measures of

31
continuous abstinence or repeated measures of point prevalence; others only
providing 7-day point prevalence abstinence. All 12 studies pooled using their
most rigorous 26-week measures of abstinence provided an RR of 1.67 (95% CI
1.46 to 1.90; I(2) = 59%). Six studies verified quitting biochemically at six months
(RR 1.83; 95% CI 1.54 to 2.19).

32
 CHAPTER - 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research methodology is a significant part of the study which enables the
research undertaken. Research methodology is the systematic way to carry out an
academic study. Research methodology enables the research to project a blue print
of details, data, approach, analysis, and finding of the research undertaken.

The present study was to assess the level of knowledge regarding mobile
addiction in mothers of under 5 children. It includes research approach, research
design, the setting of the study, variables, populations, sample size, sample
techniques, and criteria for selection of sample, development of tool , content
validity, reliability, plan for data collection and plan for data analysis.

RESEARCH APPROACH
Research approach is the most essential part of any research. The entire
study is based on it. The research approach used in the study was an applied form
of research to find out how will the intervention effective.
In the present study the investigator aimed to assess the knowledge
regarding mobile addiction in mothers of school children in selected area. A
quantitative research approach was considered as inappropriate research

RESEARCH DESIGN
The research design is a researcher overall plan for obtaining answer to the
research questions or for the testing the research hypothesis. It spells out the basic
strategies then no research adopts to develop information in accurate and
interpretable.
33
True experimental research design was selected to conduct this study.
3.1 NON RANDOMISED GROUP DESIGN
GROUP PRETEST INTERVENTION POST TEST
EXPERIMENTAL
GROUP 01 X 02

CONTROL
GROUP 01 - 02

KEY;
01: Pre-test assessment of knowledge regarding mobile addiction among mothers
of school aged children.
X: video assisted teaching on prevention of PUBG addiction among degree
students.
02: Post-test assessment of knowledge regarding mobile addiction among mothers
of school aged children.

POPULATION: Population refers to the entire aggregation of cases that meets

designs criteria. The requirements of defining a population for a research project
arises from the need to specify the group to which the result of the study can be
applied.
TARGET POPULATION:
The entire population which research are interested and which like to
generalize the research finding.
Target population of the study were universal mothers of under five children aged
children.
ACCESIBLE POPULATION:
The aggregate of cases that confirm to designated criteria and are also
accessible as subject of the study. Accessible population is the group that

34
aresearch actually can measure.
The accessible population was the mothers of under five children in selected
area at Guntur.
SAMPLE;
The selected elements (people or subject) chosen for participation in a study,
people are referred to as subject or participation in a study, subject or cases drawn
from target or accessible population the sample.
In this study sample was the mothers got selected to participate in the study by
sampling techniques.
SAMPLESIZE:
Sample is normally decided by nature of the study, nature of the population,
type of sampling technique total variables, statistical test adopted for data analysis
sensitivity measure and attrition.
The sample size was 60 mothers out of which 30 was experimental group and 30
was control group.

SETTING OF THE STUDY:

Research setting are specific places in research where data collection is to be
made. The selection of setting was done on the basis of the feasibility of
conducting study, availability of study and permission of authorities.
The study was conducted in U.P.HC Brindavan gardens was seleted for
experimental group. Total population was 60.Brindavan gardens is 2 kilometers
from SIMS college of nursing . U.P.HC Brindavan gardens was selected control
group.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES;
It involves selecting a group of people, events behaviour other elements
which helps in conducting a study. A set of respondents selected from a population
for the purpose of a survey or experiments.
The sample was selected by simple random sampling techniques as it was the most
suitable one for the present study.
35
INCLUSION CRITERIA:
The mothers ;
 Who are having children between 0-5 years.
 Who are willing to participate in the study.
 Able to read or speak Telugu or English.

EXCLUSION CRETERIA:
The mothers:
 Family members who are not using smart phones
 Who are attended to similar type of study.

DESCRIPTION OF VARIABLES:
According to pilot and hunger(2002) the variables that is believed to care or
influence the behavior and ideas variables are characters that can have more than
one value, the categories of variables discussed in the present study.
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES:
According to pilot and hunger the variables was manipulate or created
stimulus and activity by researcher.
In the present study the independent variables was video assisted teaching on
knowledge regarding mobile addiction among mothers of under five children.
DEPENDENT VARIABLE:
It is the outcome or response due to the effects of the independent variables,
which research wants to predict or explain.
In this present study the dependent variable was knowledge of mothers regarding
mobile addiction.

36
DESCRIPTION OF THE TOOL;
The tool consists of three sections
Section A : Demographic variables such as age of mothers, age of children
religion, education, family type, family income ,occupation of the mother, type of
educational institution ,source of getting mobile, source of information.
Section B: It deals with structured questionaries for assessments of knowledge
regarding mobile addiction which consists of thirty (30) multiple choice questions.
each questions consists of four (4) options in that one option was correct and each
correct answer carries one (1) mark and each wrong answer carries zero (0). total
score was thirty.

Table3.2;-These score was interpreted as follows

S.NO LEVEL OF KNOWLEDGE SCORE PERCENTAGE

1. Inadequate knowledge 0-15 0 - 50%
2. Moderate Knowledge 16-22 51 – 75%

3. Adequate Knowledge 23-30 76 -100%

VALIDITY OF THE TOOL

The content was validated by three experts in the field of nursing and one
expert in the field of psychiatry. All necessary corrections and orders made by
experts was done and tool was prepared.
Test retest method was used to assess the stability of the tool, Karl Pearson’s
correlation formula was used and the value was r= 0.78 which shows that the tool
was reliable.
PILOT STUDY
37
Pilot study is trail study carried out before a research design is finalize to assist in
defining the research questions test the feasibility, reliability and validity of the
proposed study design.
Pilot study was conducted in community at mangalagiri (control and
experimental group respectively). pilot study was conducted for 5 to 7 days i.e from
2nd to 7th december 2022.twelve mothers were selected for pilot study in that 6 for
control and 6 members for experimental group. The data was analysed by using
descriptive and inferential statistics. The pilot study reveals that it was feasible and
practicable to conduct the main study.
METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION
After obtaining the permission from concerned authorities and informed
consent from students (samples) the data was conducted in three phases.
Phase-1
Formal administrative permissions were obtained from concerned
authorities. Total 60 samples were selected from both settings by using sample
criteria 30 for experimental group and 30 for control group. Purpose and nature of
the study was explained to the samples. Informed consent was obtained from the
participants. Experimental group on 1 day their knowledge levels was assessed.
Phase – 2
In experimental group on 2 day have sessions of video assisted teaching
for 30mins for 5 alternative days was given regarding the childhood mobile
addiction in mothers of under five children for experimental group.

Phase – 3
On 7th day post test was conducted with the same tool for both control and
experimental group for evaluating the knowledge regarding mobile addiction in
mothers of school aged children Where control group was not given any
intervention.

38
Table 3.3: PLAN FOR DATA ANALYSIS
DATA METHOD OBJECTIVES
ANALYSIS
Descriptive Frequency percentage
To assess the pre and post test
statistics Mean and standard
level of knowledge regarding
deviation
childhood mobile addiction
among mothers of under five
children in experiment and
control groups.

Paired ‘t’ test To assess the effectiveness of

Independent ‘t’ test video assisted teaching
regarding mobile addiction in
Inferential mothers.
statistics
To find out the correlation
Karl Pearson correlation between knowledge regarding
mobile addiction in mothers in
experimental and control
Chi square group.
To find out the association between
post test level of knowledge with
the selected demographic variable
among mothers of under five
children in experimental and
control group .

39
 CHAPTER – 4
DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

The data was processed and analysed on the basis of the objectives and
hypothesis formulated for the present study
Analysis is a process of organizing data in such a way that research question
can be answered and hypothesis tested.
Analysis enables the researcher to reduce, summarized, organize, evaluate,
interpret, and communicate numerical information

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1. To assess the pre and post test level of knowledge regarding childhood
mobile addiction among mothers of under five children in experiment
and control groups.
2. To evaluate the effectiveness of video assisted teaching regarding
childhood mobile addiction among mothers of fewer than 5 children in
experimental group.
3. To compare post-test level of knowledge regarding childhood mobile
addiction among mothers of under 5 children in experimental and
control groups.
4. To find out the association between post test levelof knowledge with
the selected demographic variable among mothers of under five
children in experimental and control group .

Organization of Data:

The data has been grouped, tabulated and organized below as follows.
 Section-A: Description of sample’s demographic profile in terms of
frequency and percentage.
 Table 4.1: Frequency and percentage distribution of mothers of under five
children according to their demographic variables.
40
SECTION -B:
 Table: 4.2: Frequency and percentage distribution of pre-test and post-test
level of knowledge of mothers in experiment and control group.
Section-C:
 Effectiveness of video - assisted teaching programme on knowledge scores
regarding mobile addiction imothers.
Table;4.3: Mean, SD, and paired ‘t’ values of pre and post-test level of
knowledge among mothers.
Table 4.4: mean and standard deviation independent ‘t’ values of
experimental and control group among mothers.
Section-D:
 Description of the association between post-test knowledge scores with
selected demographic variables.
Table 4.5 Mean and correlation between the level of knowledge among
mothers in experimental and control group.
 Table 4.6: Association between post test scores of knowledge regarding
mobile addiction in mothers with their selected demographic variables in
experimental group
 Table 4.7: Association between post test scores of knowledge regarding
management of conduct disorder in mothers with their selected demographic
variables in control group

41
 Table 4.1: Frequency and percentage distribution of mothers of under five
children according to their demographic variables. N=30+30
S.NO DEMOGRAPHIC EXPERIMENTAL CONTROL
VARIABLES GROUP GROUP
N % N %
1. AGE OF MOTHER 8 26.7% 25 83.3%
a. < 25 years
10 33.3% 5 16.7%
b. 26-30 years
c. 31-35 years 2 6.7% 0 0%
d. <35 years
10 33.3% 0 0%

2. AGE OF THE
CHILDREN
4 13.3% 22 73.3%
a. < 1year
b. 1-3 years 6 20% 8 26.7%
c. 4-6 years
13 43.3% 0
d. Above6years
7 23.3% 0

3. RELIGION 7 23.3% 9 30.0%

a. Hindu
7 23.3% 12 40%
b. Muslim
c. Christian 12 40% 8 26.6%
d. Others 4 13.3% 1 3.3%

4. TYPE OF FAMILY 10 33.3% 19 63.3%

a. Single
7 23.3% 9 30%
b. Nuclear
c. Joint 6 20% 2 6.7%
d. Expanded family 7 23.3% 0 0%
5. EDUCATION 8 26.7% 0 0%
a. Primary 7 23.3% 3 10%
b. Secondary
8 26.7% 27 90%
c. Joint
d. Expanded
42
 7 23.3% 0 0%
6. OCCUPATION
a. Working full
10 33.3% 15 50%
time
b. Part time 12 40% 9 30%
c. Business
8 26.7% 3 10%
d. House wife
0 0% 3 10%

7. FAMILY INCOME 8 26.7% 10 33.3%

a. < 15000
8 26.7% 12 40%
b. 15000-20000
c. 20000-25000 7 23.3% 6 20%
d. >25000
7 23.3% 2 6.7%
8. TYPES OF
EDUCATIONAL
INSTITUTE OF
CHILDREN 9 30% 1 3.3%
a. Private school
9 30% 13 43.3%
b. Government
school 9 30% 14 46.7%
c. Autonomous
3 10% 2 6.7%
d. others
9. SOURCE TO GET
MOBILE (FOR
14 46.7% 7 23.3%
CHILDREN)
a. parent 5 16.7% 13 43.3%
b. grand parents
5 16.7% 10 33.3%
c. relatives
d. neighbourhood 6 20% 0 0%

10. SOURCE OF
INFORMATION
( FOR MOTHER)
a. family 5 16.7% 30 100%
b. friends
12 40% 0 0%
c. media
unprofessional 11 36.7% 0 0%

43
 2 6.7% 0 0%

TABLE 4.1 Represents the frequency and percentage distribution of mothers to

their demographic variables.
In experimental group Majority 10 (i.e. 33.3%)of the mothers belongs to age
group of 26-30 years.10(33.3%) of mothers were belongs to 35 years
above10( 33.3) mothers were belongs to age group of2(6.7%) 31-35years .(Fig.4.1
(a))
In control group majority 25(83.3%) of the were belongs to age group of
less than 25-30 years And 5(16.7%) of mothers were belongs to 26-30 years.
Fig.4.1 (a))
Considering the age of children in experimental group. Majority 13(i.e. 43.3%)of
the childrens belongs to age group 4-6 years.7(23.3%) of childrens were belongs
above 6 years.6 ( 20%)children were belongs to age group of 1-3 years and
4( 13.3%) were belongs to less than a years Fig.4.1 (b))
In control group majority age of children in control group. Majority
22(73.3%)of the childrens belongs to age group of < 1 years.8(26.7%) of childrens
were belongs to 1-3years. (Fig.4.1 (b))

With regard to religion in experimental group 7(23.3%), in hindus 7 (23.3%),

muslim 12(40%), christian 4(13.3.%) are other religion. In control group the hindus
are9 (30%),12(40.0%), were muslim 8(26.6%), are christian 1(3.3%) are in others.
(Fig.4.1 (c)).
With regard type of family in experimental group were 10(33.3% ) were
belongs to single parent and 7(23.3%) were in nuclear famiy6(20%) were in joint
family7(23.3%) were in expanded family. In control group 19(63.3%) were in
single 9(30%) were in nuclear family 2(6.7%) were in joint family.

44
 With regards of education of mother primary 8(26.7%),secondary 7
(23.3%),high school 8(26.7%),gruaduation 7(23.3%). In control group primary
3(10%),secondary 27 (90%),high school .Fig 4.1(d)

With regard to the occupation of mother in experimental group with full

time work 10, (33.3%), with part time 12,(40%)in business 7(23.3%),in housewife
0(0%).In control group full time work 15, (50%), with part time 9,(30%)in
business3(10%),in housewife 3(10% )(Fig. 4.1 (e)
Regard income of mother in experimental group <15000 were
8(26.7%),with 15000-20000 (26.7%) , with 20000-25000 7(23.3%)f above 25k
7(23.3%). In control group students with single child 13(43.3%),with two children
11(36.7%) , with three chidren 5(16.7%)four and above children 1(3.3%).(Fig.4.1
(f)
With regard of type of educational institution in experiental group 9(30%)
were private school ,9(30%)were government school ,9(30.0%) ,were autonomous
3(10% )were others. In control 1 (3.3%)were in private school ,13(43.3%)were
government ,14(46.7%) ,were autonomous 2(6.7%) were others Fig.4.1 (g))

With regards about source of getting mobile in children in experimental

group was 14(46.7%), from parents 5(16.7%) , are grandparents 5(16.7%) were
relatives 6( 20%) were neighbours. In control group 7(23.3%), from parents
13(43.3%) , are grandparents 10(33.3%) were relatives 2( 6.7%) were neighbours.
Fig.4.1(h))

With regards of source of information for mothers in experimental group

was 5(16.7%) from family,12(40%) from friends,11(36.7%) from media,2(6.7%)
from unprofessionals.In control group 30(100%) were from family only. Fig.4.1(i))

45
46
 AGE OF THE MOTHER

90.00% 83.30%

80.00%

70.00%

60.00%

50.00%

40.00% 33.30% 33.30%

26.70%
30.00%
16.70%
20.00%
6.70%
10.00%

0.00%
a.      < 25 years b.     26-30 years c.      31-35 years <35 years

EXPERIMENT GROUP CONTROL GROUP

Figure 4.1(a) percentage distribution of mothers according to their age in experimental and control group.

47
 AGE OF THE CHILDREN

73.30%

43%

26.70%
23%
20%

13%

0.00% 0.00%
a.      < 1year b.     1-3 years c.      4-6 years Above 6 years

EXPERIMENT GROUP CONTROL GROUP

Figure4.1(b) percentage distribution of mothers according to their children age in control and experimental group.

48
 RELIGION
40.00% 40.00%

40.00%

35.00%

30.00%

30.00%
26.60%

23.30% 23.30%
25.00%

20.00%

13.30%
15.00%

10.00%

3.30%
5.00%

0.00%
a.      Hindu b.     Muslim c.      Christian d.     Others

Figure4.1(c)percentage distribution of mothers according to their religion in control and experimental group.

49
 TYPE OF FAMILY

70.00%

60.00%

50.00%

40.00%

30.00%

20.00%
CONTROL
GROUP
10.00%
EXPERIMENT
GROUP
0.00%
a.      Single b.     Nuclear c.      Joint Expanded family

EXPERIMENT GROUP CONTROL GROUP

Figure 4.1(d)percentage distribution of mothers according to their family type in control and experimental group.

50
 EDUCATION
100.00%

90%
90.00%

80.00%

70.00%

60.00%

50.00%

40.00%

30.00% 26.70% 26.70%

23.30% 23.30%

20.00%

10%
10.00%

0% 0%
0.00%
a.      Primary b.     Secondary c.      High school d.     Graduation

EXPERIMENT GROUP CONTROL GROUP

Figure 4.1( e) percentage distribution of mothers according to their education in control and experimental group
51
 OCCUPATION

50%

50.00%

45.00% 40%

40.00%
33%
35.00% 30%

30.00%
23%
25.00%

20.00%

15.00% 10% 10%

10.00%

5.00% 0%

0.00%
EXPERIMENT GROUP CONTROL GROUP

a.      Working full time b.     Part time c.      Business House wife

Figure 4.1( f) percentage distribution of mothers according to their occupation in control and experimental group

52
 INCOME
40%

40.00%

33%
35.00%

30.00%
26.70% 26.70%

23.30% 23.30%
25.00%

20%

20.00%

15.00%

10.00%
7%

5.00%

0.00%
a.      < 15000 b.     15000-20000 c.      20000-25000 >25000

EXPERIMENT GROUP CONTROL GROUP

Figure 4.1 (g) percentage distribution of mothers according to their income in control and experimental group.
53
 INSTITUTION OF CHILDREN

50% 46.70%
43.30%
45%

40%

35% 30% 30% 30%

30%

25%

20%

15% 10%

10% 6.70%
3.30%
5%

0%
a.      Private school b.     Government school c.      Autonomous others

EXPERIMENT GROUP CONTROL GROUP

Figure 4.1( h) percentage distribution of mothers according to their children educational institution in control and experimental group.

54
 SOURCE OF MOBILE

46.70%

43.30%

33.30%

23.30%

20.00%

16.70% 16.70%

a.      parent b.     grand parents c.      relatives neighbourhood.

0.00%

EXPERIMENT GROUP CONTROL GROUP

Figure 4.1( i) percentage distribution of mothers according to their source of getting mobile in control and experimental group

55
 SOURCE OF INFORMATION
120.00%

100.00%

80.00%

60.00%

40.00%

20.00%

0.00%
a.      family b.     friends c.      media unprofessional

EXPERIMENT GROUP CONTROL GROUP

Figure 4.1(g) percentage distribution of mothers according to source of information in control and experimental group.

56
 Table 4.2Frequency and percentage distribution of pre-test and post-test
level of knowledge regarding mobile phone addiction among mothers in
experimental and control group.
(n=60)

Experimental group Control group

s.no Level of Pre test Post test Pre test Post test
knowledge (n) (%) (n) (%) (n) (%) (n) (%)

Inadequate 33.3% 9 30.0%

1. 19 63.3% 10 7 23.3%
knowledge

Moderately
2. Adequate 10 33.3% 12 40% 13 43.3% 15 50%
knowledge

Adequate
3. 1 3.3% 8 26.7% 8 26.7% 8 26.7%
knowledge

Table4.2: Shows the frequency and percentage distribution of pre and post test
level of knowledge regarding childhood mobile phone addiction in experimental
and control group.
In pre-test all the mothers in both experimental group pre test
19(63.3%) had inadequate and 10(33.3%) had moderate knowledge 1(3.3%) had
adequate knoeledge . In post-test majority 10(33.3%) had indequate knowledge
and 12(40%) had moderate knowledge and 8 (26.6%)had adequate knowledge in
experimental group. In control group pretest 9(30%)had inadequate knowledge and
13(43.3%) had moderately 8(26.7%)adequate knowledge .In post test majority
7(23.3%) had indequate knowledge and 15(50%) had moderate knowledge and 8
(26.7%)had adequate knowledge in control group.

57
 level of knowledge

70.00% 63%

60.00%

50.00% 43.30%

40.00% 33%
30.00%
26.70%
30.00%

20.00%

10.00% 3%

0.00%
Inadequate knowledge Moderately Adequate knowledge Adequate knowledge

Experimental group pre test control pretest

58
 level of knowledge
50%

50.00%

45.00% 40.00%

40.00%
33.30%
35.00%
26.70% 27%
30.00%
23%
25.00%

20.00%

15.00%

10.00%

5.00%

0.00%
Inadequate knowledge Moderately Adequate knowledge Adequate knowledge

experimental group control post test group

59
4.3: Mean, standard deviation, and paired ’t’ value of pretest and posttest
level of knowledge regarding management mobile addiction among mothers in
experimental and control group. (N=30)

S,no Group Pre-test Post test Paired t’ test

Mean SD Mean SD

Experimental t = 4.673
1. 9.8667 4.256 16.900 4.229 df= 29
group
p= 0.823 NS

t= 7.855
2. Control group 6.3667 1.542 6.433 1.546 df= 29
p= 0.000 S

Note : s= significant at p<0.05,Ns =not significant at p>0.05

Table 4.3: Mean, standard deviation and paired ‘t’ value of the pre-test and post-
test level of knowledge regarding mobile phone addiction among mothers of under
5 children in experimental and control group.
In experimental group the pretest mean score was 9.866 with standard
deviation of 40256 and posttest mean score was 16.900 with standard deviation of
4.229. The calculated “t” test value was 4.673 which is statistically not significant
at the level of P <0.05.
In control group the pretest mean score was 6.3667 with standard
deviation of 1.546 and posttest mean score was 6.433 with standard deviation of
1.546.The calculated “t” test value was 7.855which statistically significant at the
level of P>0.05.

60
Table4.4: Mean, Standard deviation, Independent ‘t’ values of the
experimental group and control group.
(n=30+30)
Level of PRE TEST POST TEST Independent
S.no
knowledge Mean SD Mean SD ‘t’ value
t= 12.731
Experimental df= 58
1. 9.667 4.256 16.900 4.229
group P=0.000S

t= 1.67
6.366 Df=58
2. Control group 1.542 6.433 1.546
7 P= 0.925NS

Note: S=significant at the level of p<0.05, NS=not significant at the level of

p>0.05.

Mean, standard deviation and independent ‘t’ value of the pretest and posttest level
knowledge regarding mobile phone addiction of under 5 children of mothers in
experimental and control group.
In experimental group the pretest mean score was 9.667 with standard
deviation of 4.256 and posttest mean score was16.900with standard deviation of
40223The calculated “t” test value was 12.731which is statistically significant at
the level of P<0.005.
In control group the pretest mean score was 6.366 with standard deviation
of 1.542 and post-test mean score was 6.433 with standard deviation of 1.546 .The
calculated “t” test value was 1.67 which statistically not significant at the level of
P>0.05

61
Table 4.5 :-Mean and correlation between level of knowledge regarding
management of conduct disorder among mothers in control and experimental
group.
(N=30+30)
MEAN
CORRELATION
S.NO GROUP COMPONENT
pre post “r”
r= 0.333
Experimental
1 Knowledge 9.667 16.900 p= 0.073
group
S
r= 0.0770
2 Control group Knowledge 6.3667 6.433
p=0.684 NS
Note: S=significant at the level of p<0.05, NS=not significant at the level of
p>0.05.
Table 4.5 :shows mean and corelation between level of knowledge regarding
mobile phone addiction of mothers in under 5 children.
In experiment groups knowledge pre mean was 9.667and post mean was
16.900 and calculated “r” value was 0.333which was statistically significant. Hence
the level of knowledge are strong positive correlation.
In control groups knowledge pre mean was 6.366 and postmean was 6.433
and calculated “r” value was 0.077 which was statistically not significant.

Table:4.6 Association between post test scores of knowledges regarding

62
 management of conduct disorder among mothers with their selected
demographic variables in experimental group. (N=30+30)

S,n Demographic Adequate Moderately Inadequate Chi-

o variables knowledge adequate knowledge square
knowledge
(n) (%) (n) (%) (n) (%)
(X2)
6.7% 9.825
AGE OF MOTHER X2=
4 13.3% 2 6.7% 2 3.3%
Df=6
e. < 25 years
6 20% 3 10% 1 P=0.132
1. f. 26-30 years 6.7%
0 0% 0 0% 2 NS
g. 31-35 years 10%
2 6.7% 5 16.3 3
<35 years
%
0%
X2= 2.842
AGE OF THE 6.7% Df=6
CHILDREN 2 6.7% 2 6.7% 0 10% P=0.828
e. < 1year 2 6.7% 2 6.7% 2 NS
2. 10%
f. 1-3 years 6 20% 4 13.3 3
g. 4-6 years 12 40% 4 % 3
Above 6 years 13.3
%
RELIGION 6.7%
a. Hindu 2 6.7% 3 10% 2 6.7% 3.440
X2=
b. Muslim 2 6.7% 3 10% 2 Df=6
3. 10%
c. Christian 7 23.3% 2 6.7% 3 P=0.752
3.3%
d. Others 1 3.3% 2 6.7% 1 NS
13.3% 12.720
TYPE OF FAMILY X2=
1 3.3% 5 16.3 4 0%
Df=6
e. Single
5 16.3% 2 % 0 P=0.069
4. f. Nuclear 3.3%
2 6.7% 3 6.7% 1 S
g. Joint 10%
4 13.3% 0 10% 3
h. Expanded family
0%
EDUCATION 6.7% 4.978
X2=
a. Primary 4 13.3% 2 6.7% 2 6.7%
Df=6
b. Secondary 4 13.3% 1 3.3% 2 P=0.547NS
5. 3.3%
c. High school 3 10% 4 13.3 1
10%
d. Graduation 1 3.3% 3 % 3
10%
6. OCCUPATION 3.3% 4.688
X2=
e. Working full time 4 13.3% 5 16.3 1 10%
Df=6
f. Part time 6 20% 3 % 3 13.3% P=0.321NS
g. Business 2 6.7% 2 10% 4
63
 0 0% 0 6.7% 0 0%
h. House wife
0%
3.3% 12. 896
FAMILY INCOME X2=
5 16.3% 2 6.7% 1 16.3%
Df=6
e. < 15000
1 3.3% 2 6.7% 5 P=0.121S
7. f. 15000-20000 3.3%
4 13.3% 2 6.7% 1
g. 20000-25000 3.3%
2 6.7% 4 13.3 1
>25000
%
3.3%
TYPES OF
13.3%
EDUCATIONAL
X2
INSTITUTE OF 10%
= 5.056
CHILDREN 0%
4 13.3% 4 13.3 1 Df=6
8. e. Private school
3 10% 2 % 4 P=0.537NS
f. Government
4 13.3% 2 6.7% 3
school
1 3.3% 2 6.7% 0
g. Autonomous
6.7%
h. others
16.3% X2
SOURCE TO GET = 2.286
3.3%
MOBILE (FOR
CHILDREN) 3.3% Df=6
4 13.3% 5 16.3 5 P=0.892NS
9. e. parent 26.6%
2 6.7% 2 % 1
f. grand parents
3 10% 1 6.7% 1
g. relatives
3 10% 2 3.3% 8
h. neighbourhood.
6.7%
SOURCE OF 0% X2
INFORMATION ( FOR 6.7% = 10.892
MOTHER) 16.3% Df=6
10. d. family 3 10% 2 6.7% 0 P=0.092NS
0%
e. friends 4 13.3% 6 20% 2
f. media 3 10% 2 6.7% 5
unprofessional 2 6.7% 0 0% 0

Table 4.6: The above table shows that the demographic variables had shown
statistically significant association with the improvement in knowledge score about
mobile addiction among mothers in experimental group.
The association between experimental group demographic variables
was, type of family (X2=12.720), family income (X2=12.896), statistically
64
significant at the level of p<0.005.

The association between experimental group demographic variable was

ageof mother (X2=9.825), age of children (X2=2.842), religion(X2=3.440),
education of mother (X2=4.978),occupation of mother (X2=4.688),educational
institute (X2=5.056),source of mobile (X2=2.286), source of information
(X2=10.892 Have you come a crossed was statistically not significant at the level
of p>0.05.

Table:4.7 Association between post test scores of knowledges regarding

management of conduct disorder among mothers with their selected
demographic variables in Control group. (N=30+30)
S,no Demographic Adequate Moderately Inadequate Chi-
variables knowledge adequate knowledge square
65
 knowledge
(n) (%) (n) (%) (n) % (X2)

1.354
AGE OF MOTHER X2=
7 23.3% 12 40% 6 20%
Df=2
a. < 25 years 2 6.7% 1 3.3% 2
1. b. 26-30 years 6.7% P=0.508
0 0% 0 0% 0 NS
c. 31-35 years 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%
d. <35 years 0%

= 0.657
X2
AGE OF THE
CHILDREN Df=2
7 23.3% 10 30.3% 5 16.3% P=0.720
a. < 1year 2 6.7% 3 10% 3
2. NS
b. 1-3 years 0 0% 0 0% 0 10%
c. 4-6 years 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%
d. Above 6 years 0%

RELIGION 6.7%
e. Hindu 3 10% 4 13.3% 2 10% X2
= 3.074
Muslim 4 16.3% 5 16.3% 3 Df=6
3. 6.7%
f. Christian 2 6.7% 4 13.3% 2 P=0.789
10%
g. Others 0 0% 0 0% 3 NS
TYPE OF FAMILY 16.3% = 6.261
X2
a. Single 6 20% 9 30% 4 6.7% Df= 2
b. Nuclear 3 10% 4 16.3% 2 P=0.930
4. 6.7%
c. Joint 0 0% 0 0% 2 NS
d. Expanded 0 0% 0 0% 0 0%
family
EDUCATION 0% 6.261
X2=
e. Primary 0 0% 0 0% 0 3.3% Df=2
f. Secondary 1 3.3% 1 3.3% 1 P=0.093 S
5. 23.3%
g. High school 8 26.6% 12 40% 7
h. Graduation 0 0% 0 0% 8 26.6%

20% = 8.028
OCCUPATION X2
i. Working full time 6 20% 3 10% 6 6.7% Df=6
6. j. Part time 1 3.3% 6 20% 2 P=0.236NS
1 3.3% 2 6.7% 0 0%
k. Business
l. House wife 1 3.3% 2 6.7% 0 0%

7. FAMILY INCOME 13.3%

X2
= 4.647
h. < 15000 4 13.3 2 6.7 4 10%
Df=6
66
 i. 15000-20000 3 10 6 20 3 3.3% P=0.590
j. 20000-25000 1 3.3 4 13.3 1 0% NS
>25000 1 3.3 1 3.3 0
0%
TYPES OF
EDUCATIONAL 16.3%
= 5.451
INSTITUTE OF 10%
X2
CHILDREN Df=6
0 0% 1 3.3% 0 0% P=0.487NS
8. i. Private school
5 16.3% 3 10% 5
j. Government
3 10% 8 26.6% 3
school
1 1%% 1 3.3% 0
k. Autonomous
l. others
SOURCE TO GET 6.7% = 2.044
X2
MOBILE (FOR 13.3% Df=6
CHILDREN) P=0.728NS
9. a. parent 3 10% 2 6.7% 2 6.7%
b. grand parents 4 13.3% 5 16.3% 4 0%
c. relatives 2 6.7% 6 20% 2
d. neighbourhood. 0 0% 0 0% 0
SOURCE OF 26.6% X2=
INFORMATION ( FOR 0%
NS

MOTHER)
10. a. family 9 30% 13 43.3% 8 0%
b. friends 0 0% 0 0% 0
c. media 0 0% 0 0% 0
d. unprofessional 0 0% 0 0% 0

Table 4.7: The above table shows that the demographic variables had shown
statistically significant association with the improvement in knowledge score about
mobile addiction among mothers in control group.
The association between control group demographic variables was,
education(X2=6.261), statistically significant at the level of p<0.005.
The association between experimental group demographic variable was
ageof mother (X2=1.354), age of children (X2=0.657), religion(X2=3.074), type of
family (X2=6.261) ,occupation of mother (X2=8.028) ceducational institute
67
(X2=5.451),source of mobile (X2=2.044), source of information (X2) Have you
come a crossed was statistically not significant at the level of p>0.05.

CHAPTER-V

DISCUSSION

This chapter discusses in detail about the finding of the analysis in relation to

the objectives of the study.

The following were the objectives of the study and further discussion will

exemplify how these objectives were satisfied by the study.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

68
“A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VIDEO-
ASSISTED TEACHING ON CHILDHOOD MOBILE
ADDICTION AMONG MOTHERS OF UNDER FIVE CHILDREN
AT SELECTED AREA, GUNTUR DISTRICT, A.P”.

1. To assess the pre and post test level of knowledge regarding childhood
mobile addiction among mothers of under five children in experiment
and control groups.
2. To evaluate the effectiveness of video assisted teaching regarding
childhood mobile addiction among mothers of under five children in
experimental group.
3. To compare post-test level of knowledge regarding childhood mobile
addiction among mothers of under five children in experimental and
control groups.
4. To find out the association between post test levelof knowledge with
the selected demographic variable among mothers of under five
children in experimental and control group .

HYPOTHESIS

 H1: There is a significant difference in the level of knowledge

regarding childhood mobile addiction among mothers of under five

children in experimental and control group.
 H2: There is a significant association between the post-test level of
knowledge and socio demographic variables among mothers of under
five children in experimental and control group.

First obejective was to assess the pre and post test level of knowledge
regarding childhood mobile addiction among mothers of under five children in
experiment and control groups. .
In pre-test all the mothers in both experimental group pre test
69
19(63.3%) had inadequate and 10(33.3%) had moderate knowledge 1(3.3%) had
adequate knoweledge . In post-test majority 12(40%) had indequate knowledge
and 10(33.3%) had moderate knowledge and 8 (26.6%)had adequate knowledge in
experimental group. In control group pretest 9(30%)had inadequate knowledge and
13(43.3%) had moderately 8(26.7%)adequate knowledge .In post test majority
7(23.3%) had indequate knowledge and 15(50%) had moderate knowledge and 8
(26.7%)had adequate knowledge.

Second objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of video assisted

teaching regarding childhood mobile addiction among mothers of under five
children in experimental group.

In experimental group the pretest mean score was 9.866 with standard
deviation of 40256 and posttest mean score was 16.900 with standard deviation of
4.229. The calculated “t” test value was 4.673 which is statistically not significant
at the level of P <0.005.
In control group the pretest mean score was 6.3667 with standard
deviation of 1.546 and posttest mean score was 6.433 with standard deviation of
1.546.The calculated “t” test value was 7.855which statistically significant at the
level of P<0.05.

Mayasahu,sailaxmi gandi,et al (2019) conducted a study about Mobile

phone addiction among children and adolescents has become a concern for all. To
date, focuses have been given to Internet addiction, but comprehensive overview of
mobile phone addiction is lacking. The review aimed to provide a comprehensive
overview of mobile phone addiction among children and adolescents.The
prevalence of problematic mobile phone use was found to be 6.3% in the overall
population (6.1% among boys and 6.5% among girls), whereas another study found
16% among the adolescents. The review finds that excessive or overuse of mobile

70
phone was associated with feeling insecurity; staying up late at night; impaired
parent-child relationship; impaired school relationships; psychological problems
such as behavioral addiction like compulsive buying and pathological gambling,
low mood, tension and anxiety, leisure boredom, and behavioral problems, among
which most pronounced association was observed for hyperactivity followed by
conduct problems and emotional symptoms. Though mobile phone use helps in
maintaining social relationship, mobile phone addiction among children and
adolescents needs urgent attention. Interventional studies are needed to address
these emerging issues

Third objective was to compare post-test level of knowledge

regarding childhood mobile addiction among mothers of under five children
in experimental and control groups.

In experiment groups knowledge pre mean was 9.667and post mean was 16.900
and calculated “r” value was 0.333which was statistically significant. Hence the
level of knowledge are strong positive correlation.
In control groups knowledge pre mean was 6.366 and postmean was 6.433 and
calculated “r” value was 0.077 which was statistically not significant

Hence H1 :There is a significant association between the post-test level

of knowledge regarding childhood mobile addiction among mothers of
under five children was accepted .

Fourth objective was to find out the association between post test levelof
knowledge with the selected demographic variable among mothers of under
five children in experimental and control group .
The association between experimental group demographic variables was,
type of family (X2=12.720), family income (X2=12.896), statistically significant at
the level of p<0.005.
71
 The association between experimental group demographic variable was
ageof mother (X2=9.825), age of children (X2=2.842), religion(X2=3.440),
education of mother (X2=4.978),occupation of mother (X2=4.688),educational
institute (X2=5.056),source of mobile (X2=2.286), source of information
(X2=10.892 Have you come a crossed was statistically not significant at the level
of p>0.05.
The association between control group demographic variables was,
education(X2=6.261), statistically significant at the level of p<0.005.
The association between experimental group demographic variable was
ageof mother (X2=1.354), age of children (X2=0.657), religion(X2=3.074), type of
family (X2=6.261) ,occupation of mother (X2=8.028) ceducational institute
(X2=5.451),source of mobile (X2=2.044), source of information (X2) Have you
come a crossed was statistically not significant at the level of p>0.05.
Hence H2 is a significant association between the post-test level of
knowledge and socio demographic variables was accepted among mothers
of under five children in experimental and control group.

Jays George, Mankumari mistry (2019) conducted a

pre- e x p e r i m e n t a l study to assess the effectiveness of video-assisted
teaching on the knowledge of parents regarding the effects of smart phone overuse
on the growth and development of preschoolers in selected schools of navi
Mumbai. A sample of 60 parents was selected by simple convenient sampling
technique. Pre-test video assisted teaching program on smartphone overuse was
given by investigator, after that, posttest was done after 1 week with the help of
structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed and the results revealed that
majority (23.46%) of the parents had an average knowledge of score (6-9) during
pre-test, where as in post-test, knowledge score of the parents improved, with a
majority of 25(50%) having very good knowledge. The study concluded that video
assisted teaching program me can be used to increase knowledge and awareness
about the smart phone overuse in the children.

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 CHAPTER-VI
Summary, Findings, Implications,
Limitations,Recommendations,Conclusions
This chapter deals with summary of this study,its findings
and conclusions, implications, for management practice, administration education
research and recommendation for research in future.
The findings of the present study were analyzed and
discussed with the findings of other similar studies. This helped the investigator to
develop into insight into the findings various studies on the effectiveness of video
assisted teaching regarding mobile phone addiction among under five mothers.
The researcher conducted an experimental study to assess
the effectiveness of video assisted teaching regarding mobile phone addiction
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among under 5 mothers at selected area in Guntur.
SUMMARY OF THE STUDY
An experimental research study was conducted to assess the
effectiveness of video assisted teaching regarding mobile phone addiction among
under 5 mother in Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. Sample was selected by simple random
sampling technique. The data collection was done from 60 samples( 30 for
experimental group and 30 for control group. Collected data was organised for data
analysis. The distance between the Guntur and brudhavan garden phc area was
10kilometers. Formal permission was obtained from the principals of the
concerning school authorities. The school was taken as experimental group and
auxilium school was for control group and mpl school for experiment group.The
two schools were recognised by the government of Andhra Pradesh.

Mothers knowledge assessement was used to assess the mothers levels

of knowledge. Validity was obtained from the experts, in the field of nursing
personnel. Test retest method was used for checking the reliability of the tool. Pilot
study was conducted at to check feasibility and probability. Data was collected
from the selected samples by knowledge questionnaire. Data was planned and
analysed by using descriptive and inferential statistics and to be presented in the
form of tables and charts

THE MAJOR FINDINGS OF THE STUDY WERE;

In experimental group Majority 10 (i.e. 33.3%)of the mothers belongs to age
group of 26-30 years.10(33.3%) of mothers were belongs to 35 years
above10( 33.3) mothers were belongs to age group of2(6.7%) 31-35years))

In control group majority 25(83.3%) of the were belongs to age group of less
than 25-30 years And 5(16.7%) of mothers were belongs to 26-30 years.
Considering the age of children in experimental group. Majority 13(i.e.
43.3%)of the childrens belongs to age group 4-6 years.7(23.3%) of childrens

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were belongs above 6 years.6 ( 20%)children were belongs to age group of 1-3
years and 4( 13.3%) were belongs to less than a years

In control group majority age of children in control group. Majority

22(73.3%)of the childrens belongs to age group of < 1 years.8(26.7%) of
childrens were belongs to 1-3years.

With regard to religion in experimental group 7(23.3%), in hindus 7 (23.3%),

muslim 12(40%), christian 4(13.3.%) are other religion. In control group the
hindus are9 (30%),12(40.0%), were muslim 8(26.6%), are christian 1(3.3%) are
in others.

With regard type of family in experimental group were 10(33.3% ) were

belongs to single parent and 7(23.3%) were in nuclear famiy6(20%) were in
joint family7(23.3%) were in expanded family. In control group 19(63.3%)
were in single 9(30%) were in nuclear family 2(6.7%) were in joint family.

With regards of education of mother primary 8(26.7%),secondary 7

(23.3%),high school 8(26.7%),gruaduation 7(23.3%). In control group primary
3(10%),secondary 27 (90%),high school .

With regard to the occupation of mother in experimental group with full time
work 10, (33.3%), with part time 12,(40%)in business 7(23.3%),in housewife
0(0%).In control group full time work 15, (50%), with part time 9,(30%)in
business3(10%),in housewife 3(10% )

Regard income of mother in experimental group <15000 were 8(26.7%),with

15000-20000 (26.7%) , with 20000-25000 7(23.3%)f above 25k 7(23.3%). In
control group students with single child 13(43.3%),with two children
11(36.7%) , with three chidren 5(16.7%)four and above children 1(3.3%).
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With regard of type of educational institution in experiental group 9(30%) were
private school ,9(30%)were government school ,9(30.0%) ,were autonomous
3(10% )were others. In control 1 (3.3%)were in private school ,13(43.3%)were
government ,14(46.7%) ,were autonomous 2(6.7%) were others

With regards about source of getting mobile in children in experimental group

was 14(46.7%), from parents 5(16.7%) , are grandparents 5(16.7%) were
relatives 6( 20%) were neighbours. In control group 7(23.3%), from parents
13(43.3%) , are grandparents 10(33.3%) were relatives 2( 6.7%) were
neighbours.

With regards of source of information for mothers in experimental group was

5(16.7%) from family,12(40%) from friends,11(36.7%) from media,2(6.7%)
from unprofessionals.In control group 30(100%) were from family only.

In pre-test all the mothers in both experimental group pre test 19(63.3%) had
inadequate and 10(33.3%) had moderate knowledge 1(3.3%) had adequate
knoeledge .
In post-test majority 10(33.3%) had indequate knowledge and 12(40%) had
moderate knowledge and 8 (26.6%)had adequate knowledge in experimental
group.

In control group pretest 9(30%) had inadequate knowledge and 13(43.3%) had
moderately 8(26.7%) adequate knowledge .
In post test majority 7(23.3%) had indequate knowledge and 15(50%) had
moderate knowledge and 8 (26.7%)had adequate knowledge in

76
 In experimental group the pretest mean score was 9.866 with standard deviation
of 40256 and posttest mean score was 16.900 with standard deviation of 4.229.
The calculated “t” test value was 4.673 which is statistically not significant at
the level of P <0.005.
In control group the pretest mean score was 6.3667 with standard deviation of
1.546 and posttest mean score was 6.433 with standard deviation of 1.546.The
calculated “t” test value was 7.855which statistically significant at the level of
P<0.05.
It seems that there is significant effectiveness on knowledge regarding mobile
addiction in under five children among mothers in both control and
experimental group.
In experiment groups knowledge pre mean was 9.667and post mean was
16.900 and calculated “r” value was 0.333which was statistically significant.
In control groups knowledge pre mean was 6.366 and postmean was 6.433 and
calculated “r” value was 0.077 which was statistically not significant
The association between experimental group demographic variables was, type of
family (X2=12.720), family income (X2=12.896), statistically significant at the
level of p<0.005.

IMPLICATIONS;
The findings of the study have several implications, which
are o vital concern for nursing practice, Education, Administration and Research.
NURSING PRACTICE
 video assisted teaching programis important aspect of nursing practice for
effective education to the nurse to gain knowledge . Thus, the educative role
ofmothers could be implemented in the personnel.
 Present study indicates all mother should aware of observing, supervising,
teaching, improving the knowledge regarding management of conduct
disorder among mothers of school aged children .
77
  Health information can be imparted through mass media, through television,
documentary films, pamphlets, posters and information booklets, in –service
education.

NURSING EDUCATION
 Education is the key concept in improving the knowledge of nurse; they need
to upgrade their knowledge and practice based on the research findings.
 The nursing students should be given an opportunity to participate in
education programmes.
 The result of the study emphasize that the need for to upgrade their
knowledge regarding prevention of mobile addiction.
 The curriculum is responsible for the preparing future nurses with more
emphasis on management mobile addiction .
 The nursing students should be given an opportunity to participate in health
education programmes.
 Students should take a positive step to impart health education in field work
during their study period.
 Nurse educator should organize the program to educate the mothers of under
five children regarding childhood mobile phone addiction.
 In- service education and workshops should be conducted to meet the health
challenges.

NURSING ADMINISTRATION
 Nurse administrator can organize continuous nursing education on
identification and management of mobile addiction in students to enhance
higher quality of life and achieve satisfaction in their academic life.
 Nurse administrator can support and create opportunity to the nurses for
conducting research on students in different aspects.
 The nursing administrator who is the member in the planning committee
must provide suggestions to have interred departmental,intradepartmental
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 and extra departmental communication for the development of design and
layout a community health set up.
 The health education cell in nursing service department can be facilitated by
data obtained from the study.

NURSING RESEARCH
 Nurse researcher can disseminate the findings of other nurses and motivate
them to apply in practice.
 Nurse researcher can conduct further researches in the area of mobile
addiction related studies in different aspects.
 Nurse researcher can conduct more research with intervention to improve
quality of life.
 Develop health promotion programs to promote health for professionals.
 The findings of the study help the nurse researcher to develop an insight in
implementing the healthy practices in various health problems.
 The survey provides base line data for conducting other research studies.

LIMITATIONS
 The study findings can be generalized only to the mothers of under five
children.
 The size of the sample only 60 hence the findings should be generalized with
caution.
 Investigator felt difficult for gather the mothers at the same time because of
corona pandemic.

RECOMMENDATIONS
Research is never ending process of acquiring knowledge

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and it enhances the researcher to think critically and accomplish things creatively.
 The following can be undertaken in assessing the level of knowledge in
management of addiction problems among mothers.
 Similar study can be conducted to assess the social communication skills among
mothers.
 Study can be conducted to assess the parents coping strategies regarding
disorders related to mobile addiction.
 Comparative study can be done between rural and urban parents regarding
childhood mobile addiction management.
 Similar study can be conducted with other intervention to improve the
knowledge an attitude regarding mobile addictionproblems.

CONCLUSION

The results of the study were as follows; The calculated’t’

value of knowledge score was 7.855 at 29 degrees of freedom at<0.05
level of significance which indicates the video assisted teaching
programme was effective in improving the knowledge childhood mobile
addiction among mothers. There was significant ’t’ association between
experimental group post test knowledge education of mother((X2=6.261).
Hence the study reveals that the video assisted teaching regarding
childhood mobile addiction was effective in improving knowledge among
mothers of under five children.

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