Computer

Networks I

LECTURE 5
 Objectives
1. Explain the OSI (Open Systems
Interconnection) model and the function of
each layer.

2. To explain the TCP/IP (Transmission

Control Protocol/ Internetworking Protocol)
layered model for networks.

 Explain the connection and connectionless

services that are available to the layers.
 OSI Reference Model

The Open Systems Interconnection Basic Reference Model (OSI

Reference Model or OSI Model for short) is a layered, abstract
description for communications and computer network protocol
design.

An open system is a set of protocols that allows any two systems to

communicate regardless of their underlying architecture.

In the 1970’s, the International Organization for Standardization

- (ISO), began to develop its OSI networking suite; a standard that
covers all aspects of network communications.

Standards provide guidelines to manufactures, vendors, government

agencies, etc., to ensure the kind of interconnectivity necessary in
international communications.
 Network
`
`

`
`
 Network
`
`

Google
` server
`
OSI Reference Model
OSI Reference Model

Physical Layer: To transmit individual bits over a

medium.
The data link layer is responsible for the moving of frames
from one hop (node) to the next.

•Framing

•Flow regulation

•Media Access control (MAC)

•Error checking –

•Physical Addressing
Network Layer
• The Network layer is responsible for the source-to-destination
delivery of a data packet. This includes performing network
routing functions when different networks are interconnected, and
it can also perform:

• fragmentation
• reassembly
• creating logical paths

Routers operate at this layer.

•Internet Protocol (IP) protocol, ARP, RARP

 Transport Layer

•The Transport Layer provides transparent transfer of

data between end users, providing reliable data transfer
services to the upper layers.

•It is responsible for the process-to-process delivery of

the entire message; from source-to-destination.

•While the network layer oversees the delivery of

packets from source-to-destination it does not recognize
the relationship between packets, or processes.
 Transport Layer

•Service point addressing: You may be running two

different processes on your computer (Telnet and FTP).
The (service-point address) port addressing must be
included.
 Transport Layer

To provide reliable process-to-process delivery and error recovery

Internet
FTP
Network
Internet
`
`

Google
` server
`
Transport Layer

Some standard port numbers:

 Transport Layer

•The transport layer controls the reliability of a given

link through flow control and error control (end-to-end
rather than across links).

•Segmentation and reassembly: A message is divided

into segments each containing a sequence number.

•These numbers allow for reassembly of the message

correctly at the other end.
 Transport Layer

•The transport is a true end-to-end layer, all the way

from the source to the destination.

•In other words, a program on the source machine

carries on a conversation with a similar program on the
destination machine, (process-to-process delivery) using
the message headers and control messages.

•Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), UDP

Session layer: To establish, manage and
terminate sessions
 Session Layer

• The session layer allows users on different machines

to establish sessions between them.

•The Session Layer provides the mechanism for

opening, closing and managing/coordinating a session
between end-user application processes.
 Session Layer

•Sessions offer various services, including dialog control

(allows two systems to enter into dialog and keeping
track of whose turn it is to transmit), and synchronization
(checkpointing long transmissions to allow them to
continue from where they were after a crash).

•Protocols: SAP, NCP, RTP

 Presentation Layer

• The Presentation Layer is concerned with the syntax

and semantics of the information exchange between two
systems.

•Since different computers user different encoding

systems; in order to make it possible for different
applications with different data representations to
communicate, the data structures to be exchanged can
be defined in an abstract way.

•The presentation layer manages these abstract data

structures.
 Presentation Layer

•Translation: converting of an EBCDIC-coded text

file to an ASCII-coded file.

•Encryption – sensitive information to ensure privacy

•Compression – important in the transmission of

multimedia

•MIME encoding – managing text other than ASCII

 Application Layer

• The application layer interfaces directly to and

performs common application services for the
application processes.

• It enables the user to access the network resources - it

provides user interfaces and support for services for
example for E-mail, file transfer, access to remote hosts,
Web browsing, etc.

• HTTP, SMTP, SNTP, FTP, Telnet, IMAP

OSI Reference Model
OSI Reference Model

, Hubs
 Syllabus

 From the OSI (Open Systems

Interconnection) model…
 Layer 3 (Network Layer)
 Layer 2 (Data Link Layer)
 Layer 1 (Physical Layer)
OSI Reference Model
Question..
 As data moves through the seven layered OSI
model, it is given a specific name at the different
layers. Which one of the below statements are
incorrect?
 Frames at Data link layer and packets at the Network
layer
 Packets at the Network layer and Segments at the
Session layer
 Data at the Session layer and Segments at the
Transport layer
 Bits at the Physical layer and frames at the Data link
layer
Connection-Oriented vs Connectionless
Services
• Layers on the sending machine can offer two different
types of services to the layers on the receiving machine:
connection-oriented and connectionless.

•Connection-oriented service: modeled after the

telephone system. A connection-oriented network
service first establishes a connection, then uses the
connection, then releases the connection. In most
cases, the order is preserved so that the bits arrive in
the order they were sent.

•e.g. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

Connection-oriented service:
Connection-Oriented vs Connectionless Services

•Connectionless service: modeled after the postal

system. Each message carries the full destination
address, and each one is routed through the system
independent of all the others.

Normally, when two messages are sent to the same

destination, the first one sent will be the first one to
arrive. However, it is possible that the first one sent can
be delayed so that the second one arrives first.

e.g. Internet Protocol (IP)

Connectionless Services
Other Models

TCP/IP Model
Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol
OSI Reference Models vs TCP/IP model
 TCP/IP model
TCP/IP model: named after its two primary protocols

TCP: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). Transport Layer

protocol. Connection-oriented. Provides reliable and in-order
delivery of data from sender to receiver. TCP is responsible for
detecting errors or lost data and triggering retransmission until
the data is correctly and complete received.

IP: Internet Protocol (IP): Network / Internet Layer protocol.

Connectionless. Unreliable (data corruption, out of order arrival,
duplicate arrival, lost packets). Provides communicable unique
global addressing among computers. Routing in packet-
switched networks. The IP component provides routing.

TCP and IP: two of the main protocols of the Internet

 source
message M application
segment Ht M transport
packet Hn Ht M network
frame Hl Hn Ht M Tl link
physical
Hl Hn Ht M Tl link
physical

switch

destination Hn Ht M network
M application Hl Hn Ht M Tl link
Ht M transport physical
Hn Ht M network
Hl Hn Ht M Tl link
router
physical
 TCP/IP model
The first to use the packet switching.
 TCP/IP model

Packet switching: different messages ( broken up into

small packets) can use the same network resources
within the same time period .

Not only could the links be shared (much as a single

post box can be used to post letters to different
destinations), but each packet could be routed
independently of other packets. This was a major
advancement.
 TCP/IP model

As oppose to Circuit switching: in the old typical

telephone circuit, where a dedicated circuit is tied up
for the duration of the call and communication is only
possible with the single party on the other end of the
circuit.

Next..we’ll look at signaling