www.sweco.

no

Republic of Angola
Ministry of Energy and Water Affairs

National Directorate of Water (DNA)

FINAL REPORT
National Water Sector Management Project, Activity C

A Rapid Water Resources and Water Use

Assessment for Angola
March 2005
 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Study Background
1.2 Assessment Methodology
1.3 Water Resources/GIS Software and Database Tools Applied
1.4 Acknowledgements

2. RENEWABLE WATER RESOURCES ASSESSMENT

2.1 Geology of Angola
2.2 Renewable Water Resources Assessment of Angolan Catchments using GIS
2.3 Groundwater Assessment

3. SEDIMENT TRANSPORT AND SOIL EROSION

3.1 Introduction
3.2 Bathymetric Measurements of Cambambe Reservoir
3.3 Measurements in the Okavango River at Divundu, Caprivi, Namibia
3.4 Soil Problem Areas and Erosion
3.5 Conclusions

4. POPULATION ESTIMATES AND FORECASTS

4.1 The Setting for Estimating Present National Population and Growth Rates
4.2 The Provincial Population Distribution
4.3 Establishing National Population Estimates for Water Use Forecasting

5. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ASSUMPTIONS

5.1. GDP: Estimates of Level, Composition and Growth
5.2. Macro-economic Forecasting Assumptions

6. HOUSEHOLD USE OF WATER

6.1. National Coverage of Water Supply and Sanitation
6.2. Present per Capita Use by Household Category
6.3. Comparison to International Unit Water Consumption Estimates
6.4. Taxes and Tariffs
6.5. Water Demand Sensitivity to Price and Income Changes
6.6. Intended Service Levels of Household Water Supply
6.7. Sanitation Coverage
6.8. Disaggregation of Population into Water Use Categories

7. PROVINCIAL DOMESTIC WATER USE FORECASTS

7.1. The National Forecast Framework
7.2. Some Necessary Simplifying Forecasting Assumptions
7.3. Benguela Province
7.4. Namibe Province
7.5. Cunene Province
7.6. Huila Province
7.7. Cabinda Province
7.8. Lunda Sul Province
7.9. Lunda Norte Province

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7.10. Cuando Cubango Province

7.11. Moxico Province
7.12. Zaire Province
7.13. Cuanza Norte Province
7.14. Cuanza Sul Province
7.15. Malange Province
7.16. Bie Province
7.17. Huambo Province
7.18. Uige Province
7.19. Bengo Province
7.20. Luanda
7.21. Catchment-wise Representation of Household Water Use Forecasts

8. INDUSTRY AND MINING ACTIVITIES

8.1. The Challenge of Accessing Reliable Data for Industry and Mining
8.2. Location of Industries and Mines
8.3. Industrial Water Use
8.4. Water Quality

9. NON-CONSUMPTIVE USE OF WATER RESOURCES

9.1. Hydropower
9.2. Other non-consumptive Uses

10. AGRICULTURAL WATER USE

10.1. Areas of Key Irrigated Cultivation Activities by Crop Type and Province
10.2. Rainfed Cultivated Areas by Crop Type and Province
10.3. Livestock Volumes and their Water Use by Province
10.4. Present Agricultural Water Use Estimates
10.5. Agricultural Sector Development Water Use Assumptions
10.6. Future Water Demand for Agriculture by Province
10.7. Future Agricultural Water Demand by Catchment

11. SHARED WATER RESOURCES

11.1 Background to International Treaties on Shared Water Resources
11.2 Angola’s International River Basins and their Treaties
11.3 Elements of the Shared River Basins
11.4 Institutions, Organisations and Protocols for Shared Water Resources
11.5 Sustainable use of Angola’s Shared Water Resources

12. WATER BALANCE FOR ANGOLAN CATCHMENTS

13. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE ASSESSMENTS

13.1 Bottlenecks for Further Planning & Management
13.2 Dissemination of the Rapid Water Resources & Water Use Assessment
Results
13.3 Maintaining & Developing Water Resources and Water Use Assessment

References

Appendices (under separate cover)

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List of Figures

2.2.1 Main Drainage Areas of Angola

2.2.2 Runoff/Precipitation Ratio (%), Atlas of World Water Balance (1974, 1977)
2.2.3 Basin Boundary Delineation with use of 3D Hill Shade Topographic Effects
2.2.4 Angolan Drainage Basins in Various Degrees of Detail
2.2.5 Hydrometric Stations in Angola
2.2.6 Delineated Catchments with Hydrometric Measurement Stations
2.2.7 Location of INAMET Precipitation Measurement Stations
2.2.8 Locations of Climate Stations with Precipitation Data
2.2.9 Locations of Climate Stations with Mean Temperature Data
2.2.10 Locations of Climate Stations with Temperature Data
2.2.11 Comparison of INAMET Measurements and WORLDCLIM Dataset
2.2.12 Precipitation in Angola - Data from WORLDCLIM (2004)
2.2.13 Comparison of Measurements from INAMET and CRU Dataset
2.2.14 Mean Annual Potential Evaporation
2.2.15 Runoff Coefficient Map of Angola
2.2.16 Runoff Map of Angola.
2.2.17 Calculated Values of Runoff Plotted against Observed Values from Catchments
with Hydrometric Stations
2.2.18 Monthly Calculation of Runoff Constants for the Selected Catchments
2.2.19 Monthly Runoff in the Selected Catchments
2.2.20 Monthly Percentage of Mean Annual Discharge at the Northwestern Coast
2.2.21 Monthly Percentage of Mean Annual Discharge at the Southwestern Coast
2.2.22 Monthly Percentage of Mean Annual Discharge draining into Namibia
2.2.23 Monthly Percentage of Mean Annual Discharge in Upper and Lower Zambezi
2.2.24 Monthly Percentage of Mean Annual Discharge in Upper Congo
2.3.1 a Geology of Angola (north-west)
2.3.1 b Geology of Angola (north-east)
2.3.1 c Geology of Angola (south-west)
2.3.1 d Geology of Angola (south-east)

3.4.1 Human Induced Soil Erosion in Angola

3.4.2 Problem Soil Areas of Angola

4.1 Provincial Population Forecasts for Angola

7.1 Catchment-wise Domestic Water Supply Forecasts

10.1.1 Areas under irrigation (or partially under irrigation) and areas planned for
irrigation (or under rehabilitation)
10.7.1 Future Irrigated Agriculture Water Demand by Catchment
10.7.2 Water Use Assumptions by Catchments (Irrigation and Animal watering)

12.1 a Angolan Catchments (north-west)

12.1 b Angolan Catchments (north-east)
12.1 c Angolan Catchments (south-west)
12.1 d Angolan Catchments (south-east)

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List of Tables

2.2.1 Division of Hydrological Sub Basins in Angola

2.2.2 Comparison of Calculated Area Values from GIS System to Hydata Database
Records
2.2.3 Average Mean and Maximum Monthly and Annual and Average Annual
Precipitation for Measurement Locations obtained from INAMET
2.2.4 Average Mean, Minimum and Maximum Monthly and Annual and Average
Annual Potential Evaporation for Measurement Locations Obtained from
INAMET
2.2.5 Monthly Percentage of Mean Annual Discharge at the Northwestern Coast
2.2.6 Monthly Percentage of Mean Annual Discharge at the Southwestern Coast
2.2.7 Monthly Percentage of Mean Annual Discharge draining into Namibia
2.2.8 Monthly Percentage of Mean Annual Discharge in Upper and Lower Zambezi
2.2.9 Monthly Percentage of Mean Annual Discharge in Upper Congo
2.3.1 Estimated Wells Necessary for Future Town Water Supplies
2.3.2 Division of Hydrological Sub Basins in Angola

4.1 Some Recent Population Estimates for Angola

4.2 Health-related Demographic Indicators of Angola
4.3 Provincial Population Estimates for Angola based on Available Studies (‘000)
4.4. Future Distribution of Angola’s Population
4.5. Provincial Population Forecasts (‘000 population) for Angola

5.1 The Annual Growth Rate of Angola’s GDP at 1992 Market Prices
5.2 GDP: Estimates of Level, Composition and Growth

6.1 The Elasticity of Water Demand with respect to Water Tariff

6.2 The Elasticity of Water Demand with Respect to Household Income
6.3 An International Overview of Price and Income Elasticities for Water

7.1 Future Distribution of Angola’s Population

7.2 Daily Water Supply (litres) per Capita for each Housing Category
7.3 Population (‘000) for the Four Main Cities in Benguela Province
7.4 Population Forecasts (‘000) for Benguela Province
7.5 Domestic Water Supply Forecasts for Benguela Province
7.6 Population forecasts for Namibe Province
7.7 Domestic Water Supply Forecasts for Namibe Province
7.8 Population forecasts for Cunene Province
7.9 Domestic Water Supply Forecasts for Cunene Province
7.10 Population Forecasts for Huila Province
7.11 Domestic Water Supply Forecasts for Huila Province
7.12 Population Forecasts for Cabinda Province
7.13 Domestic Water Supply Forecasts for Cabinda Province
7.14 Population Forecasts for Lunda Sul Province
7.15 Domestic Water Supply Forecasts for Lunda Sul Province
7.16 Population Forecasts for Lunda Norte Province
7.17 Domestic Water Supply Forecasts for Lunda Norte Province
7.18 Population Forecasts for Cuando Cubango Province

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7.19 Domestic Water Supply Forecasts - Cuando Cubango Province

7.20 Population Forecasts for Moxico Province
7.21 Domestic Water Supply Forecasts for Moxico Province
7.22 Population Forecasts for Zaire Province
7.23 Domestic Water Supply Forecasts for Zaire Province
7.24 Population Forecasts for Cuanza Norte Province
7.25 Domestic Water Supply Forecasts for Cuanza Norte Province
7.26 Population Forecasts for Cuanza Sul Province
7.27 Domestic Water Supply Forecasts for Cuanza Sul Province
7.28 Population Forecasts for Malange Province
7.29 Domestic Water Supply Forecasts for Malange Province
7.30 Population Forecasts for Bie Province
7.31 Domestic Water Supply Forecasts for Bie Province
7.32 Population Forecasts for Huambo Province
7.33 Domestic Water Supply Forecasts for Huambo Province
7.34 Population Forecasts for Uige Province
7.35 Domestic Water Supply Forecasts for Uige Province
7.36 Population Forecasts for Bengo Province
7.37 Domestic Water Supply Forecasts for Bengo Province
7.38 Population Forecasts for Luanda
7.39 Domestic Water Supply Forecasts for Luanda
7.40 Catchment-wise Population and Domestic Water Supply Forecasts

9.1 Planning Scenarios for Construction or Rehabilitation of Hydropower Plant

10.1.1 Areas under irrigation (or partially under irrigation) and areas under rehabilitation
(or planned for irrigation)
10.3.1 Estimation of Livestock and Poultry in the Country During 2001
10.3.2 Animal Projections
10.3.3 Water use by Livestock and Poultry
10.4.1 Present Agricultural Water Use Estimates
10.6.1.1 Demand of Water for Irrigation in Benguela Province
10.6.2.1 Demand of Water for Irrigation in Bengo Province
10.6.4.1 Demand of Water for Irrigation in Cabinda Province
10.6.6.1 Demand of water for Irrigation in Huambo province
10.6.7.1 Demand of Water for Irrigation in Huíla Province
10.6.8.1 Demand of Water for Irrigation in Kuanza Norte Province
10.6.9.1 Demand of water for irrigation in Kuanza Sul province
10.6.10.1 Demand of Water for Irrigation in Cuando Cubango Province
10.6.11.1 Demand of Water for Irrigation in Luanda Province
10.6.14.1 Demand of Water for Irrigation in Malanje Province
10.6.15.1 Demand of Water for Irrigation in Moxico Province
10.6.16.1 Demand of Water for Irrigation in Namibe Province
10.6.17.1 Demand of Water for Irrigation in Uíge Province
10.6.18.1 Demand of Water for Irrigation in Zaire Province
10.7.1 Future Irrigated Agriculture Water Demands by Catchment
10.7.2 Water Use Assumptions by Catchments (Irrigation and Animal watering)

12.1 Division of Hydrological Sub Basins in Angola

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SWECO GRØNER’S STUDY TEAM

Water Resources Specialist/Team Leader David A. Wright

David Wright is core staff at SWECO Grøner and has over 20 years experience in water resources
projects and water use assessments, river basin studies, hydropower studies and hydrological studies.
He has extensive experience from team leadership of water resources projects at reconnaissance
study, prefeasibility, feasibility and design level and from planning and implementing training
schemes and on-the-job training as part of consultancy studies in water resources development
projects for counterpart staff.
E-mail: David.Wright@sweco.no

Irrigation and Water Resources Expert/Deputy Team Leader Manuel Quintino

Manual Quintino is a local consultant and the Angolan Resident Representative of the NGO Oikos
Cooperação e Desenvolvimnto. He has over 15 years of experience in the field of water resources and
irrigation. He has practical experience as irrigation and drainage engineer and formerly held the
position of National Director in the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development in Angola and
thus has a profound knowledge of the water and irrigation sector in Angola from grass roots to top
institutional and governmental level. This background enables him to provide vital insights for
understanding important issues pertaining to the water resources and water use situation in Angola.
E-mail: quintino.oikos@nexus.ao

Hydrology & Sediments Expert/Water Resources Modeller Kjetil Sandsbråten

Kjetil Sandsbråten is core staff at SWECO Grøner and has worked within the water and hydrology
field throughout his professional career with special competence in Water Resources and Water Use
Assessment and Modelling, Sediment Transport and Erosion studies, Flood Analyses, Hydrological
Systems Modelling and Power Plant Hydrology, GIS-Management, GIS Modelling and Mapping,
Integrated Watershed Management, and Environmental Impact Assessments. His knowledge of GIS
and its applications in water resources uses has been instrumental in this assessment.
E-mail: Kjetil.Sandsbraten@sweco.no

Senior Economist Stein Hansen

Stein Hansen is Partner and Chairman of the Board of Nordic Consulting Group A.S. (NCG-Norway)
and is one of Norway’s most esteemed experts in economics. Water resources and water use is one of
his many specialities and he has worldwide experience from economic analysis and research with
extensive practice in the fields of resources and environment, population and employment, pricing and
investment policies, transport economics, development economics, energy and macroeconomic policy
reform studies. He covers numerous areas including country studies, feasibility studies and
evaluations, market studies, project management, company management, lecturing, supervision and
on the job training in industrial and developing countries.
E-mail: stein.hansen@ncg.no

Economist Gheisa Roberta Telles Esteves

Gheisa Roberta Telles Esteves has a unique combination of a Degree in Economic Science and a
master’s degree in engineering and thus has a unique insight into both socio-economic and practical
issues involved in water use assessments. Throughout her career and training she has used every
opportunity to develop skills needed in the assessment of rural and urban population development and
has created and developed databases for the assembly, storage, organisation and retrieval of
macroeconomic, population and water use statistics. She is currently engaged by SWECO Grøner as
part of a development sabbatical from her PhD studies in Brazil.
E-mail: Gheisa.Esteves@sweco.no

Groundwater Expert Amund Gaut

Amund Gaut is core staff at SWECO Grøner and has long professional experience in the fields of
hydrogeology and groundwater gained from over 400 project assessments/reports in the use of
geological information in the estimation of sustainable groundwater yields in the absence of
groundwater observations; and the estimation of renewable groundwater resources by aquifers. He is
highly active and acclaimed in academic circles in the fields of groundwater and hydrogeology as well
as in groundwater pollution.
E-mail: Amund.Gaut@sweco.no
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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Study Background

The potential of renewable water resources of Angola is not known with sufficient accuracy,
mostly due to lack of data. Almost all of the 189 hydrometric stations in operation at
independence in 1975 were abandoned during the years of civil war. The same is the case
for data on total water use, water consumption, and future water demand. Proper water
development planning is thus almost impossible.

This project “A Rapid Water Resources and Water Use Assessment for Angola” is
undertaken to start moving in the direction of establishing a sufficiently accurate assessment
of the renewable water resources and water use that can be further elaborated and updated
as data become available. As such it forms one of the steps towards achieving the goals of
the Strategy for the Development of the Water Sector in Angola.

The project is Activity C of the National Water Sector Management Project (NAWASMA)
being carried out as institutional co-operation between the Angolan National Directorate of
Water, (DNA) (Direcção Nacional de Águas) and the Norwegian Water Resources and
Energy Directorate, NVE under the financing of NORAD and covering the entire country.
SWECO Grøner carried out the assessment for and in collaboration with DNA under the
Ministry of Energy and Water. The development objective of the NAWASMA project is
improved water sector management in Angola through a strengthened institutional capacity
of DNA. Proper water management requires solid knowledge. The specific development
objective of Activity C is therefore to assess rapidly the water resources, water use, and
future water demand in Angola.

In addition to providing up-dated estimates of water resources and water use, the future
capacity for managing and planning water resources was improved through the project by
transfer of knowledge and capability to DNA. This final report of the project has been
designed to enable DNA and other Angolan authorities to move on in their work with national
master plans for the water sector, identifying bottlenecks for further planning and
management in terms of data quality and availability. The full Terms of Reference for the
assessment is included in the Appendices.

1.2 Assessment Methodology

A consultative approach was applied to the assessment in which relevant authorities and
stakeholders in the water resources sector were involved in the study in order to attempt to
include their knowledge and possible data. DNA was the facilitator in this respect, providing
the link between the Consultant and the various authorities and bodies. Although most of
this consultation work was carried out in Luanda, limited field trips were also made to some
provinces where meetings were held with relevant authorities, available data collected, and
some water resources developments inspected.

The challenges to obtaining reliable data on water resources and water use in Angola are
many. In some sectors in fact no data is freely available at all. The importance of identifying
and addressing these bottlenecks in the development of assessments for the sector cannot
therefore be overestimated and has been a major activity during the assessment.

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1.2.1 Establishment of clear assumptions and methodologies to be applied in assessment

estimates
At the outset of the assessment the methodologies to be used as suggested in the
consultant’s proposal were firmed up and necessary points discussed and agreed with DNA.

An important point was the aerial resolution to be used in the study. In concurrence with the
advice of Angolan experts during the project kick-off seminar in the Royal Norwegian
Embassy in Luanda, the established boundaries of regions of Angola to be identified and
used were adopted. These are the major river drainage basins draining to the international
rivers and the coastal rivers draining to the Atlantic:

• Zaire
• Zambezi
• Okavango
• Etosha
• Coastal rivers draining to the Atlantic (including the Luando-Kwanza (Cuanza) system)

These were, however, further disaggregated into individual catchments for both the water
resources and the water use assessment.

1.2.2 Estimation of Angola’s renewable water resources (surface and groundwater) by river
basins and aquifers
For surface water mean monthly data from the hydrology records of the NAWASMA
database in DNA were transferred, assessed and used, supplemented by regional data.
Monthly and yearly means were used to generate a simplified runoff map for those parts of
Angola covered within the hydrometeorological network. This data was subjected to further
checks before comparison with regional runoff and rainfall distribution, especially with a view
to compensation for the lack of data from the eastern parts of Angola.

Meetings were held with INAMET and data was received for a selection of stations. Quality
control of this data was carried out and several corrections were made, especially with
respect to obvious punching errors and location of stations. Some data appears to be
incorrectly punched but the values lie within probable limits. Such data values have not been
adjusted. This data was then subjected to further checks before comparison with regional
figures for rainfall distribution.

The data sources for the evaluation of the hydrogeology and groundwater resources of
Angola are mainly the Hydrogeological map of Angola at scale 1:1.500.000 and the
Geological map of Angola at scale 1:1.000.000. In addition geological and hydrogeological
maps and interpretations produced as the UK contribution to the International Hydrological
Programme (IHP) of UNESCO Southern Africa, and the FRIEND Phase II project were
accessed. Meetings were held with HYDROMINAS, UNICEF and Direcção Provincial de
Águas in Lubango, and information on groundwater registers and some groundwater data
was collected. These data sources gave the possibility to indicate probable groundwater
yields in most of the common aquifers, but data for estimation of the volumes of renewable
groundwater resources were not accessible.

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1.2.3 Preliminary estimation of sediment transport in the different river basins, and the
identification of river basins where soil erosion problems are most severe
Data on sediment transport is virtually non-existent in Angola. Consequently, this is one of
the major bottlenecks, which needs to be prioritised in DNA’s further work on water
resources.

Fortunately the Consultants were successful in obtaining a copy of a study of the

sedimentation of the Cambambe Dam reservoir on the important Cuanza River1. The study
is based on bathymetric field surveys carried out and gives estimates of the sediment volume
that has accumulated in the reservoir since its implementation. Although of course not
representative for other basins in Angola, it does give one data point for the important
Cuanza River. Contacts were also made with institutions in neighbouring countries to seek
out further possible data sources, in particular for the Okavango Delta. Internet resources
were extensively researched to find any further existing relevant studies. Some limited
information was found on soil erosion caused by human activity in the catchments draining to
the Atlantic Ocean.

1.2.4 Development of scenarios for urban, peri-urban, and rural population growth in
Angola up to the year 2025
This was one of the most complex parts of the assessment due to the lack of firm population
data in Angola. The methodology was developed by gathering and comparing various
available sources of population data and estimates as detailed in Chapter 4, discussing and
assessing the merits and shortfalls of each one, and applying international experience
combined with local knowledge. The provincial breakdown of population estimates was even
more challenging. A description of the methodology and results is given in Chapter 4.

Finally, the population estimates for each province were again disaggregated into
catchments populations and entered into the GIS water resources database on a catchment
basis by first splitting each province up into its various catchments and, using the satellite
maps of the locations of the towns, villages and settlements in each catchment, allocating
first the urban and periurban figures to the correct catchment in the province. The rural
population figures were then distributed to the various catchments proportionately to the
intensity of settlements in each catchment as indicated by the satellite imagery. The result is
a catchment distribution of the forecasts within each province. Catchments that straddle
province boundaries were dealt with as sub catchments within each province, the total of the
various provincial sub catchments then being summed by the GIS system to arrive at total
catchment figures. Further details are given in Chapter 7.

1.2.5 Development of scenarios for growth of water intensive industrial and mining activities
Updated information on water intensive industrial and mining activities is very difficult to
obtain in Angola. There is some information on the government website Angola.org, this is,
however, dated from 1995. In order to secure more detailed and up-to-date information and
data, meetings were planned with three main institutions:

• Ministry of Industry
• Ministry of Geology and Mines
• Endiama, the national diamond mining company

1
Estudo de Avaliação da Sedimentação da Albufeira da Barragem de Cambambe no Rio Cuanza, PM
Consultoria Obras Hidráulicas, Luanda, February 2002

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At the time of writing this report, the meetings with the Ministry of Industry and Endiama were
still pending. A meeting was held with the Geological Services of the Ministry of Geology
and Mines but no information could be given. This was due to the Geological Services
request for payment for supplying such information for which there is no facility under the
Consultant’s contract. This has been brought to the attention of DNA and it is hoped that this
matter can be resolved in the future development of the assessment by DNA.

As a result of the general lack of data on this issue, it has not been possible to develop firm
scenarios of the growth of industrial and mining industries. This is a bottleneck that should
be prioritised in the further development of the assessment. One line of action for achieving
this could be ministerial collaboration between the Ministry of Energy and Water and the
Ministry of Geology and Mines. Mutual exchange of information and data could be beneficial
to both parties in this respect.

1.2.6 Estimation of Angola’s water demand for the different sub-sectors, with special
emphasis on consumptive water use, and particularly the demand for full or
supplementary irrigation
For estimation of the consumptive water use in the Agriculture sector, the following factors
were taken into consideration: the existing and the planned irrigation schemes; the main
crops grown under irrigation; and the net annual irrigation requirement. Watering of animals
was also considered. For irrigation activities, year round irrigated agriculture was assumed
with 365 days, while for dried periods 182 days was used. The volume of water for 2005 was
assumed to be as of 2004, i.e. at the time of the study. For those irrigation schemes partially
operational, it was assumed that in 2005 they would be working at 20% to 40% of their
capacity, whereas in 2015 these schemes will be working at 50% to 75% of their capacity.
For 2025 it was assumed that all planned irrigation schemes would be constructed and that
all irrigation schemes, be they planned, partially operational or operational, would be working
at 100% of their capacity.

In relation to animal watering, projections were made based on figures provided by the
Department of Animal Production of the National Directorate of Livestock, a government
body under MINADER, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. As the figures
provided on animals are concentrated in the southern region of Angola, a certain re-
distribution of animals was made for the whole country, considering those provinces with
natural conditions for livestock development. In relation to poultry development it was
assumed that this activity would be revitalised in those provinces where, in the recent past, a
certain level of development had been reached. The annual growth of cattle was assumed to
be 3%, while the annual growth of pigs, sheep and goats was assumed to be 4%. The same
annual growth was assumed for poultry. The AGRODOK Series recommendations were
used for daily consumptions of water for cattle, pigs, sheep and goats was taken by. The
Department of Animal Production of the National Directorate for Livestock recommendations
were used for daily consumptions of water for poultry.

The sum of water volumes for irrigation and water volumes for animal watering was assumed
to be the total of water demand for the Agriculture sector.

For estimation of the consumptive water use in the domestic water supply sector, water use
estimates and projections were developed on a per capita basis and applied to the
population estimates. The methodology of this process is described in Chapter 6. The
information in the existing water master plans for towns in Angola were used in this analysis.

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1.2.7 Establishment of criteria and recommendations for future water resources and water
use and demand assessment activities
Key to the establishment of criteria and the formulation of outline plans for maintaining and
developing water resources and water use assessments is the system sustainability. It was
realised at an early stage that the capacity of DNA in this respect is limited, as were the
resources available to this project. Consequently focus was put on developing and handing
over a system that could easily be used and updated for water resources, as well as a
system that could be useful in DNA’s other activities. The resulting Water Resources and
Water User database and tools chosen are therefore based on the GIS system that can be
easily adapted to almost any other use, and is well known in Angola, being used by NGO’s in
de-mining activities, the oil industry etc.

Focus was also placed on the identification of bottlenecks and gaps in the assessments due
to lack of data or lack of institutional cooperation, which is addressed in the final chapter of
this report, where recommendations for the dissemination of information and involvement of
stakeholders in the further development of the assessments are given.

1.3 Water Resources/GIS Software and Database Tools Applied

The available hydrometeorological, meteorological and other types of data for use as input to
the system are detailed in some areas and sparse or non-existent in other areas of the
country. The most appropriate and sustainable methodology for establishing the water
resources and water use database with such constraints was to implement an Arc-GIS
database system for the entire country. The database system is raster based and the entire
country is broken down into rectangular units or rasters, their size depending on the data
availability for each type of data (for example with 1 km raster for rainfall data). Each data
type could then be represented by one layer of rasters and the different data layers
combined using mathematical algorithms to arrive at the desired data sets for use in the
water resources and water use assessment.

The advantage of this system is its flexibility in that it can easily be extended or updated as
new data becomes available. In addition DNA has been provided with a powerful and useful
Arc-GIS software tool which will undoubtedly also be found useful in its other activities and
projects. In order to obtain maximum benefit from this system a dedicated plotter for
producing large-scale printouts and visualisations from the system is advisable.
Consequently the Consultant has used funds from its budget for office equipment to provide
such an A1 size plotter to DNA.

Recommendations have been made to immediately follow up the assessment by a

stakeholder seminar in Luanda, in which the GIS database and the assessment report can
be presented to key stakeholders. Such a venue would encourage the further use and
development of the assessments achieved during this study.

1.4 Acknowledgements
The Consultants would like to take this opportunity to extend their appreciation and thanks to
the management and staff of DNA and the Ministry of Energy and Water, without whose
support this assessment would not have been possible. DNA has been the vital link between
the Consultants and the stakeholders and sources of information and data in the water
resources and water use sector in Angola, and has been facilitator in the stakeholder
meetings held.

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Furthermore, we thank the numerous officials and staff of the many ministries, directorates,
government bodies and institutions as well as non-government institutions and organisations
who have so enthusiastically supported our enquiries during the assessment.

Last but not least, we extend our gratitude to the NVE long-term Hydrological Adviser to DNA
(the NAWASMA project) for considerable support in helping to overcome day-to-day logistics
and other challenges during the assessment, to the Royal Norwegian Embassy in Luanda for
provision of seminar facilities and other valuable support, and to the numerous individuals,
both Angolan and foreign, who have provided invaluable information and background
knowledge to the assessment team.

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2. RENEWABLE WATER RESOURCES ASSESSMENT

2.1 Geography of Angola

The Republic of Angola covers an area of 1,246,700 km2, lying between latitudes 4° 22´ and
18° 02´ S and longitudes 11° 41´ and 24° 05´ E. Wi th the exception of the enclave of
Cabinda, the country forms a square with sides about 1,250 km long, touching the Atlantic
Ocean on the west (giving a total coastline of about 1 600 km) and bordering the Democratic
Republic of the Congo on the north and north-east, Zambia on the east, and Namibia on the
south. The Cabinda enclave covers 7,200 km2 north of the mouth of the Congo (or Zaïre)
River.

The following four major geographic regions can be distinguished:

• The coastal plain, also found in the west of Cabinda, with a width varying from 25 km in
the south to 100 to 200 km in the north.
• The central highlands with an average height between 1000 and 1300 m, covering almost
two-thirds of the country. They are dominated by several mountain chains forming a
crescent lying in a roughly southwest to northeast direction and including the Serra Moco,
the highest point in the country (2620 m). This region is one of the main sources of water
for southern Africa.
• The northern foothills of the highlands toward the Congo basin, north of latitude 10° S,
where most of the country’s closed forests are found, the remainder being located in
eastern Cabinda.
• The eastern and southern foothills of the highlands towards the central depression of
southern Africa and the Kalahari basin.

Most of Angola’s rivers rise in the central mountains and drain either to the Atlantic Ocean or
the Congo River, but those in the southeast drain to the Okavango swamps in Botswana.

The climate is generally tropical in type, tempered by sea and altitude, but it does vary
considerably depending on latitude, as well as the effects of the cold Benguela current along
the coast. Rainfall reaches 1800 mm and more in inland Cabinda and decreases rapidly
along the coast, dropping to under 100 mm in the south (Namibe province). It is over
1500 mm in the highest parts of the highlands, especially in Huambo, Lunda and Uige
provinces. The wet season lasts from October to May. Temperatures in the coastal plain
region average about 21 °C in January and about 16 °C in June. The central plateau is
cooler.

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2.2 Renewable Water Resources Assessment of Angolan Catchments using GIS

2.2.1 Introduction
Angola has a rich and diversified hydrological basin. The annual drainage is calculated as
some 140 km3 and is among the highest in southern Africa. There are 77 hydrological basins
forming five main drainage areas: the Atlantic with 41% of the surface of the country, Zaire
(Congo) with 22%, Zambezi with 18%, Okavango with 12% and Etosha with 4%. Lakes and
lagoons are relatively few in number, covering a small area of land of approximately
5,500 km2.

Figure 2.2.1 Main Drainage Areas of Angola

The mean annual rainfall in Angola is calculated as some 1014 mm, but exhibits great
differences in spatial distribution. Along the southwestern coast, in the Namibe region, the
mean annual precipitation is at its lowest with around 50 mm a year. The coastal region has
a gradually increasing annual precipitation northwards and from the coastal areas and inland.
The central highlands have an annual precipitation of approximately 1300 to 1400 mm and
the highest precipitation is to be found in the northeastern part of the country, in the province
of Lunda Norte, with approximately 1600 mm. The hydrology in Angola will generally reflect
these precipitation patterns.

The use of a Geographical Information System (GIS) was considered the best tool to
incorporate and validate existing data from various sources, either local Angolan data or
global or regional datasets. These datasets were then used as a basis to compute and
generate a surface runoff map for Angola. The basic model, the data and datasets used,
and the computation and generation of the Angolan runoff map are described in the following
sections.

The software used in this study is ArcGis 9.0 combined with the Spatial Analyst and
3D Analyst modules from ESRI Inc. All datasets compiled, used and generated for this study
are briefly described, either in the following chapters or in the appendices, and have been

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delivered to DNA. A licence for the software has been purchased and delivered to DNA and
training has been undertaken during the entire project.

2.2.2 Hydrological Cycle and Water Balance

The hydrologic cycle begins with the evaporation
of water from the surface of the ocean. As moist
air is lifted, it cools and water vapour condenses
to form clouds. Moisture is transported around
the globe until it returns to the surface as
precipitation. Once the water reaches the
ground, several processes may occur; some of
the water may evaporate back into the
atmosphere, vegetation uses some of the water
in the process of photosynthesis and releases
water back to the atmosphere as transpiration,
water may runoff on the surface and into rivers and streams or water may penetrate the
surface and become groundwater. Groundwater either seeps its way to the oceans, rivers,
and streams, or is released back into the atmosphere through vegetation and transpiration.
The balance of water that remains on the earth's surface is runoff, which empties into lakes,
rivers and streams and is carried back to the oceans, where the cycle begins again.

This is the general outline of the hydrological cycle. Calculating the water balance in depth
means to have the full and complete accounts for amounts of water in different components
of the hydrological cycle and the parameters that govern it. This is an almost impossible task
in large-scale studies because several of the parameters are rarely measured and some of
the processes are extremely difficult to model even in experiment setups.

2.2.3 The Water Balance Approach

The water balance equation is a modelling framework for simplifying, describing and
quantifying the ‘hydrological budget’ of water exchanges in a region or catchment.
Ultimately, it is regional climate that determines the amount of water in an area. Most
obviously, this depends on precipitation inputs as well as other factors and processes
including variations in surface temperatures which control evapotranspiration rates, amount
and timing of runoff, vegetation cover, etc.

Water in the hydrological system must obey the law of conservation of mass. As such, the
water balance equation is essentially a conservation equation that accounts for all water
(mass) in a region and can be expressed verbally as:

“The amount of water entering a control volume during a defined time period (inflow, I),
minus the amount leaving the volume during the time period (discharge, Qrunoff), equals the
change in the amount of water stored ( S) in the volume during that time period.”

Or in basic form (1):

(Inflow, I) – Qrunoff = S (1)

In this part of the study, the main goal has been to produce a runoff map for Angola and its
sub-basins. For such use, the evaporation, transpiration and groundwater seepage are not
taken into account explicitly. Instead they are taken into account implicitly by the use of

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runoff coefficients. The change of mass, S, is considered as 0, during the completion of a

year.

2.2.3.1 Discharge (Qrunoff)

In general, discharge (Qrunoff) can be calculated in several ways, one of these is by means of
a soil water balance, and another by means of runoff coefficients. Calculating runoff by
means of a soil water balance is a conceptual way of calculating runoff while runoff
coefficients are obtained by comparing river discharges with precipitation statistics. For a
basic soil water balance, it is necessary to have information on the following parameters:

• Precipitation a monthly basis or preferably at shorter intervals

• Actual evapotranspiration with the same time interval as precipitation
• Soil water storage capacity.

For more advanced soil water balances, information is also necessary on other parameters
such as:

• Seepage from / to the groundwater in the saturated zone

• Land use
• Advanced soil characteristics (e.g. soil conductivity and soil moisture content at
different pressure heads), necessary to calculate the water balance of the
unsaturated zone.

At small scale and without data available for the whole of Angola, it was considered
extremely difficult and outside the resources and timeframe of this assessment to
parameterise a soil water balance. Consequently it was decided to calculate runoff using a
runoff coefficient. Calculation of runoff by means of a runoff coefficient can be done
according to equation (2):

Qrunoff = r*P (2)

where:

Qrunoff = runoff discharge

r = runoff coefficient
P = Precipitation

Runoff coefficients have previously been mapped for the whole world and are published on a
scale of 1:20,000,000 in the Atlas of World Water Balance (1974, 1977). Data in this atlas
has not been digitised, and is also very coarse and calculated for large basins.

These runoff coefficients are shown in Figure 2.2.2 and give a suggestion of what ratios one
may expect in this area. The figures marked in yellow on the left are interior values; the ones
on the right are coastal values. To get a better estimate for Angola, these ratios were
calculated for those Angolan hydrometric basins with sufficient hydrological records. This is
further described in Chapter 2.2.8.

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Figure 2.2.2 Runoff/Precipitation Ratio (%), Atlas of World Water Balance (1974, 1977)

Applying these calculated runoff coefficients to precipitation figures (described further in

Chapter 2.2.6), according to equation (2) yielded the mean annual runoff per catchment,
presented in Chapter 12.

2.2.3.2 Inflow,I
The inflow to each sub basin is composed of two elements: inflow from the upstream basin
and precipitation falling in the basin.

I = Qinflow + r * P (3)

Under natural circumstances rivers cannot cross catchment boundaries. In some

catchments, however water may not only flow in a natural direction but can also be artificially
redirected through canals/tunnels towards other areas to be used for irrigation, industrial use
etc. Detailed information on this for Angola has not been available and is considered
negligible in this study.

The water balance of the most upstream catchments will therefore only be composed of
precipitation in the basin, Qinflow is zero. A value is obtained for Qrunoff, this value is equal to
Qinflow of the catchment immediately downstream of these upstream catchments.

2.2.4 Delineation of sub-basins within Angola

The water balance is calculated not for Angola as a whole but for 77 hydrological sub basins
within the 5 major drainage areas in Angola.

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2.2.4.1 Division of Hydrological Sub-basins Within Angola

The nomenclature and short description of 77 hydrological sub basins in Angola was
obtained from a follow up of conference notes from the 1961 conference1 in Nairobi. The
drainage basins should incorporate all rivers over 50 km in length.

The nomenclature follows three divisions of order:

(i) Primary Division is the Midwestern Africa area.

(ii) Secondary Division is the division in major drainage areas shown in Chapter 2.2.1.
(iii) Tertiary Division is a consecutive number from 1 to 77 within these divisions.

Table 2.2.1 gives the numbering and names of the sub basins in Angola.

Table 2.2.1 Division of Hydrological Sub Basins in Angola

Primary Secondary Tertiary Major Basin
Division Division Division Basin Name
4 40 1 S.W.Coast Lubinda
4 40 2 S.W.Coast Chiloango
4 40 3 S.W.Coast Lulondo
4 40 4 S.W.Coast Lucula
4 43 5 Zaïre / Congo Zaire
4 60 6 S.W.Coast Zombo
4 60 7 S.W.Coast Luela
4 60 8 S.W.Coast Lucolo
4 60 9 S.W.Coast Sange
4 60 10 S.W.Coast Lucunga
4 60 11 S.W.Coast M'Bridge
4 60 12 S.W.Coast Sembo
4 60 13 S.W.Coast Loge
4 60 14 S.W.Coast Uezo
4 60 15 S.W.Coast Onzo
4 60 16 S.W.Coast Lifune
4 60 17 S.W.Coast Dande
4 60 18 S.W.Coast Bengo
4 60 19 S.W.Coast Cuanza
4 60 20 S.W.Coast Perdizes
4 60 21 S.W.Coast Sangando
4 60 22 S.W.Coast Cabo Ledo
4 60 23 S.W.Coast Mengueje
4 60 24 S.W.Coast Tanda
4 60 25 S.W.Coast Longa
4 60 26 S.W.Coast Cutanga
4 60 27 S.W.Coast Quiteta
4 60 28 S.W.Coast Catata
4 60 29 S.W.Coast Tortombo
4 60 30 S.W.Coast Queve
4 60 31 S.W.Coast N'Gunza
4 60 32 S.W.Coast Quicombo
4 60 33 S.W.Coast Dui
4 60 34 S.W.Coast Evale
4 60 35 S.W.Coast Balombo
4 60 36 S.W.Coast Cuhula

1
“Conference Interafricaine Sur L’hydrologie”, Nairobi, 1961; Ordençáo das bacias hidrográficas de
Angola e das estacaos hidrometricas nelas estabelecidas.

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Primary Secondary Tertiary Major Basin

Division Division Division Basin Name
4 60 37 S.W.Coast Cubal Da Hanha
4 60 38 S.W.Coast Catumbela
4 60 39 S.W.Coast Cavaco
4 60 40 S.W.Coast Curinge
4 60 41 S.W.Coast Uche
4 60 42 S.W.Coast Mormolo
4 60 43 S.W.Coast Pima
4 60 44 S.W.Coast Ndungo
4 60 45 S.W.Coast Calumbolo
4 60 46 S.W.Coast Coporolo
4 60 47 S.W.Coast Nhime
4 60 48 S.W.Coast Lua
4 60 49 S.W.Coast Equimina
4 60 50 S.W.Coast Chamanga
4 60 51 S.W.Coast Calongolo
4 60 52 S.W.Coast Lucipo
4 60 53 S.W.Coast Catara
4 60 54 S.W.Coast Cangala
4 60 55 S.W.Coast Capim
4 60 56 S.W.Coast Chileva
4 60 57 S.W.Coast Carunjamba
4 60 58 S.W.Coast Inamagando
4 60 59 S.W.Coast Mapungo
4 60 60 S.W.Coast Bentiaba
4 60 61 S.W.Coast Salgada
4 60 62 S.W.Coast Chilulo/Chapéu Armado
4 60 63 S.W.Coast Caniço
4 60 64 S.W.Coast Mutiambo
4 60 65 S.W.Coast Muchimanda
4 60 66 S.W.Coast Giraul
4 60 67 S.W.Coast Bero
4 60 68 S.W.Coast Changulo
4 60 69 S.W.Coast Subida Grande
4 60 70 S.W.Coast Metere
4 60 71 S.W.Coast Flamingos
4 60 72 S.W.Coast Curoca
4 60 73 S.W.Coast Cunene
4 62 74 Zambezi Zambeze
4 63 75 Okavango Cubango
4 63 76 Zambezi Cuando
4 63 77 Etosha pan Cuvelai

Digital or even analogue map based delineations of these catchments was not possible to
obtain through sources in Angola or elsewhere. Delineation was thus carried out as part of
the assessment.

2.2.4.2 Topographic Base Map as Basis for Delineation of Sub-basins

Doing basin delineation on a large scale with paper maps is a time consuming affair. With
the use of GIS systems this process can be completed in a much shorter time period. Until
recently good digital maps of Africa with sufficient information to generate a digital elevation
model (DEM) for use in the delineation process were almost impossible to obtain. This is
either because the areas have not been properly charted or because information was
classified due to military reasons.

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During an American NASA space shuttle mission in February 2000, this lack of data was
greatly reduced. In the space of a few days 80% of the world’s total landmass was mapped
with Synthetic aperture radars to generate a near-global digital elevation model (DEM) of the
Earth using radar interferometry. In the following we give a short description of the
methodology and data produced during the assessment, a more detailed reference is given
in the appendices.

The targeted landmass consisted of all land between 56 degrees south and 60 degrees north
latitude, which comprises almost exactly 80% of the total landmass of the planet.

SRTM data are delivered in individual rasterized cells, or tiles, each covering one degree by
one degree in latitude and longitude. Sample spacing for individual data points outside of US
territory is 3 arc-seconds, referred to as SRTM-3. Since one arc-second at the equator
corresponds to roughly 30 m in horizontal extent, the sets are sometimes referred to as "90
meter" data.

All elevations are in metres referenced to the WGS84 geoid. No editing has been performed
on the data, and the elevation data in particular contain numerous voids and other spurious
points such as anomalously high (spike) or low (well) values. Water bodies will generally not
be well-defined - in fact since water surfaces generally produce very low radar backscatter
they will appear quite "noisy" or rough, in the elevation data. Similarly, coastlines will not be
well-defined.

NASA released the SRTM data set for the African continent, plus
the Arabian Peninsula, the Persian Gulf area, and the island of
Madagascar during spring 2004. This data set represents almost
a quarter of the data collected during the mission, and follows
similar releases for North and South America and Eurasia.

As with the other SRTM data for regions outside the United
States, the Africa set is sampled at 3 arc-seconds, which is
1/1200 th of a degree of latitude and longitude, or about 90 m
(295 feet).

Because of persistent cloud cover or inhospitable terrain, Africa has been one of the most
poorly mapped regions of the planet. Thus the SRTM data reveal, in most areas for the first
time, an enormous diversity of landforms including the deserts and mountains of the north,
the tropical forests and rift valley of central Africa, and the plateaus and coastal plains of the
south.

2.2.4.3 Delineating Angolas Hydrological Basins

Using this digital elevation model (DEM) from the SRTM mission together with the
hydrographic features obtained from the DCW2 data set, the delineation was done by
digitising along the catchment boundaries as shown in Figure 2.2.3. The use of hill-shade
gives a three-dimensional effect that makes such delineation easier.

2
The Digital Chart of the World contains data for the world at a scale of 1:1,000,000. There are various thematic
layers including: political/oceans, populated places, roads, railroads, utilities, drainage, hypsography (elevation),
land cover, ocean features, aeronautical, cultural landmarks, transportation structure, and vegetation. More detail
of these datasets is given in the appendix.

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Figure 2.2.3 Basin Boundary Delineation with use of 3D Hill Shade Topographic Effects

In total, 77 drainage basins were delineated, out of which 70 are totally within the borders of
Angola. Figure 2.2.4 shows the drainage basins in different zooming levels or detail.

For later use we recommend that DNA also digitise and delineate the sub-basins of the
basins that are not completely contained within Angola’s borders. This should be done to
ease the calculations of water balance for smaller areas and/or sub basins within these often
large basins.

In this assessment, delineation of basins and calculation of water balance has been carried
out for the original 77 basins.

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Figure 2.2.4 Angolan Drainage Basins in Various Degrees of Detail

It should also be mentioned that with the use of GIS software this process of delineation can
be done in an automatic and mathematical way. Such an approach could not, however, be
applied in the rapid assessment partly because:

1) The size of the original digital elevation model (DEM) (496 Mb) requires extremely
powerful PC’s to be done in a reasonable amount of time.
2) The calculations are prone to errors in areas where differences in height are minimal.
3) The output of the model has to be revised to check for these errors. Such revision is
time consuming, compared to the relative ease with which experienced hydrologists
can do this kind of work.
Earlier experience with the use of such modelling and a comparative check of the results of
the automatic delineation of the Africa Basins in the Hydro1K dataset confirmed this decision.
However a short description of the method is given here for future reference.

The method used to delineate the basins is described by Maidment et al. (1997). The basis
upon which the sub-basins are delineated is a digital elevation model (DEM) of reasonable
resolution, the smaller the catchments, the more the detail required in the DEM. Delineation
of catchments from a digital elevation model (DEM) can be done in the GRID-package of the
Geographical Information System (GIS) software Arc-INFO or in the hydrology module of the
Spatial Analyst extension of ArcGIS 9.0 as follows:

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• The digital elevation model (DEM) is checked for the occurrence of fictitious "pits" due to
minor errors in the DEM;
• The depressions which are regarded as mistakes are filled to a corrected digital elevation
model (filled DEM);
• From this filled DEM the flow direction of each cell of the model is identified;
• Given the flow direction of each cell, flow accumulation is calculated, it indicates for each
cell how many cells are situated upstream of this cell;
• Whenever the flow accumulation of a certain cell exceeds a user defined threshold value,
the cell is regarded as part of a stream, if the threshold value chosen is to be 500 square
kilometres; this means that the automatically delineated catchments are generally larger
than 500 square kilometres.

After automatic delineation of the catchments, the resulting map should be compared to the
stream pattern derived from either the local map data or some international dataset such as
the Digital Chart of the World (DCW). As natural streams cannot cross boundaries of
catchments, the automatically generated catchment map has to be corrected manually.
Unfortunately, the DCW does not differentiate between natural flowing rivers and dug canals.
In contrast to rivers, canals can cross borders of catchments. Therefore other sources of
information such as the Times Atlas of the World can be used to differentiate artificial flows
from natural flows in the flow pattern of the DCW. At this point, the automatically delineated
catchments must be corrected manually to match the natural flow pattern. After corrections a
final map with catchments is obtained.

2.2.5 Hydrological measurements

Besides drainage basins and their subsequent area values, both hydrological information
and measurements of precipitation are necessary to calculate the aforementioned runoff
coefficients.

No global or regional datasets are however available with the necessary resolution and detail
needed for use in the drainage basins. Discharge from the hydrometric basins must
therefore be calculated from local data.

A Hydrometric network existed in Angola earlier. In 1975 it comprised of 189 stations, which
assured the gathering of a hydrometric database. With the war the hydrometric net was
almost totally destroyed and inaccessible.

The “National Water Sector Management” (NAWASMA) project, carried out since 2002 as an
Institutional Co-operation between the Angolan National Directorate of Water, DNA (Direcção
Nacional de Águas) and the Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate, NVE, has
been carefully reconstructing and quality checking the hydrometric data from the pre-war
period. Some stations have been reconstructed and their operation resumed.
Reports generated from this reconstructed database show that the period from 1960/1965 to
1975 is suitable to describe the Angolan data (Bjøru, 2003).

To use the discharge data directly into the GIS system to generate a runoff map of Angola at
least three parameters had to exist for the data in the Hydata database generated by the
NAWASMA project:

• Annual discharge data

• Location of measurement points
• Upstream area of measurement points

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All three parameters seemed in general to be existence in the database, but the first plotting
showed that there were clearly some errors in the two latter parameters; location and area.

It was also clear that even with the use of measurements from every location large areas of
Angola would still not be covered by hydrometric measurements. This became even clearer
with the use of the selected hydrometric stations as shown in Figure 2.2.5.

Figure 2.2.5 Hydrometric Stations in Angola.

(Red dots are selected stations for use in the study.)

The only dataset with complete coverage of Angola was the precipitation coverage, and
hence the reason for using calculation of runoff coefficients. Spatial distribution of this runoff
parameter could then be utilized together with the precipitation coverage to calculate specific
discharge for the whole of Angola.

DNA supplied the project with data from a selected range of hydrometric stations (99). Data
from these stations was considered of good quality and of sufficient length of data series to
make a standardized year. In addition, data from four Namibian hydrometric stations was
supplied.

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The hydrometric stations were plotted and clearly erroneous locations were corrected with
the assistance of DNA staff. For all hydrometric stations, monthly and annual average
values for the longest possible time period were calculated. For most data series this was
the period 1967 to 1974. Some stations have longer periods of data and some shorter. In
order to have a reasonable amount of hydrometric stations to use in the generation of a
runoff map, it was necessary to use most of the data and not only the periods where all
stations had overlapping data periods. If this were to be done, too few stations would have
been left for the analysis. During this process some hydrometric stations were omitted due
to too short a period of time. For the remaining stations annual specific discharge
(litres*km²/sec) was calculated and plotted in the GIS system.

An analysis of the distribution of values for specific discharge showed that there were clearly
some errors in the area values of the data. To still be able to make use of the data, these
area values had to be corrected and new values for specific discharge calculated. The only
way to obtain this was to start delineating the catchments of the hydrometric stations. In all,
93 catchments containing hydrometric stations were delineated and the areas were
calculated during this process. Comparison with the area values given from the Hydata
database records is given in Table 2.2.2. The delineated catchments are shown in
Figure 2.2.6.

Area data from the hydrological database in relation to the calculated area data from the
delineation of drainage basins for the selected hydrometric stations, shows for several
stations a great deal of inaccuracy. This caused the problems with calculation of correct area
specific discharge values for use in the generating of runoff map. The values were corrected
and new values for specific discharge were calculated and plotted together with their
corresponding catchment area. This gave a seemingly more correct result.

Figure 2.2.6 Delineated Catchments with Hydrometric Measurement Stations

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Table 2.2.2 Comparison of Calculated Area Values from GIS System to Hydata Database
Records
2 2
STATION HYDROMETRIC STATION NAME AREA IN KM AREA IN KM DIFFERENCE DIFFERENCE
2
NUMBER FROM HYDATA FROM GIS KM %
DATABASE DELINEATION
400401 N'HAMA - LUCOLA - 354 357 -3 -0.8 %
CABINDA
430501 ZAIRE - CHIUMBE - DALA 2100 2136 -36 -1.7 %
430502 ZAIRE - CHICAPA - SAURIMO 6250 5792 458 7.9 %
430503 ZAIRE - CASSAI - PONTE 5400 6920 -1520 -22.0 %
430504 ZAIRE - CUILO - PONTE 1400 1446 -46 -3.2 %
601101 M'BRIDGE - LOA - FAZENDA 484 518 -34 -6.6 %
LOA
601701 DANDE - PORTO QUIPIRI 10660 10902 -242 -2.2 %
601804 BENGO - CABIRI 8053 10016 -1963 -19.6 %
601806 BENGO - LALAMA 6364 7572 -1208 -16.0 %
601906 CUANZA - CAUISSO 62790 61175 1615 2.6 %
601908 CUANZA - CAMBAMBE 121470 115658 5812 5.0 %
601913 CUANZA - LUCALA - 4140 4248 -108 -2.5 %
CATECO CANGOLA
601916 CUANZA - CUNHINGA - 996 1009 -13 -1.3 %
CAPEIO
601917 CUANZA - CUTATO - 7033 7936 -903 -11.4 %
CUTATO ANDULO
601920 CUANZA - CUQUEMA - 941 968 -27 -2.8 %
CHAVAIA
601921 CUANZA - CUQUEMA - 8202 8913 -711 -8.0 %
CHIMBUNDE
601929 CUANZA - GANGO - GANGO 2691 2737 -46 -1.7 %
601930 CUANZA - LUCALA - Km 34 25290 22619 2671 11.8 %
601931 CUANZA - LUCALA - LUCALA 19450 15748 3702 23.5 %
601935 CUANZA - LUANDO - 29290 27776 1514 5.5 %
LUCUNGA
601942 CUANZA - N'HAREA 38270 35679 2591 7.3 %
601943 CUANZA - CUNJE - 942 958 -16 -1.7 %
CATABOLA
601944 CUANZA - CANGANDALA 96740 93169 3571 3.8 %
601946 CUANZA - CUIJE - PONTE 3200 3777 -577 -15.3 %
DO CUIJE
601951 CUANZA - LUCALA – 15000 11656 3344 28.7 %
P.VIEIRA MACHADO
601953 CUANZA - LUCALA - PONTE 23270 20208 3062 15.2 %
PINHEIRO CHAGAS
601954 CUANZA - COQUEMA - 5943 5987 -44 -0.7 %
PONTE DA CAMBANDUA
601955 CUANZA - QUISSAQUINA 116400 111279 5121 4.6 %
601956 CUANZA - CUNE - QUEDAS 1007 1014 -7 -0.7 %
DO LAU LAU
601957 CUANZA - CUTATO - 2909 2982 -73 -2.4 %
QUEDAS
601958 CUANZA - JOMBO - RIMBA 5150 5573 -423 -7.6 %
LUQUEMBO
602501 LONGA - NHIA - BUIA 1264 1240 24 2.0 %
602503 LONGA - CARIANGO 2610 2573 37 1.4 %
602506 LONGA - QUISSUCA 6332 6300 32 0.5 %
602508 LONGA - CATOFE - FABRICA 3676 868 2808 323.7 %
603001 QUEVE - ALTO HAMA 2887 4577 -1690 -36.9 %
603003 QUEVE - CAIOVOLE 9887 9407 480 5.1 %

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 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
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2 2
STATION HYDROMETRIC STATION NAME AREA IN KM AREA IN KM DIFFERENCE DIFFERENCE
2
NUMBER FROM HYDATA FROM GIS KM %
DATABASE DELINEATION
603004 QUEVE - CACHOEIRAS DA 20352 20077 275 1.4 %
BINGA
603006 QUEVE - CUCHEN - CATATO 789 934 -145 -15.6 %
603008 QUEVE - COVELE - GONGO 727 686 41 6.0 %
603009 QUEVE - GINGA 18304 18341 -37 -0.2 %
603016 QUEVE - CUVIRA - 372 322 50 15.6 %
TRANGALA
603101 N'GUNZA - GANJA 1176 1055 121 11.4 %
603201 QUICOMBO - CATANDA 3473 3156 317 10.0 %
603202 QUICOMBO - QUICOMBO 5581 5668 -87 -1.5 %
603501 BALOMBO - CAPECO 871 881 -10 -1.1 %
603502 BALOMBO - CANJALA 3842 3689 153 4.2 %
603701 CUBAL DA HANHA - HANHA 2119 2602 -483 -18.6 %
603801 CATUMBELA - BIOPIO 15829 15802 27 0.2 %
603802 CATUMBELA - CAIAVE 14982 14874 108 0.7 %
603803 CATUMBELA - CUIVA - 3157 3266 -109 -3.3 %
CUIVA
603804 CATUMBELA - CUBAL DA 3653 3809 -156 -4.1 %
HANHA - CUBAL
603806 CATUMBELA - CHICUMA 2128 2122 6 0.3 %
603807 CATUMBELA - LUPOMBA 3424 3397 27 0.8 %
603808 CATUMBELA - LOMAUM 8296 8270 26 0.3 %
607202 CUROCA - PEDIVA 1 11456 -11455 -100.0 %
607303 CUNENE - CACULUVAR - 8063 7827 236 3.0 %
COVA DO LEAO
607304 CUNENE - COLUI - 4510 4527 -17 -0.4 %
CATEMBULO
607308 CUNENE - IACAVALA 86188 87038 -850 -1.0 %
607310 CUNENE - CALAI - 837 842 -5 -0.6 %
CHISSOLA
607312 CUNENE - GOVE I 4811 4623 188 4.1 %
607314 CUNENE - JAMBA IA HOMA 8637 8599 38 0.4 %
607315 CUNENE - JAMBA IA MINA 13817 13767 50 0.4 %
607316 CUNENE - LUCEQUE 18849 22588 -3739 -16.6 %
607317 CUNENE - CUANDO - 1480 1435 45 3.2 %
LUCUNDE
607320 CUNENE - MATUNTO 41034 41102 -68 -0.2 %
607322 CUNENE - XANGONGO 53254 53648 -394 -0.7 %
607324 CUNENE - VILA FOLGARES 35636 35510 126 0.4 %
607345 CUNENE - CUNHANGAMUA - 537 610 -73 -12.0 %
GONGOINGA
627401 ZAMBEZE - LUMEGE - 1044 1077 -33 -3.1 %
CANHANGUE
627402 ZAMBEZE - LUENA - 2970 3149 -179 -5.7 %
CHAFINDA
637501 CUBANGO - CAIUNDO 38650 38210 440 1.2 %
637503 CUBANGO - CUEBE - 10020 10088 -68 -0.7 %
CAPICO
637504 CUBANGO - CACUCHI - 262 2685 -2423 -90.2 %
CAMUE
637505 CUBANGO - CUTATO - 3720 3692 28 0.8 %
CUTATO
637506 CUBANGO - CUCHI - CUCHI 9430 9205 225 2.4 %
637507 CUBANGO - CUITO - 27100 26093 1007 3.9 %
CUANAVALE

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 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
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2 2
STATION HYDROMETRIC STATION NAME AREA IN KM AREA IN KM DIFFERENCE DIFFERENCE
2
NUMBER FROM HYDATA FROM GIS KM %
DATABASE DELINEATION
637508 CUBANGO - CHINHAMA 1520 1597 -77 -4.8 %
637509 CUBANGO - CHISSOMBO 71960 71589 371 0.5 %
637510 CUBANGO - CUITO - DIRICO 59170 59785 -615 -1.0 %
637511 CUBANGO - FOZ DO CUATIR 70080 69497 583 0.8 %
637512 CUBANGO - MUCUNDI 50330 50385 -55 -0.1 %
637513 CUBANGO - MUMBA 12570 12634 -64 -0.5 %
637514 CUBANGO - CUELEI - 5230 5814 -584 -10.0 %
MISSAO VELHA
637515 CUBANGO - QUIRIRI - 1770 1941 -171 -8.8 %
PONTE
637516 CUBANGO - SAMBIO 86800 109125 -22325 -20.5 %
637517 CUBANGO - CUEBE - 4520 4548 -28 -0.6 %
NENONGUE
637518 CUBANGO - LUAHUCA - 1100 1000 100 10.0 %
SERPA PINTO
637540 CUBANGO - V.ARTUR PAIVA 7320 7381 -61 -0.8 %

The delineation of the hydrometric catchments made it possible to look at the relative
contribution from each sub-basin for those catchments with successive measurement
stations downstream in the rivers. This gives a better possibility to identify any sub-basins or
hydrometric stations with non-consistent data or errors.

For each sub-basin downstream the discharge was calculated according to (4):

Qsub-basin= Qin - Qout (4)

During this process a few additional hydrometric stations were omitted from the material,
especially due to inconsistency in data periods in upstream or downstream catchments, and
based on a review of the comments made by NVE staff during revision and control of the
database.

In all 79 hydrometric stations were included in the final preparation for the runoff map of
Angola.

2.2.6 Precipitation
Precipitation data was obtained through several sources. Digital data of this type are freely
available in abundance on the Internet due to several major research projects especially
regarding climate change.

Climate data was also available through the governmental organization INAMET who handle
meteorological investigations in Angola. This data was only partly digitised and was for just
15 locations. The precipitation data had some missing years but not in the same magnitude
as the hydrological data. Data from INAMET was digitised and summarized, location of the
measuring points were localized and the data used for verification and control of the
precipitation coverage obtained from WORLDCLIM. The monthly and annual precipitation
data from INAMET is figuratively shown in Table 2.2.3 and the location of the measuring
points in Figure 2.2.7.

A regional precipitation dataset was obtained from WORLDCLIM. (WORLDCLIM is a set of

global climate layers (grids) on a square kilometre grid.) The last version released
(March 2004) is Version 1.2. (Hijmans, R.J., S. Cameron, J. Parra, 2004) The data layers
were generated through interpolation of average monthly climate data from weather stations

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 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
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on a 30 arc-second resolution grid (often referred to as "1 km2" resolution). Variables

included are monthly total precipitation, and monthly mean, minimum and maximum
temperature, and 19 derived bio-climatic variables.

Table 2.2.3 Average Mean and Maximum Monthly and Annual and Average Annual
Precipitation for Measurement Locations obtained from INAMET (All values in
mm)
1000 1000
400 400
900 900
350 350 800 800
300 300 700 700
250 250 600 600
500 500
200 200
400 400
150 150 Luanda 300 300
100 100
200 200
50 50 100 100
0 0 0 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001

mm pr. year standard_year

Max Mean

1400 1400
450 450
400 400 1200 1200
350 350
1000 1000
300 300
250 250 800 800
200 200 600 600
150 150 Lubango 400 400
100 100
50 50 200 200
0 0
0 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001
Max Mean mm pr. year standard_year

1600 1600
500 500
450 450 1400 1400
400 400 1200 1200
350 350
1000 1000
300 300
250 250 800 800
200
150
200
150
Malange 600 600

100 100 400 400

50 50 200 200
0 0
0 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001

Max Mean mm pr. year standard_year

1600 1600
500 500
450 450 1400 1400
400 400 1200 1200
350 350
1000 1000
300 300
250 250 800 800
200 200 Mbanza 600 600
150
100
150
100
Congo 400 400

50 50 200 200
0 0 0 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001

Max Mean mm pr. year standard_year

1800 1800
400 400
1600 1600
350 350
1400 1400
300 300
1200 1200
250 250
1000 1000
200 200
800 800
150 150 Moxico 600 600
100 100
400 400
50 50 200 200
0 0 0 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001

Max Mean mm pr. year standard_year

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 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
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250 250
120 120
225 225
100 100 200 200
175 175
80 80
150 150
60 60 125 125
100 100
40 40 Namibe 75 75
20 20 50 50
25 25
0 0 0 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001

Max Mean mm pr. year standard_year

900 900
450 450
800 800
400 400
350 350 700 700
300 300 600 600
250 250 500 500
200 200 400 400
150 150 Nzeto 300 300
100 100 200 200
50 50 100 100
0 0 0 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001

Max Mean mm pr. year standard_year

1800 1600
450 450
1600 1400
400 400
350 350 1400 1200
300 300 1200
1000
250 250 1000
800
200 200 800
150 150 Saurimo 600
600

100 100 400 400

50 50 200 200
0 0 0 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001

Max Mean mm pr. year standard_year

2200 2200
450 450
2000 2000
400 400
1800 1800
350 350 1600 1600
300 300 1400 1400
250 250 1200 1200
200 200 1000 1000
150 150 Uige 800
600
800
600
100 100
400 400
50 50
200 200
0 0 0 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001

Max Mean mm pr. year standard_year

900 900
600 600
550 550
500 500 750 750
450 450
400 400 600 600
350 350
300 300 450 450
250 250
200 200 Porto Amboim 300 300
150 150
100 100 150 150
50 50
0 0 0 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001

Max Mean mm pr. year standard_year

600 600
350 350

300 300 500 500

250 250 400 400

200 200
300 300
150 150

100 100
Benguela 200 200

50 50 100 100

0 0 0 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001

Max Mean mm pr. year standard_year

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 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
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1800 1800
800 800
1600 1600
700 700
1400 1400
600 600
1200 1200
500 500
1000 1000
400 400
800 800
300 300 Bie 600 600
200 200
400 400
100 100 200 200
0 0 0 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001

Max Mean mm pr. year standard_year

2000 2000
1000 1000
1800 1800
900 900
800 800 1600 1600
700 700 1400 1400
600 600 1200 1200
500 500 1000 1000
400
300
400
300
Cabinda 800
600
800
600
200 200 400 400
100 100 200 200
0 0 0 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001

Max Mean mm pr. year standard_year

2200 2200
550 550
2000 2000
500 500
450 450 1800 1800
400 400 1600 1600
350 350 1400 1400
300 300 1200 1200
250 250 1000 1000
200
150
200
150
Dundo 800 800
600 600
100 100 400 400
50 50 200 200
0 0 0 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001

Max Mean mm pr. year standard_year

2000 2000
450 450
1800 1800
400 400
1600 1600
350 350
1400 1400
300 300
1200 1200
250 250
1000 1000
200 200
150 150 Huambo 800
600
800
600
100 100 400 400
50 50 200 200
0 0 0 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001

Max Mean mm pr. year standard_year

A study of the potential impacts of climate change on freshwater resources in southern Africa
predicts an overall reduction in rainfall, by as much as 10 per cent across the whole sub-
region, and up to 20 per cent in parts of South Africa (WWF 2000). Evaporation rates will
increase by 5–20 per cent, as a result of raised temperatures, which will reduce run-off, and
decrease water security and agricultural potential.

Some stations in the INAMET datasets seem to conform to these results, but we have little
knowledge of other factors behind the data collected by INAMET that may influence
measurement results and trend analysis could not be carried out on these data.

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 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
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Figure 2.2.7 Location of INAMET Precipitation Measurement Stations

The WORLDCLIM interpolated climate layers were made using:

• Major climate databases compiled by the Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN),
the FAO, the WMO, the International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), R-HYdronet,
and a number of additional minor databases for Australia, New Zealand, the Nordic
European Countries, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, amongst others.
• The SRTM 30 arc-minute elevation database.
• The ANUSPLIN software.

For stations for which there were records for multiple years, averages were calculated for the
1960-1990 period. Only records for which there were at least 10 years of data were used. In
some cases the time period was extended to the 1950-2000 period to include records from
areas for which there are few recent records available (e.g., DR Congo), or predominantly
recent records (e.g., Amazonia).

The calculations were started with the data provided by GHCN because of the high quality of
that database. Additional stations were then added from other databases. Many of these
additional databases had mean monthly values without a specification of the time period.
Despite this, these records were also added to obtain the best possible spatial
representation, reasoning that in most cases these records will represent the 1950-2000 time
periods, and that insufficient capture of spatial variation is likely to be a larger source of error
than in high resolution surfaces than effects climatic change during the past 50 years.
Figures 2.2.8, 2.2.9 and 2.2.10 show the spatial distribution of the climate stations for which
data exists.

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 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
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Figure 2.2.8 Locations of Climate Stations with Precipitation Data

Figure 2.2.9 Locations of Climate Stations with Mean Temperature Data

Figure 2.2.10 Locations of Climate Stations with Temperature Data

Temperature data was also obtained from WORLDCLIM, but even if not used primarily in this
project, the GIS files were delivered to the client for use in future development of the
assessment. Comparison of the two datasets from INAMET and WORLDCLIM gave very
promising results. Comparing all points together the sum of differences was just above 2%,

SWECO Grøner AS Page 2-21

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
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and gave no reason to discard the use of the precipitation dataset from WORLDCLIM in
further calculations. The comparison of the measurements and dataset is shown in
Figure 2.2.11 and the country covering dataset from WORLDCLIM is shown in Figure 2.2.12.
This dataset was used for calculating runoff coefficients together with the discharge data
from the selected hydrometric measurement stations.

Figure 2.2.11 Comparison of INAMET Measurements and WORLDCLIM Dataset

1800

1600 INAMET WORLDCLIM

1400

1200

1000
mm
800

600

400

200

0
o

im
o

la

bo
nz ge

ng

o
da

o
rto ig e
ico

nd
ng

im

bo
ib

nd
ue
et

Bi

am
n

Co
an

m
ox

bi
U
ba

ur
a

Nz

Am

Du
ng
al

Na
Lu

Ca
Sa

Hu
M
a
Lu

Be
M
ba

Po
M

Figure 2.2.12 Precipitation in Angola - Data from WORLDCLIM (2004)

SWECO Grøner AS Page 2-22

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
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2.2.7 Potential Evaporation

Point measurements of potential evaporation data were also obtained from INAMET and
plotted together with a countrywide dataset provided by the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) at
the University of East Anglia (UK), made for the Southern Africa FRIEND Phase II project.

Measurements made by INAMET are mostly made using US Class A pans but some stations
use Piche evaporimeters which makes comparison of data difficult.

The other dataset of mean annual and mean monthly potential evaporation data was
estimated by the Penman method, and averaged over the standard period 1961 to 1990.
The gridded values were calculated by applying a spline function to data collected at national
meteorological stations, (Fry et al. 2001) and delivered as a polygon half-degree grid
coverage of Penman potential evaporation data for the SADC region.

Data from INAMET measurement stations is shown figuratively in Table 2.2.4. Comparison
of data from the two sources is shown in Figure 2.2.13 and the gridded dataset in
Figure 2.2.14.

The comparison shows that data from CRU is generally lower (30%) than data from INAMET,
and that both datasets generally show that potential evaporation exceeds or is near yearly
values for precipitation.

Figure 2.2.13 Comparison of Measurements Figure 2.2.14 Mean Annual Potential

from INAMET and CRU Dataset Evaporation (Penman Calculation)

4000

3500 INAMET CRU

3000

2500

mm 2000

1500

1000

500

0
im
o

go
o
e
la

bo

ie)

o
da

nd
ila

ng
gu
nd

bo

im
ng

ib
ue

on
(B
am

an
Hu

ta
m
on

Ku
bi

ur
ala

Am
ng

ng
ala
Na
Lu
ito
Ca

Hu

Sa
en
Be

u
M

Xa
Ku

ak
rto
Nd
M

W
Po

This data was not used in the study because of the choice of estimation method, i.e. the use
of runoff coefficients. The data is, however, valuable in the overall evaluation.

SWECO Grøner AS Page 2-23

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
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Table 2.2.4 Average Mean, Minimum and Maximum Monthly and Annual and Average
Annual Potential Evaporation for Measurement Locations Obtained from
INAMET (All values in mm)
1000 1000
140 140
900 900
120 120 800 800
100 100 700 700
600 600
80 80
500 500
60 60 400 400
40 40
Luanda 300 300

20 20 200 200
100 100
0 0
0 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991

Max Min Mean mm pr. year Standard year

4000 4000
600 600
3500 3500
500 500
3000 3000
400 400 2500 2500

300 300 2000 2000

200 200 Huila 1500 1500

1000 1000
100 100
500 500
0 0 0 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991

Max Min Mean mm pr. year Standard year

1800 1800
300 300
1600 1600
250 250
1400 1400
200 200 1200 1200
1000 1000
150 150
800 800
100 100 Malange 600 600

50 50 400 400
200 200
0 0
0 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991
Max Min Mean mm pr. year Standard year

300 300 2000 2000

1800 1800
250 250 1600 1600
1400 1400
200 200
1200 1200
150 150 Menongue 1000 1000
800 800
100 100 (Very sparse with 600 600
50 50 data, no full years) 400 400
200 200
0 0
0 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991
Max Min Mean mm pr. year Standard year

200 200 1200 1200

180 180
1000 1000
160 160
140 140 800 800
120 120
100 100 600 600
80 80
60 60
Ndalatando 400 400
40 40
20 20 200 200
0 0
0 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991
Max Min Mean mm pr. year Standard year

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 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
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300 300 2200 2200

2000 2000
250 250 1800 1800
1600 1600
200 200 1400 1400
1200 1200
150 150
1000 1000
100 100 Namibe 800 800
600 600
50 50 400 400
200 200
0 0 0 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991

Max Min Mean mm pr. year Standard year

450 450 2800 2800

2600 2600
400 400 2400 2400
350 350 2200 2200
2000 2000
300 300 1800 1800
250 250 1600 1600
1400 1400
200 200 1200 1200
150 150 Waku Kungo 1000
800
1000
800
100 100 600 600
50 50 400 400
200 200
0 0 0 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991

Max Min Mean mm pr. year Standard year

600 600 3000 3000

2800 2800
2600 2600
500 500 2400 2400
2200 2200
400 400 2000 2000
1800 1800
1600 1600
300 300 1400 1400
1200 1200
200 200 Saurimo 1000
800
1000
800
600 600
100 100 400 400
200 200
0 0 0 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991
mm pr. year Standard year
Max Min Mean

500 500 4000 4000

450 450 3500 3500
400 400 3000 3000
350 350
2500 2500
300 300
250 250 2000 2000
200 200 1500 1500
150 150 Xangongo 1000 1000
100 100
500 500
50 50
0 0 0 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991

mm pr. year Standard year

Max Min Mean

180 180 1500 1500

160 160
1200 1200
140 140
120 120
900 900
100 100
80 80 600 600
60 60 Porto Amboim
40 40 300 300
20 20
0 0 0 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991

mm pr. year Standard year

Max Min Mean

180 180 1600 1600

160 160 1400 1400
140 140 1200 1200
120 120 1000 1000
100 100 800 800
80 80
600 600
60 60 Benguela 400 400
40 40
200 200
20 20
0 0
0 0
1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
mm pr. year Standard year
Max Min Mean

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 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
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400 400 2400 2400

2200 2200
350 350 2000 2000
300 300 1800 1800
1600 1600
250 250 1400 1400
200 200 1200 1200
1000 1000
150 150 Kuito (Bie) 800
600
800
600
100 100
400 400
50 50 200 200
0 0 0 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991

mm pr. year Standard year

Max Min Mean

140 140 1400 1400

120 120 1200 1200

100 100 1000 1000

80 80 800 800

60 60 600 600

40 40
Cabinda 400 400

20 20 200 200

0 0 0 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991

mm pr. year Standard year

Max Min Mean

400 400 2600 2600

2400 2400
350 350 2200 2200
2000 2000
300 300
1800 1800
250 250 1600 1600
1400 1400
200 200 1200 1200
1000 1000
150 150
Huambo 800 800
100 100 600 600
400 400
50 50 200 200
0 0 0 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991

Max Min Mean mm pr. year Standard year

2.2.8 Determination of runoff coefficients

Calculation of specific precipitation (l s-1 km-2) was made for the same catchments described
in Chapter 2.2.5 and shown in Figure 2.2.6. Together with the calculated specific discharge
from the same selected catchments, the runoff coefficients for the catchments were
calculated according to equation (5):

r= qrunoff / pspec (5)

where:

r = Runoff coefficient
qrunoff = Specific discharge
Pspec = Specific precipitation

For some areas, especially along the southern coast and the northeastern part of Angola,
some points had to be supplied with estimated values. This was done visually and with the
calculated values from the Atlas of World Water Balance in mind.

2.2.9 Generation of a run off map for Angola

With Angola now “speckled” with polygons and points with calculated runoff coefficients, a
complete coverage was interpolated with the use of a method called inverse distance
weighted interpolation. Inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation determines cell values
using a linearly weighted combination of a set of sample points. The weight is a function of

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inverse distance. The surface being interpolated should be that of a locationally dependent
variable. IDW lets the user control the significance of known points on the interpolated
values, based on their distance from the output point. By defining the higher {power} option,
even more emphasis can be put on the nearest points. Thus, nearby data will have the most
influence, and the surface will have more detail (be less smooth). Specifying a lower value
for power will provide a little more influence to surrounding points a little farther away.

The characteristics of the interpolated surface can also be controlled by limiting the input
points for calculating each interpolated point. The input can be limited by the number of
sample points to be used or by a radius within which there are all points to be used in the
calculation of the interpolated points.

Figure 2.2.15 Runoff Coefficient Map of Angola

This procedure generated complete coverage with runoff coefficients of Angola and to some
extent into bordering countries as shown Figure 2.2.15. By multiplying this coverage with the
specific precipitation cover, a runoff cover of Angola resulted with values as specific runoff
(l s-1 km-2). The entire map is shown in Figure 2.2.16 and in detail for each basin in Angola in
Chapter 12. All generated GIS data have been transferred to DNA.

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Figure 2.2.16 Runoff Map of Angola. Values as Specific Discharge in l s-1 km-2

2.2.10 Check Against Measured Data

Control of calculated runoff values based on the new runoff map against observed values
from measurements at the hydrometric stations gave very good results, with a correlation
coefficient of R² = 0.91. Figure 2.2.17 shows the estimated values plotted against observed
values. There seems to be some slight overestimation when calculation is done on small
catchments. This is considered normal with the use of runoff maps.

Figure 2.2.17 Calculated Values of Runoff Plotted against Observed Values from
Catchments with Hydrometric Stations. (Values in m³/s, observed values on x-axis)

20.0
Estimated
18.0 R2 = 0.91
16.0
14.0
12.0

10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0

2.0
0.0
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

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2.2.11 Runoff Variations Throughout the Year

Annual values of runoff do not always give the information needed to find deficits in the water
balance. Surface water tends not to be evenly distributed in time. Periodic or constant use
of this resource for domestic water use, irrigation etc. can surpass the resource base in
periods of low flow. To find out if there are periods of deficit even though they do not exist on
an annual basis, the estimated annual runoff values for each catchment has to be distributed
in time. Making runoff maps for each month with the use of runoff constants was not
possible. The existence of very dry periods with little or no rain makes this ratio difficult to
establish. As can be seen in Figure 2.2.18, runoff constants for the months with sufficient
rain are fairly constant. In periods of drought, however, this constant goes off the scale.

Figure 2.2.18 Monthly Calculation of Runoff Constants for the Selected Catchments

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

v
r

o
ar

ai
v

z
n

t
ab

ou
ju

se

no
fe

ag

de
ja

ju
m
m

f_
f_
f_

f_

f_

f_

f_

f_
f_

f_

f_
f_

ef
ef
ef

ef

ef

ef

ef

ef
ef

ef

ef
ef

co
co
co

co

co

co

co

co
co

co

co
co

As can be seen in Figure 2.2.19, the runoff varies during the course of a year in a seemingly
similar pattern. Such patterns can be used to distribute in time the calculated annual values
for runoff in each of the Angolan catchments. If possible the use of hydrographs from nearby
hydrometric stations should be used. (The high values in October and November are runoff
in Zambezi that is so high it exceeds the used scale)

Figure 2.2.19 Monthly Runoff in the Selected Catchments (Values in m³/s)

450.0

400.0

350.0

300.0

250.0

200.0

150.0

100.0
50.0

0.0
UT
N

Z
L
N

AR

T
R
V

AI

JU

DE
NO
JU
FE

SE
JA

AG
AB

O
M

ff_
ff_

ff_

ff_
ff_

ff_

ff_

ff_
ff_

ff_
ff_

ff_
no
no

no

no
no

no

no

no
no

no
no

no
Ru
Ru

Ru

Ru
Ru

Ru

Ru

Ru
Ru

Ru
Ru

Ru

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To attain an easy method of such distribution, the percentage of mean annual runoff was
calculated for each month in the runoff series selected for the study and plotted. During this
assessment, the country has been divided into five runoff regimes; Northwestern coast,
southwestern coast, southern area draining into Namibia, Zambezi and the Congo. For each
of these regions, except the southwestern coast, a mean curve of time distribution of runoff
was established. For the southwestern coast, were the rivers run totally dry for long periods
of time, precipitation distribution in time gave this distribution.
The distributions are showed in figuratively and numerically in Figures 2.2.20 to 2.2.24 and in
Tables 2.2.5 to 2.2.9.

Figure 2.2.20 Monthly Percentage of Mean Annual Discharge at the Northwestern Coast

250 %

200 %

150 %

100 %

50 %

0%
UT
N

V
L

Z
N

AR

T
R
V

AI

JU

NO

DE
JU
FE

SE
JA

AG
AB

O
M

ff_
ff_

ff_

ff_
ff_

ff_

ff_

ff_
ff_

ff_
ff_

ff_
no
no

no

no
no

no

no

no
no

no
no

no
Ru
Ru

Ru

Ru
Ru

Ru

Ru

Ru
Ru

Ru
Ru

Ru

Table 2.2.5 Monthly Percentage of Mean Annual Discharge at the Northwestern Coast
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual
135 % 135 % 198 % 195 % 109 % 64 % 48 % 37 % 30 % 43 % 92 % 115 % 100 %

Figure 2.2.21 Monthly Percentage of Mean Annual Discharge at the Southwestern Coast

400 %

350 %

300 %

250 %

200 %

150 %

100 %

50 %

0%
UT
N

V
L

Z
N

AR

O
R

T
V

AI

JU

DE
NO
JU
FE

SE
JA

AG
AB

O
M

f f_
ff_

ff_

ff_
ff_

ff_

ff_

ff_
f f_

f f_
ff_

ff_
no
no

no

no
no

no

no

no
no

no
no

no
Ru
Ru

Ru

Ru
Ru

Ru

Ru

Ru
Ru

Ru
Ru

Ru

Table 2.2.6 Monthly Percentage of Mean Annual Discharge at the Southwestern Coast
Jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec Annual
155 % 166 % 233 % 212 % 87 % 59 % 48 % 38 % 31 % 32 % 48 % 89 % 100 %

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Figure 2.2.22 Monthly Percentage of Mean Annual Discharge draining into Namibia.

300 %

250 %

200 %

150 %

100 %

50 %

0%

Z
N

UT
T

V
AR

AI

O
R
V

JU

DE
SE
JU

NO
JA

FE

AB

AG
M

O
M

ff_
ff_

ff_

ff_

ff_

ff_
ff_

ff_
ff_

ff_
ff_

ff_
no
no

no

no

no

no
no

no
no

no
no

no
Ru
Ru

Ru

Ru

Ru

Ru
Ru

Ru
Ru

Ru
Ru

Ru
Table 2.2.7 Monthly Percentage of Mean Annual Discharge draining into Namibia
Jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec Annual
160 % 177 % 199 % 169 % 96 % 68 % 59 % 50 % 41 % 40 % 53 % 88 % 100 %

Figure 2.2.23 Monthly Percentage of Mean Annual Discharge in Upper and Lower Zambezi

300 %

250 %

200 %

150 %

100 %

50 %

0%
N

Z
N

UT
T

V
AR

AI

O
R
V

JU

DE
JU

SE

NO
JA

FE

AG
AB

O
M

ff_
ff_

ff_

ff_

ff_

ff_
ff_

ff_
ff_

ff_
ff_

ff_
no
no

no

no

no

no
no

no
no

no
no

no
Ru
Ru

Ru

Ru

Ru

Ru
Ru

Ru
Ru

Ru
Ru

Ru

Upper Zambezi Lower Zamebezi Lower Zamebezi Lower Zamebezi Average

Table 2.2.8 Monthly Percentage of Mean Annual Discharge in Upper and Lower Zambezi
Jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec Annual
93 % 126 % 151 % 149 % 119 % 100 % 87 % 79 % 72 % 68 % 75 % 83 % 100 %

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Figure 2.2.24 Monthly Percentage of Mean Annual Discharge in Upper Congo

200 %
180 %
160 %
140 %
120 %
100 %
80 %
60 %
40 %
20 %
0%

UT
N

V
L

Z
N

T
R
V

AI

JU

NO

DE
JU
FE

SE
JA

AG
AB

O
M

f_
ff_

ff_

ff_
ff_

ff_

ff_

ff_
ff_

ff_
ff_

ff_
of
no

no

no
no

no

no

no
no

no
no

no
un
Ru

Ru

Ru
Ru

Ru

Ru

Ru
Ru

Ru
Ru

Ru
R

Table 2.2.9 Monthly Percentage of Mean Annual Discharge in Upper Congo

Jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec Annual
127 % 135 % 154 % 140 % 92 % 72 % 67 % 63 % 62 % 72 % 97 % 122 % 100 %

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2.3 Groundwater Assessment

2.3.1 Knowledge on Geology and Hydrogeology

The geology of Angola is rather well known in the western part of the country, but less known
to the east. The hydrogeological characteristics of the rocks of Angola are best known in the
southwestern provinces of Huila, Namibe and Cunene, where many wells have been drilled
and reported. There are probably data reports from several of these wells in the archives of
some official and/or scientific institutions in Angola, but they have not been available for use
in this study. In the hydrogeological map of Angola the depth of a number of wells are shown
and their capacity is given in the intervals: < 1 l/s, 1-5 l/s, and > 5 l/s. In addition the main
aquifer type is shown:

• Porous rocks with primary porosity and permeability

• Good aquifers in fissured an carstic hardrocks
• Low productivity aquifers with limited or no groundwater potential

Each of these groups is divided into 2 or 3 subgroups with indications of probable well yield.

The maps from the FRIEND program are probably based on the same data, but the
presentation is adjusted to the standard UNESCO legend of Hydrogeological Maps, as the
program covers eleven nations in the South African SADC-region. To describe the aquifer
types the terms I = Intergranular, F = Fissured and L = Local are used. There are also maps
presenting a national aquifer yield categorisation (in units of litres per second), with each
polygon assigned values for lower, mid and upper yields. A unified geological classification,
developed by the British Geological Survey for the whole of Southern Africa is also
introduced.

In the maps of "National yield categorisation" made by the FRIEND project a few rocks and
sediments are shown to have a much higher yield than in the hydrogeological map of Angola.
This is probably caused by misinterpretations or misprints in the production of the FRIEND
maps, as the project probably had no other data resources than the hydrogeological map of
Angola.

2.3.2 Interaction between Groundwater and Surface Water

To understand the process of groundwater recharge it is important to realize that
groundwater regeneration does occur in periods of high precipitation even if the catchment
could have a negative annual water balance. Thus there is some groundwater even in the
dry areas in Namibe province, but it is easily overexploited. Because of the high evaporation
in areas with low precipitation, the mineral content is often too high for use as drinking water.

An unknown part of the freshwater resources of Angola is shared between groundwater and
surface water. In principle a large withdrawal and use of groundwater for agricultural
purposes will increase the evapotranspiration and could reduce the run-off in the rivers. The
use of groundwater for other purposes is normally less than for agriculture, and except for
discharge along the coast, wastewater will return to groundwater or rivers.

The groundwater yield of most of the rocks in Angola is rather low, and it could only in a few
hardrock areas be practically possible to use so much groundwater that river run-off was
substantially reduced. If the use of groundwater for agricultural purposes is maximized from
the good hardrock aquifers in the northern basins of M'Bridge, Loge, Dande and Bengo,
some influence of the rivers in dry periods could probably be seen. In the basins of Rio
Cuanza and Rio Cunene, tributary rivers could perhaps be influenced in the same way, but
any effect on the main rivers would hardly be traced. In the southern basins of Sao Nicolau,

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Bero, and Curoca the precipitation is low, and groundwater withdrawal from Pan-African
rocks of high yield in the inland areas could probably reduce the river run-off in the dry
season.

Groundwater wells in the alluvial sediments along the rivers could produce large amounts of
groundwater, and the groundwater would be renewed by bank infiltration from the rivers.
Large withdrawals will influence the river run-off, and the consequences should be evaluated
in each case to decide the acceptable amount of groundwater to be used.

2.3.3 Main Geological Units

An overview map of the geology of Angola is presented in four foldout A3 sheets at the end
of this chapter as follows:

Figure 2.3.1 a – Geology of Angola (north-west)

Figure 2.3.1 b – Geology of Angola (north-east)
Figure 2.3.1 c – Geology of Angola (south-west)
Figure 2.3.1 d – Geology of Angola (south-east)

Rocks of the Precambrian basement are exposed in large parts of Angola. The basement
rocks represent a series of orogenic sequences from the Limpopo-Liberian orogen with an
age of nearly 3000 million years to the youngest Pan-African orogen that ended at the
beginning of the Palaeozoic time. Except for in the coastal area there are Precambrian
basement rocks in most of the western part of the country.

To the south and east, Palaeozoic and younger continental sedimentary rocks and
Quaternary sediments overlay the basement. The oldest mapped rocks are of Carboniferous
age, while most of the Cambro-Silurian rocks seem to be missing in the sequence. In the
central part there are many Precambrian inliers among the sedimentary rocks, and in the
eastern part of the Moxico province there are large areas of basement rocks. To the north
Precambrian rocks are found in places in the deeply eroded river valleys as well.

Along the coast there are marine sedimentary rocks and sediments, mainly of Cretaceous to
Quaternary age. The largest extension of these is in the western parts of the Cabinda, Zaire,
and Bengo provinces. South of N’Gunza, there are also mapped several outcrops of
eruptive rocks of Mesozoic age, mainly among the Mesozoic sediments.

There are recent alluvial sediments along the large rivers such as the Cuanza, Zaire and
Cunene; both in flood plains and deltas in the lower parts near the coast, but also in the
inland river valleys.

2.3.4 Hydrogeological Characteristics of the Geological Units

2.3.4.1 General Comments on the Groundwater Potential

When evaluating the groundwater potentials of Angola it is important to emphasise the
limited knowledge of the origin of the data, such as if the yields are based on a real test
pumping or not. Probably most of the information on expected yield etc. are based on data
from a few provinces in the southwest.

For some of the rock groups there are probably only a few well data. A few favourable
results, for example caused by wells in favourable fault or fissure zones, could then cause a
very high average yield. However the median yield, indicating the most probable yield of a
new well, will be much lower. In addition it should be emphasised that in the FRIEND maps

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the values for "middle yield" seem to be calculated as the middle value between the obtained
highest and lowest yield, and not even the middle yield of all the wells.

In most cases it seems reasonable to account for these factors by reducing the expected
water yield compared to the values given in the hydrogeological maps. This is partly done in
table 2.3.1 and in the short summary of the individual river basins given in section 2.3.8, but
however there are probably too high estimations for the water yields in some of the
hardrocks.

2.3.4.2 Precambrian rocks

In the Precambrian basement there are a large variety of rock types that, according to the
hydrogeological maps, have quite different hydrogeological properties. The hydrogeological
characteristics of some of the main groups are mentioned here.

According to the maps, granites, granitic gneisses and migmatites are common rocks in most
of the orogenic sequences. The legend of the hydrogeological map of Angola indicates
yields of 1-3 l/s and a success rate of 50-70%, but only 30-50% in some regions. However,
according to the wells shown in the map, the most common yields of granites and gneisses
are less than 1 l/s. This value corresponds better to the general experience of the yield of
Precambrian basement rocks. It should be emphasised, however, that most of the wells in
these rocks are drilled to a rather shallow depth (15 to 40 m), and probably the total capacity
could be increased if they were extended to for example 70 or 100 m. Some wells with a
very high yield are known from Angola, but based on knowledge from other Precambrian
areas common water yields of more than 1 l/s should not be expected.

Basic rocks in Angola such as gabbros and norites are probably better aquifers, and in the
hydrogeological map of Angola their yields are often indicated to be 3-5 l/s with a drilling
success rate of 70-80%. In our opinion these are unexpected and very good results for basic
deep-seated rocks. With reference to the comments in section 2.2.4.1 we indicate a mean
yield of 3 l/s in the summary of the hydrogeology of the individual basins. Basic intrusive
rocks are found both in northern and southern parts of the country.

There are also groups of volcanic rocks in the Precambrian basement that are supposed to
have an average yield of 3 l/s. The largest area of these rocks is found along the borders
between the Bengo, Cuanza Norte, and Uige provinces. In addition there are a lot of large
doleritic dyke swarms running WNW-ESE in the western part of the country south of
N’Gunza. In the same areas series of fissure and fault zones are shown. Perhaps these
zones occur elsewhere in the country as well, in areas that are yet not detailed mapped.

Among the older Precambrian rocks of sedimentary origin there are a few groups that
probably are good aquifers. The rocks include old quartzites of the Limpopo-Liberian orogen
and a group of metasediments mainly consisting of quartzites, sandstones and
conglomerates that are probably somewhat younger. These rocks are scattered over most
of the Precambrian districts, especially in the southwestern part of Angola. Average
groundwater yield is estimated to 3 l/s, but this value may be too high.

Rocks of the Pan-African orogen are the youngest and best aquifers of the Precambrian
rocks. The group of Chela, with sandstones, siltstones and volcanics is the oldest group of
the orogen. Average groundwater yield may be as much as 6 l/s. The Chela group is found
in an area south and west of Lubango, and also further south in the Namibe province. In the
north of the basin, and to the east of the volcanic rocks of Bengo, Cuanza Norte, and Uige
provinces, there are large areas of sedimentary rocks, including sandstones, geyvackies,
limestones, dolomites and several others. The average water yield is supposed to be 3-6 l/s
in most of the rocks in this district. Sandstones and related rocks of this orogen are also

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found east in the Moxico province and in smaller areas at several sites elsewhere in the
country.

2.3.4.3 Mesozoic and Quaternary Sediments and Rocks along the Western Coast
According to information in the hydrogeological map of Angola the probable groundwater
yield in the areas dominated by Quaternary sediments is estimated to 1 l/s.

The groundwater potential of the Mesozoic rocks along the coast is also probably low. The
average yield of porous rocks is estimated to 1 l/s, while some of the fissured or carstic
Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks probably have some higher groundwater potential.

2.3.4.4 Mesozoic Eruptive Rocks.

The eruptive rocks along the coast probably have a better groundwater potential than the
surrounding sedimentary rocks. This is only partly shown in the hydrogeological map, but in
general young volcanic rocks and small intrusive bodies are quite good aquifers. Many of
these small bodies are situated in southwest part of the coastal zone where the groundwater
is known to have a high mineral content, and the water may be unsuitable as drinking water.

2.3.4.5 Areas of Kalaharian Sand

The groundwater potential of the large areas of continental Mesozoic and Cenozoic
sediments and sedimentary rocks in the western and southern part of Angola is not well
known. In the hydrogeological map a medium yield of 1 l/s is indicated. Some of the
sandstones, conglomerates and a few limestones could give higher yields, and a maximum
yield of 5 l/s is obtained.

2.3.4.6 Quaternary Alluvial Sediments

The recent alluvial sediments along the rivers are definitely the best aquifers of the country.
In the hydrogeological map water yields from 15 to 50 l/s are reported. In the largest alluvial
plains composed of sand from the erosion of granitic and other quartz rich rocks even higher
yields could probably be obtained from correctly constructed wells.

Only the largest alluvial plains in the western part of the country are shown in the small-scale
maps. Most of them are along the lower part of the river courses and less then 100 km from
the coastline. There are probably a lot more alluvial deposits that could be used for
groundwater supply both for villages and towns. The largest aquifers of this category are
found in the provinces of Huila, Benguela, Cuanza Sul, Bengo and Zaire. In the
hydrogeological maps no wells are presented in these deposits, but other well data that is not
available for this study probably exists.

Some of the groundwater in the alluvial plains is reported to have too high contents of iron
and sulphate. High mineral content in the groundwater should not be unexpected in areas of
low precipitation and high potential evapotranspiration. In addition iron problems is often
caused by the lack of circulation in deep groundwater basins.

In some of the deltas and in lower parts of the alluvial plains the groundwater quality is
influenced by saline water. The tidal reach in some of the rivers like Rio Cuanza can be
traced tens of kilometres upstream from the sea.

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The rivers of the small catchments along the coast dry up in periods of low precipitation, and
the groundwater will also probably vanish. No information was available about the
groundwater potentials of these alluviums in the dry season.

2.3.5 Structures of Hydrogeological Importance

In addition to rock type, several geological structures such as dikes, faults and fissures are
important for the groundwater storage and water yield. Even in rocks with primary porosity
secondary fissures often account for an important part of the transportation of water and
sometimes for the storage capacity as well.

The larger geological structures such as fault and fissure zones are important for conducting
water during long-duration pumping of wells. Dykes of intrusive rocks often have highly
fissured "chilled margins" caused by the rapid cooling against the side rock. In hardrocks
that are sparsely fissured these zones and dykes can give the only possibility for
groundwater supply.

In the southwestern parts of the Precambrian rocks of Angola many dikes, faults and fissure
zones are mapped. The use of these zones, and probably also a lot of smaller zones not
shown in the map, could be very important to obtain maximum groundwater yield.

2.3.6 Mineralised Water and Saltwater Intrusion

Mineralised water is reported along the coast south of Benguela, and inland in the southwest
part of Angola. Both water yield and mineral content often increase with depth.
Groundwater in these areas is seldom, if ever, usable for drinking water.

Along the entire coast intrusion of seawater can be a problem for wells pumped with high
capacity over long periods. In the alluvial plains salt water lies underneath the fresh water,
often up to several tens of kilometres from the river mouth.

2.3.7 Water Demands and Groundwater Supply

The use of groundwater for irrigation is important in the coastal area and in the southwestern
provinces, especially in the basins of Dande, Bengo, Cuanza, Longa, Queve, Cunene and
Cubango. The rainfall is not sufficient for the crops, and groundwater from alluvial plains is
used when the rivers dry up. The irrigation may use a substantial part of the water in the
rivers, and water taken from the alluvium after the rivers have dried up must be refilled by
river water in the beginning of the next precipitation period. As we do not have the geological
information necessary to estimate the volume of these alluviums, we do not know the volume
of accessible groundwater. In some basins agriculture will probably use all accessible
groundwater.

According to the data of the hydrogeological maps the groundwater potential is sufficient to
supply most of the villages in the rural districts of Angola. In fact, groundwater is the main
source of drinking water outside the towns. The water demand in the rural districts is today
probably no more than 30 l/capita/day. The necessary volume for a village of 1.000
inhabitants should thus be achieved by a very few drilled wells, even if the success rate is
less than 50%.

For denser populated areas and towns more detailed evaluations have to be made.
Table 2.3.1 indicates the water demands for villages and towns of different size and the
necessary number of wells in different hydrogeological regions. The basis for this table is the
estimates of future water demands for towns given in Chapter 7 and Table 7.2 in this report
and the indications of low, middle and high yield given in the hydrogeological map of Angola

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and maps from the FRIEND II project. The yield values from the maps are reduced as
explained in section 2.2.3.1. In the table more probable average values for a limited number
of wells based both on the given values for low, middle and upper yield are used as well as
general experience of groundwater yields from the actual rock types and sediments.

It should be remembered that alluvium aquifers sometimes have unsatisfactory water quality.

Table 2.3.1. Estimated Wells Necessary for Future Town Water Supplies
City population and water demands Indication of the necessary number of wells
Town Population/ Water demand Alluvium of high Fissured and carstic Fissured rocks of
Year (l/s) permeability. rocks of high medium
(Table 7.2) Medium yield permeability. permeability.
estimated as Medium yield Medium yield
30 l/s estimated as 6 l/s estimated as 3 l/s
10.000 capita/2015 18 1 3 6
10.000 capita/2025 25 1 5 9
20.000 capita/2015 36 2 6 12
20.000 capita/2025 50 2 8 17
50.000 capita/2015 90 3 15
50.000 capita/2025 125 5 21 Groundwater supply
100.000 capita/2015 180 6 Groundwater supply seems not to be
100.000 capita/2025 250 9 seems not to be realistic
500.000 capita/2015 900 30* realistic
500.000 capita/2025 1250 42*

* For larger towns it is hardly realistic to drill 30 or 40 wells in these aquifers. It is more reasonable
to search for the localities with maximum permeability and/or to use the alluvium as a filter for
infiltrated water at a part of a treatment process for drinking water.

2.3.8 The River Basins

2.3.8.1 Basin 1 Lubinda

In the Lubinda basin there are mainly Quaternary sediments and sedimentary rocks of
marine origin and varying degree of consolidation (sand, clay, claystones, and laterites). In
the hydrogeological map of Angola the water yield of these rocks are said to be rather small,
1 l/s as an average, but the yield is sometimes increasing with depth. The thickness of the
Quaternary sediments is unknown, and underlaying Tertiary or Cretaceous aquifers could
cause the increase in water yield. Based on the maps from the FRIEND project an average
water yield of 3 l/s seems more reasonable, but this is probably a misinterpretation.

Occurrences of alluvial deposits to the south could give large amounts of water, but the
groundwater here is probably saline. In this basin groundwater could probably only give
supply to villages in rural districts. Filtration of water in the alluvium could perhaps be used
as part of a water treatment process for large populations.

2.3.8.2 Basin 2 Chiloanga

In the northeast part of Chiloango basin the average water yield of the fissured sedimentary
rocks is supposed to be high (6 l/s). In the central part there are fissured and sedimentary
rocks of medium water yield (3 l/s).

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To the south there are mainly Quaternary sediments and sedimentary rocks of marine origin
and varying degree of consolidation (sand, clay, claystones, and laterites). In the
hydrogeological map of Angola the water yield of these rocks is said to be rather small, 1 l/s
as an average, but the yield sometimes increases with depth. The thickness of the
Quaternary sediments is unknown, and the increase in water yield could be caused by
underlying Tertiary or Cretaceous aquifers. Based on the maps from the FRIEND project an
average water yield of 3 l/s seems more reasonable, but this is probably a misinterpretation.

Along Rio Chiloanga there are recent alluvial sediments of high groundwater potential.
However, along the lower part of the river the groundwater is probably saline.

In the northeastern part of this basin groundwater from fissured rocks could supply both
villages and towns of a size of 10 to 20.000 inhabitants. In the southwestern areas
groundwater could probably only supply villages in rural districts unless freshwater is found in
the alluvium. Filtration of water in the alluvium could perhaps be used as one element in a
water treatment process.

2.3.8.3 Basin 3 Lulondo

In the Lulondo basin there are mainly Quaternary sediments and sedimentary rocks of
marine origin and varying degree of consolidation (sand, clay, claystones, and laterites). In
the hydrogeological map of Angola the water yield of these rocks is said to be rather small,
1 l/s on average, but the yield sometimes increases with depth. The thickness of the
Quaternary sediments is unknown, and the increase in water yield could be caused by
underlying Tertiary or Cretaceous aquifers. Based on the maps from the FRIEND project an
average water yield of 3 l/s seems more reasonable, but this is probably a misinterpretation.

Some coastal sediments probably contain saline groundwater. In this basin groundwater
could probably only supply villages in rural districts.

2.3.8.4 Basin 4 N'Hama

In the basin of N'Hama there are mainly Quaternary sediments and sedimentary rocks of
marine origin and varying degree of consolidation (sand, clay, claystones, and laterites). In
the hydrogeological map of Angola the water yield of these rocks is said to be rather small,
1 l/s on average, but the yield sometimes increases with depth. The thickness of the
Quaternary sediments is unknown, and the increase in water yield could be caused by
underlying Tertiary or Cretaceous aquifers. Based on the maps from the FRIEND project an
average water yield of 3 l/s seems more reasonable, but this is probably a misinterpretation.

In the area south of the town of Cabinda, large areas of coastal sediments probably contain
saline groundwater. In this basin groundwater could probably only supply villages in rural
districts.

2.3.8.5 Basin 5 Zaire

The Angolan part of the Zaire basin is one of the largest river basins in Angola and most of
the main rock groups of the country are represented here. To the west in the Soyo
municipality of the Zaire province there are Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary rocks and
sediments of marine facies. In the hydrogeological map of Angola the water yield of these
rocks is said to be rather small, 1 l/s on average, but the yield sometimes increases with
depth. The thickness of the Quaternary sediments is unknown, and the increase in water
yield could be caused by underlying Tertiary or Cretaceous aquifers. Based on the maps

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from the FRIEND project an average water yield of 3 l/s could be more reasonable, but this is
probably a misinterpretation.

East of the this area, in the Nóqui municipality, there are Precambrian rocks, both granites
and gneissic rocks of low groundwater potential, and volcanic and associated rocks that
commonly give a higher yield (3 l/s on average). In the M'Banza Congo and Cuimba
municipalities there are mainly sedimentary rocks of the Pan-African orogen with a high
average water yield of probably some 6 l/s. In the western part of the basin sedimentary
rocks of the Pan-African orogen are also found as a belt running southwards through the
Uige and Malanje provinces. The average water yield of these rocks is said to be lower,
probably 3 l/s.

In the eastern part of the Uige and northeastern part of the Malanje provinces there are
mainly rocks of Upper Cretaceous to Quaternary age. The groundwater potential of these
rocks is not well known, and according to the hydrogeological map the average yield is no
more than 1 l/s. According to the FRIEND project a rather high water yield (probably 3 l/s on
average) is obtained in highland areas from porous aquifers in the upper part of this
sedimentary sequence, while Cretaceous rocks in valleys and lowland areas give much less
water. We believe this is a misinterpretation.

In the valleys of Rio Cuango and Rio Lui along the eastern borders of the Uige and Malanje
provinces there are also older Mesozoic rocks. These rocks are also found in the eastern
part of the Lunda Norte province. The groundwater potential is reported to be low. However,
as the rocks obviously are not detailed mapped, this is probably too simple a conclusion. In
some of the valleys in the eastern part of the Luanda Norte province, especially in an area
east and northeast of the town of Cuango, the rocks are eroded down to the Precambrian
basement. According to the geological maps the complex of Achaean gabbro-norites and
charnocites are represented here, as well as younger rocks of the Pan-African orogen.
These Precambrian rocks probably have a higher groundwater potential.

The rest of the western part of the basin in the Luanda Norte and the southern part of
Luanda Sul provinces are covered with Tertiary and Quaternary continental sediments
described as Kalaharian sand in the hydrogeological map. The groundwater potentials of
these areas is unknown but probably low.

In the eastern part of the Luanda Norte province and in the northern part of the Luanda Sul
province the river valleys are eroded down through the younger sedimentary rocks, and here
several Precambrian rocks are exposed. Some of these could be quite good aquifers.

Along Rio Zaire and the tributary rivers there are large alluvial deposits, and probably a lot
more than those marked in geological and hydrogeological maps. These recent sediments
could probably supply large towns with groundwater if the quality is good enough.
Groundwater from recent alluvial deposits could perhaps be the main water source for most
of the population living in the river valleys.

Groundwater form fissured rock could supply villages and smaller towns in part of the Noqi
municipality and even lager populations in the M’Banza Congo and Cuimba municipalities.
The smaller areas of fissured rocks in Malanje and valleys in Luanda Norte and north-
eastern parts of Luanda Sul provinces could probably also supply water to villages and towns
with as much as 10.000 inhabitants.

In the areas covered with Cenozoic rocks groundwater probably could only supply villages in
rural districts.

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2.3.8.6 Basins 6-9 Zombo, Lulea, Luculo and Janube

In these basins there are mainly Quaternary sediments and sedimentary rocks of marine
origin and varying degrees of consolidation (sand, clay, claystones, and laterites). In the
hydrogeological map of Angola the water yield of these rocks is said to be rather small, 1 l/s
on average, but the yield sometimes increases with depth. The thickness of the Quaternary
sediments is unknown, and the increase in water yield could be caused by underlying
Tertiary or Cretaceous aquifers. Based on the maps from the FRIEND project an average
water yield of 3 l/s seems more reasonable, but this is probably a misinterpretation.

In these basins groundwater could probably supply only villages in rural districts.

2.3.8.7 Basin 10 Lucunga

West of Rio Lucunga, and also east of the southern part of the river, there are Cretaceous
rocks. In the hydrogeological map of Angola the rocks west of the river are indicated to have
a secondary porosity caused by fractures, while those to the south are said to have a primary
porous permeability. Neither the fractured nor the porous rocks are described as good
aquifers, but there could be layers of sandstones and limestones with some better
groundwater potential. An average water yield of 1 l/s and in places a little more could be
expected. Based on the maps from the FRIEND project an average water yield of 3 l/s
seems more reasonable, but this is probably a misinterpretation.

East of this zone there are mainly acidic and gneissic rocks with a low groundwater potential.
In the eastern part of the basin there is a small area of fissured and carstic sedimentary
rocks of the Pan-African orogen (quartzites, limestones etc.) with a medium or high medium
water yield (average yield estimated to 3 to 6 l/s).

Along Rio Lucunga there are recent alluvial sediments of high groundwater potential.
However, along the lower part of the river the groundwater is probably saline, and parts of
the river could be dry in seasons of low precipitation.

The area seems to be sparsely populated, and groundwater could probably supply all the
people living in the villages and rural districts of the Lucunga basin. However, in the gneissic
and granitic rocks some unsuccessful boreholes could be expected.

The sedimentary rocks of the Pan-African orogen are probably the only rocks that could
supply groundwater to small towns.

2.3.8.8 Basin 11 M'Bridge

In a rather small area near the coast there are Cretaceous fractured and carstic rocks,
probably of low or medium water yield. Based on the maps from the FRIEND project an
average water yield of 3 l/s seems more reasonable, but this is probably too much, and the
evaluation is probably caused by a misinterpretation. East of this zone there is a belt of
mainly acidic and gneissic rocks with a low groundwater potential. In the eastern and largest
part of the basin there are fissured and carstic sedimentary rocks of the Pan-African orogen
(quartzites, limestones etc.) with a medium or high water yield (average yield estimated to be
3 to 6 l/s).

Along Rio M'Bridge there are recent alluvial sediments of high groundwater potential.
However, the groundwater in alluviums along the lower part of the river is probably saline.

According to the present knowledge of the groundwater potential there should be enough
groundwater to supply the population in most of the eastern part of this basin. In the gneissic

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and granitic rocks some unsuccessful boreholes should be expected, and there will probably
not be enough groundwater for medium sized villages unless a large number of wells are
drilled. To the west there will probably be too little water to supply the city at the mouth of
Rio M'Bridge, unless freshwater is found in the alluvium. Filtration of water in the alluvium
could perhaps be used as one part of a water treatment process.

2.3.8.9 Basin 12 Sembo

In most of the Sembo basin there are gneissic and granitic rocks with a low groundwater
potential. Only in a small eastern part are there sedimentary and volcanic rocks of the Pan-
African orogen that give a medium to high water yield (estimated as 3 to 6 l/s as an average).

The coastal delta of Rio Sembo probably contains only saline water.

Except for in the eastern part, groundwater in this basin could probably only supply small
populations in rural districts.

2.3.8.10 Basin 13 Loge

In the western part of the Loge basin there are mainly acidic and gneissic rocks with a low
groundwater potential. In the eastern and largest part of the basin there are fissured and
carstic sedimentary rocks of the Pan-African orogen (quartzites, limestones etc.) with a
medium or high water yield estimated as 3 to 6 l/s on average.

The coastal delta of Rio Loge probably contains only saline water.

In the eastern part of this basin groundwater from fissured rocks could supply both villages
and towns of 10 to 20.000 inhabitants. In the western part of this basin groundwater could
probably supply only small populations in rural districts, unless freshwater is found in the
alluvium. Filtration of water in the alluvium could perhaps be used as one part of a water
treatment process.

2.3.8.11 Basin 14 Uezo

The rocks of this basin are mainly acidic and gneissic rocks with a low groundwater potential.
In the eastern part of the basin there is an area of fissured volcanic rocks of the Pan-African
orogen with a medium water yield, estimated to 3 l/s on average.

The coastal delta of Rio Uezo probably contains only saline water.

The area seems to be sparsely populated; and groundwater could probably supply all the
people living in the rural districts. However, in the gneissic and granitic rocks some
unsuccessful boreholes could be expected.

2.3.8.12 Basins 15-16 Onzo and Lifune

Along the coast of these basins there are Cretaceous rocks described as sand, silt and
claystones with beds of limestones, marl and gypsum. Neither the fractured nor the porous
rocks are described as good aquifers, but there could be layers of sandstones and
limestones with some better groundwater potential. An average water yield of 1 l/s and in
places a little more could be expected. The maps from the Friend project indicate an
average medium water yield of 3 l/s caused by the primary, intergranular porosity in a
Cretaceous sandstone, but this is probably a misinterpretation.

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In the eastern part of the basin there is an area of fissured volcanic rocks of the Pan-African
orogen with an estimated average water yield of 3 l/s.

The coastal deltas of Rio Onzo, Rio Ió, and Rio Lifune probably give possibilities for
groundwater supplies, but could contain only saline water. The run-off in the dry seasons is
probably low and if the rivers dry up, the groundwater may vanish as well.

These basins seem to be sparsely populated, and groundwater could probably supply all
people living in smaller and medium-sized villages in the rural districts. However, in the
gneissic and granitic rocks some unsuccessful boreholes should be expected.

To the east even small towns could probably be supplied by groundwater.

2.3.8.13 Basins 17-18 Dande and Bengo

In the western part of these basins there are Cretaceous and younger rocks, and east of
these there are old Precambrian migmatites. To the east there is a zone of volcanic rocks
followed by a zone of sedimentary rocks that overly the older Precambrian basement. Both
of these belong to the Pan-African orogen.

The youngest Quaternary sediments and Mesozoic rocks are found west of a NW-SE striking
fault striking in the direction NW-SE near Caxito town. Neither the fractured nor the porous
rocks are described as good aquifers, but there could be layers of sandstones and
limestones with better groundwater potential. An average water yield of 1 l/s and in places a
little more could be expected. Based on the maps from the FRIEND project an average
water yield of 3 l/s seems more reasonable in some of these rocks, but this is probably a
misinterpretation.

The Precambrian migmatites in the central part of the basins also have a low groundwater
potential.

The rocks of the Pan-African orogen are heavily fissured, and in the eastern part carstic
limestones are reported. As a result the average water yields are relatively high, estimated
as 3 l/s in the volcanics and 6 l/s in the sedimentary rocks.

Along Rio Dande and Rio Bengo there are recent alluvial sediments of high groundwater
potential. However, the groundwater in the lower part of these alluviums is probably saline.

In the eastern part of these basins groundwater from fissured rocks could supply both
villages and towns of more than 20,000 inhabitants, but for the largest populations a large
number of wells would have to be drilled, and the transport systems for water could be rather
expensive.

In the area of Precambrian migmatitic rocks and in the areas of Mesozoic and younger rocks
groundwater could probably supply only small populations in rural districts.

If good quality freshwater is found in the alluvium along the lower parts of Rio Dande or Rio
Bengo, groundwater supply of large towns could be possible. Filtration of water in the
alluvium could also perhaps be used as one part of a water treatment process.

2.3.8.14 Basin 19 Cuanza

The Cuanza basin is one of the largest river basins in Angola and most of the main rock
groups of the country are represented here.

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In the lowland in the western part of this basin there are Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary
rocks and sediments of marine facies. Neither the fractured nor the porous rocks are
described as good aquifers, but there could be layers of sandstones and limestones with
some better groundwater potential. An average water yield of 1 l/s and in some places a little
more could be expected. Based on the maps from the FRIEND project an average water
yield of 3 l/s seems more reasonable in some of these rocks, but this is probably a
misinterpretation. Thus probably only villages and inhabitants of rural districts can be
supplied by groundwater from these aquifers.

East of the town of Dondo there are old Precambrian rocks (gabbros, norites and
charnocites) and younger Precambrian gneissic and granitic rocks covering large areas. The
granites and gneissic rocks with low groundwater yield are found in the western part of the
basin. The basic rocks and the ultrametamorphic charnocites with an average yield
estimated to 3 l/s occur in the central part. In this central part of the basin due east of Dondo
there are also sedimentary rocks of the Pan-African orogen. The latter mentioned rocks are
heavily fissured, and based on data from the FRIEND project the average water yield could
be estimated to 6 l/s.

The southern and eastern parts of the basin are mainly covered with continental sediments
and sedimentary rocks of Mesozoic and Cenozoic age. These areas are marked as
Kalaharian sand in the maps, and the groundwater potential is said to be low or unknown.
An average yield of 1 l/s is estimated in the legend of the hydrogeological map of Angola.
There are also a few outcrops of Precambrian rocks in these areas. In the eastern part of
the basin these Precambrian rocks are mainly sedimentary rocks of the Pan-African orogen,
while older granitic and gneissic rocks are more common to the south. As mentioned above,
the water yield of the granitic rocks are rather low, while the rocks of the Pan-African orogen
may be quite good aquifers.

If the assumed high water yield of the rocks of the Pan African orogen is correct,
groundwater from fissured rocks could supply towns of up to 20.000 inhabitants in some
central parts of the basin. The basic rocks and the ultrametamorphic charnocites with an
average yield estimated to 3 l/s could supply villages and smaller towns.

The granitic rocks in the western and southern part of the basin are said to have a lower
groundwater potential, with an average yield of 1 l/s, and a drilling success rate of no more
than 50%. However, villages with low water demands in rural districts could be supplied with
groundwater from these rocks.

Along Rio Cuanza there are large alluvial deposits, and probably a lot more than those
marked on the geological and hydrogeological maps. These recent sediments could
probably supply large towns with groundwater if the quality is good enough. The river is tidal
up to about 70 km from the coast. The groundwater in the alluvium plains along the lower
part of the river is thus probably saline.

2.3.8.15 Basins 20-24 Perdizes, Sangando, Cabo Ledo, Mengueje, and Benbeje
In the Perdizes basin there are mainly Quaternary sediments and sedimentary rocks of
marine origin and varying degree of consolidation (sand, clay, claystones, and laterites).
According to the hydrogeological map of Angola the water yield of these rocks is rather
small, 1 l/s on average. Based on the maps from the FRIEND project an average water yield
of 3 l/s in the areas of Quaternary sediments seems more reasonable but this is probably a
misinterpretation.

In this basin groundwater probably could supply only villages in rural districts.

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2.3.8.16 Basin 25 Longa

The lower part of the Longa basin lies in the area of Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary
rocks. Most of the surface rocks are Upper Cretaceous and Lower and Middle Tertiary.
Neither the fractured nor the porous rocks are described as good aquifers, but there could be
layers of sandstones and limestones with some better groundwater potential. An average
water yield of 1 l/s and in places a little more could be expected. Based on the maps from
the FRIEND project an average water yield of 3 l/s seems more reasonable in some of these
rocks, but this is probably a misinterpretation.

In the eastern part of the basin there are mainly granitic and gneissic Precambrian rocks with
low groundwater potential and an average water yield of no more than 1 l/s. Some areas
with Precambrian sedimentary rocks occur, and in these rocks an average water yield of 3 l/s
is reported.

Along the Rio Longa and tributary rivers there are large alluvial deposits, and probably a lot
more than those marked in geological and hydrogeological maps. These recent sediments
could probably supply large towns with groundwater if the quality is good enough. The river is
influenced by the tidal water sveral km from the coast. The groundwater in the alluvium
plains along the lower part of the river is thus probably saline.

In most of the other areas of this basin only villages in rural districts can be supplied by
groundwater. Some Precambrian fissured rocs in the south-eastern part of the basin could
give water to small towns.

2.3.8.17 Basins 26-29 Cutanga, Quiteta, Catata, and Tortombo

In the Cutanga basin neither the fractured nor the porous rocks are described as good
aquifers, but there could be layers of sandstones and limestones with some better
groundwater potential. An average water yield of 1 l/s and in places a little more could be
expected. Based on the maps from the FRIEND project an average water yield of 3 l/s in the
areas of Quaternary sediments and in some of the rocks seems more reasonable but this is
probably a misinterpretation.

In this basin groundwater could probably supply only villages in rural districts.

2.3.8.18 Basin 30 Queve

The rocks of the Queve basin are mainly Precambrian granitic and gneissic rocks with a low
groundwater potential, an average yield of 1 l/s and a drilling success rate of no more than
50%. However villages with low water demands in rural districts could be supplied with
groundwater from these rocks.

Most of the Precambrian rocks in the southern and eastern part of the basin are covered with
continental sediments and sedimentary rocks mainly of Cenozoic age. These areas are
marked as Kalaharian sand in the maps, and the groundwater potential is said to be low or
unknown. An average yield of 1 l/s is estimated in the legend of the hydrogeological map of
Angola. There are however a few outcrops of Precambrian rocks in these areas, and some
of them belong to a series of old sediments that are supposed to have a higher yield than the
rest of the Precambrian rocks in the area. An average yield of 3 l/s is estimated.

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The eastern area of the basement is densely populated, but in most of the area groundwater
can supply only villages and inhabitants in rural districts. Small towns can perhaps obtain
groundwater enough from the above-mentioned outcrops of Precambrian sedimentary rocks.

Near the coast to the west there are Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary rocks and
sediments of marine facies. None of these rocks are described as good aquifers, but there
could be layers of sandstones and limestones with some better groundwater potential. An
average water yield of 1 l/s and in places a little more could be expected. Based on the
maps from the FRIEND project an average water yield of 3 l/s in the areas of Quaternary
sediments seems more reasonable but this is probably a misinterpretation.

Large alluvial deposits are shown on the maps along the Rio Oueve, Rio Caninda, and Rio
Cussol. There are probably also a lot of smaller alluvial deposits that are not shown in the
maps. These recent sediments could probably supply large towns with groundwater if the
quality is good enough. The rivers are probably tidal up to several kilometres from the coast.
The groundwater in the alluvium plains along the lower part of the river is thus probably
saline.

2.3.8.19 Basin 31 N'Gunza

Most of the rocks in the N'Gunza basin have a low groundwater potential. Along the coast
there are Lower and Middle Cretaceous sedimentary rocks. None of these rocks are
described as good aquifers, but there could be layers of sandstones and limestones with
some better groundwater potential. An average water yield of 1 l/s and in places a little more
could be expected. In the eastern part there are mainly Precambrian granites and gneisses
with a low groundwater potential. An average yield of 1 l/s or less, and a low drilling success
rate could be expected. However villages with low water demands in rural districts could be
supplied with groundwater from these rocks, but some unsuccessful wells will occur.

In the western part of the Precambrian rocks there is an area of Mesozoic volcanic rocks that
is supposed to be a rather good aquifer with an estimated average yield of 3 l/s. Further to
the east there are also areas of old Precambrian sediments that are supposed to have an
average yield of the same size. These rocks could supply groundwater to towns with a few
thousand inhabitants.

In the eastern part of the basin a small area of Quaternary alluvial sediments is shown in the
map, and there are probably more along Rio N'Gunza. These recent sediments could
probably supply large towns with groundwater if the quality is good enough.

2.3.8.20 Basin 32 Quicombo

Along the coast of the Quicombo basin there are Lower and Middle Cretaceous sedimentary
rocks. None of these rocks are described as good aquifers, but there could be layers of
sandstones and limestones with some better groundwater potential. An average water yield
of 1 l/s and in places a little more could be expected. In the eastern part there are mainly
Precambrian granites and gneisses with a low groundwater potential. These rocks are
supposed to have an average yield of 1 l/s or less, and a low drilling success rate. However
villages with low water demands in rural districts could be supplied with groundwater from
these rocks, but some unsuccessful wells should be expected.

In the western part there are two areas of Mesozoic volcanic rocks that are supposed to be a
rather good aquifer with an estimated average yield of 3 l/s. These rocks could supply
groundwater to towns with a few thousand inhabitants.

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Further to the east there is an area of recent alluvial sediments. The maps from The
FRIEND project indicate a relatively low water yield of 3 l/s, but according to the
hydrogeological map of Angola the yield could be higher, and groundwater supply for towns
could be possible.

2.3.8.21 Basin 33 Dui

The groundwater potential of most of the rocks in the small Dui basin are low. Along the
coast there are Lower and Middle Cretaceous sedimentary rocks. In the eastern part there
are granitic gneisses and migmatites. All these rocks are supposed to have an average yield
of 1 l/s or less, and a low drilling success rate. However villages with low water demands in
rural districts could be supplied with groundwater from these rocks, but some unsuccessful
wells should be expected.

There is also an area of Mesozoic volcanic rocks in the basin that is supposed to be a rather
good aquifer with an estimated average yield of 3 l/s. These rocks could supply groundwater
to towns with a few thousand inhabitants.

There are alluvial sediments along the river. The water yield is probably high in the wet
seasons, but the river and probably also the alluvium are dry during most of the year.

2.3.8.22 Basin 34 Evale

Most of the rocks in the Evale basin have a low groundwater potential. Along the coast there
are Lower and Middle Cretaceous sedimentary rocks. None of these rocks are described as
good aquifers, but there could be layers of sandstones and limestones with some better
groundwater potential. An average water yield of 1 l/s and in places a little more could be
expected. In the eastern part there are mainly Precambrian granites and gneisses with a low
groundwater potential. These rocks are supposed to have an average yield of 1 l/s or less,
and a low drilling success rate. However villages with low water demands in rural districts
could be supplied with groundwater from these rocks, but some unsuccessful boreholes
should be expected.

In the middle of the basin there is a North-South running belt of Mesozoic volcanic rocks that
is supposed to be a rather good aquifer with an estimated average yield of 3 l/s. These rocks
could supply groundwater to towns with a few thousand inhabitants.

At the southern end of the volcanic belt there are alluvial deposits supposed to have a rather
high water yield in the wet seasons, but the river and probably also the alluvium could be dry
for most of the year.

2.3.8.23 Basin 35 Balombo

Most of the rocks in the Balombo basin have a low groundwater potential. Along the coast
there are Lower and Middle Cretaceous sedimentary rocks. None of these are described as
good aquifers, but there could be layers of sandstones and limestones with some better
groundwater potential. An average water yield of 1 l/s and in some places a little more could
be expected. In the eastern part there are mainly Precambrian granites and gneisses with a
low groundwater potential. These rocks are supposed to have an average yield of 1 l/s or
less, and a low drilling success rate. However villages with low water demands in rural
districts could be supplied with groundwater from these rocks, but some unsuccessful wells
should be expected.

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There are alluvial sediments both along Rio Balombo and its tributary rivers. Two of them
are shown in the geological and hydrogeological maps. The water yields could be quite large
here. Aquifers in alluvial sediments have the largest groundwater potential in the basin, and
some of them could probably supply towns with several thousand inhabitants. However,
there is no information about the water situation in the dry season.

2.3.8.24 Basin 36 Cuhula

Most of the rocks in the Cuhula basin have a low groundwater potential. Along the coast
there are Lower and Middle Cretaceous sedimentary rocks. None of these rocks are
described as good aquifers, but there could be layers of sandstones and limestones with
better potential. An average water yield of 1 l/s and a little more in places could be expected.
In the eastern part there are mainly Precambrian granites and gneisses with a low
groundwater potential. These rocks are supposed to have an average yield of 1 l/s or less,
and a low drilling success rate. However, villages with low water demands in rural districts
could be supplied with groundwater from these rocks, but some unsuccessful wells should be
expected.

2.3.8.25 Basin 37 Cubal Da Hanha

Most of the rocks in the Cubal Da Hanha basin have a low groundwater potential. Along the
coast there are Lower and Middle Cretaceous sedimentary rocks. None of these rocks are
described as good aquifers, but there could be layers of sandstones and limestones with
some better groundwater potential. An average water yield of 1 l/s and in places a little more
could be expected. In the eastern part there are mainly Precambrian granites and gneisses
with a low groundwater potential. These rocks are supposed to have an average yield of
1 l/s or less, and a low drilling success rate. However villages with low water demands in
rural districts could be supplied with groundwater from these rocks, but some unsuccessful
wells should be expected.

Along the coast there are some shore deposits, and one well with water yield between 1 and
5 l/s is reported. There is probably a risk of saline intrusion after long time pumping in this
coastal zone.

2.3.8.26 Basin 38 Catumbela

Along the coast of the Catumbela basin there are Lower and Middle Cretaceous sedimentary
rocks. None of these rocks are described as good aquifers, but there could be layers of
sandstones and limestones with some better groundwater potential. An average water yield
of 1 l/s and in places a little more could be expected. In most of the basin east of the narrow
zone of Mesozoic rocks there are Precambrian granites and gneisses. These rocks are
supposed to have an average yield of 1 l/s or less, and a low drilling success rate. However,
villages with low water demands in rural districts could be supplied with groundwater from
these rocks, but some unsuccessful wells should be expected.

Most easterly in the basin there are several outcrops of the Precambrian sedimentary
sequence that are supposed to give an average yield of 3 l/s. Small towns could probably be
supplied from these rocks.

In the maps large alluvial deposits are shown along Rio Catumbela and tributary rivers, both
near the outlet to the sea and in the upper part of the rivers. There are probably also a lot of
smaller alluvial deposits that are nor shown in the maps. These recent sediments could
probably supply large towns with groundwater if the quality is good enough. The
groundwater near the river mouth could be saline.

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2.3.8.27 Basin 39 Cavaco

Most of the rocks in the Cavaco basin have a low groundwater potential. Along the coast
there are Lower and Middle Cretaceous and lower Tertiary sedimentary rocks. None of
these rocks are described as good aquifers, but there could be layers of sandstones and
limestones with some better groundwater potential. An average water yield of 1 l/s and in
places a little more could be expected. In the eastern part there are mainly Precambrian
granites and gneisses. The groundwater potentials of these rocks is supposed to be low,
with an average yield of 1 l/s or less, and a low drilling success rate. However villages with
low water demands in rural districts could be supplied with groundwater from these rocks, but
some unsuccessful wells should be expected.

In the eastern part of the basin there are Precambrian dolerites, partly occurring as very
large dikes, that are supposed to be quite good aquifers. Average yields of 3 l/s may be
obtained.

The alluvial sediments along the lower part of Rio Cavqaco could be a good aquifer with a
large groundwater potential, and have the possibility to supply larger towns if they contain
groundwater in the dry season. Along the lower part of the river, however, the alluvium
probably contains saline water or there will at least be a risk of getting salt water after long
time pumping of wells.

2.3.8.28 Basins 40-45 Curinge, Uche, Mormolo, Pima, Ndungo and Calumbolo
Along the coast in these six small basins there are Lower and Middle Cretaceous and lower
Tertiary sedimentary rocks. None of these rocks are described as good aquifers, but there
could be layers of sandstones and limestones with greater groundwater potential. An
average water yield of 1 l/s and in places a little more could be expected. To the east there
are Precambrian granitic gneisses. The groundwater potentials of most of these rocks are
supposed to be low, with an average yield of 1 l/s or less, and a low drilling success rate.
However, villages with low water demands in rural districts could be supplied with
groundwater, but some unsuccessful wells should be expected.

All these basins are situated in a large delta area, where alluvial deposits are common. In
the geological and hydrogeological maps alluvial sediments are shown only along some of
the river courses in the delta. In the maps from the FRIEND project the groundwater
potential is said to be high in most of the area. Thus the possibilities for good aquifers
cannot be ruled out, but probably most of the water from the lower part of the delta has a
high saline content and probably both the water in the river and all fresh groundwater vanish
in the dry seasons.

According to the hydrogeological map a high mineral content is commonly found in the
groundwater in the lower part of the Ndungo and Calumbolo basins.

2.3.8.29 Basin 46 Coporolo

Along the coast of the Coporolo basin there are Lower and Middle Cretaceous sedimentary
rocks. At the outlet of Rio Coporolo there are alluvial sediments in a large delta. The
potential for groundwater supplies could have been large, but the groundwater in this coastal
zone is probably saline. According to the hydrogeological map of Angola the mineral content
increases with depth.

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In the eastern part of the basin there are mainly Precambrian granites and gneisses. The
groundwater potentials of these rocks are supposed to be low, with an average yield of 1 l/s
or less, and a low drilling success rate. However villages with low water demands in rural
districts could be supplied with groundwater, but some unsuccessful wells should be
expected.

In the middle, southern and eastern parts of the basin there are dolerites partly occurring as
very large dikes. In the middle of the basin there is a rather large area of basic metamorphic
rocks and most easterly there are also outcrops of metasediments. An average yield of 3 l/s
is estimated for all these Precambrian rocks, so water supply for villages and small towns
could be obtained.

In both the geological and hydrogeological maps large alluvial deposits are shown along Rio
Coporolo and tributary rivers in the upper part of the basin. There are probably also a lot of
smaller alluvial deposits that are not shown in the maps. These recent sediments could
probably supply large towns with groundwater, if the quality is good and the alluviums
contain water in the dry seasons.

2.3.8.30 Basin 47 Nhime

Along the coast of the Nhime basin there are mainly Lower and Middle Cretaceous
sedimentary rocks. None of these rocks are described as good aquifers, but there could be
layers of sandstones and limestones with some better groundwater potential. An average
water yield of 1 l/s and in places more could be expected. In the southern part of the basin
there are mainly Precambrian granites and gneisses. The groundwater potentials of these
rocks are supposed to be low, with an average yield of 1 l/s or less, and a low drilling
success rate. In this area groundwater could probably supply only villages in rural districts.

Alluvial sediments are shown along the lower part of Rio Nhime In the maps. Both the river
and the alluvium could be dry most of the year. According to the hydrogeological map of
Angola all groundwater near to the coast has a high mineral content - probably too high to be
used as drinking water. Therefore only villages with low water demands in rural districts
could be supplied with groundwater in the southern part of the basin.

2.3.8.31 Basin 48 Lua

Along the coast of the Lua basin there are mainly Lower and Middle Cretaceous and Lower
Tertiary sedimentary rocks. The groundwater potential is probably low, and according to the
hydrogeological map of Angola, most of the groundwater in this area has a too high mineral
content to be used as drinking water.

In the southeastern part of the basin there are mainly Precambrian granites and gneisses.
The groundwater potentials of these rocks are supposed to be low, with an average yield of
1 l/s or less, and a low drilling success rate. In this area groundwater probably could supply
only villages in rural districts.

There are alluvial sediments both along the upper and lower part of the Rio Lua. The
alluviums along the lower part of the river are probably saline. Those in the upper part of the
basins should have potential for supplying several inhabitants, but their water capacity in the
dry seasons are unknown and probably low.

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2.3.8.32 Basin 49 Equimina

The bedrock in the main part of this basin consists of Precambrian granitic and gneissic
rocks. An area of carbonatitic rocks is also found. The groundwater potentials of these
rocks are supposed to be low, with an average yield of 1 l/s or less, and a low drilling
success rate. In this area groundwater could probably supply only villages in rural districts.

The alluvial sediments along the lower parts of the river are probably dry or contain saline
groundwater, and according to the hydrogeological map of Angola, the groundwater in the
Mesozoic rocks near to the coast the have a high mineral content.

2.3.8.33 Basin 50 Chamanga

The bedrock in the main part of this basin consists of Precambrian granitic and gneissic
rocks. The groundwater potentials of these rocks are supposed to be low, with an average
yield of 1 l/s or less, and a low drilling success rate. Therefore only villages with low water
demands in rural districts could be supplied with groundwater from these rocks.

Along the coast of the Chamanga basin there is a small zone of Cretaceous and Tertiary
sedimentary rocks. According to the hydrogeological map of Angola the mineral content of
the groundwater in this rocks is so high that its use as drinking water is probably not
possible.

2.3.8.34 Basin 51 Calongolo

The rocks in the Calongolo basin are mainly Precambrian granites and gneisses. The
groundwater potentials of these rocks are supposed to be low, with an average yield of 1 l/s
or less, and a low drilling success rate. In this area groundwater could probably supply only
villages in rural districts.

There are alluvial sediments along some of the upper parts of Rio Calongolo that should
have potential as aquifers, but their water capacities in the dry season are unknown and
probably low.

Along the coast of the Chamanga basin there is a small zone of Cretaceous and Tertiary
sedimentary rocks. In the hydrogeological map of Angola it is indicated that the groundwater
both in the largest alluvial deposit and in the Tertiary and Cretaceous rocks could have too
high a mineral content to be used as drinking water.

2.3.8.35 Basins 52-55 Lucipo, Catara, Cangala, and Capim

The rocks of these basins are mainly Precambrian granites and gneisses. The groundwater
potentials of these rocks are supposed to be low, with an average yield of 1 l/s or less, and a
low drilling success rate. Groundwater from these rocks could probably supply only villages
in rural districts. The mineral content in the groundwater along the coast is probably too high
to be accepted in drinking water.

There are alluvial sediments in the western part of the area that should have potential for
supplying groundwater, but their water capacity in the dry seasons are unknown, and
according to the hydrogeological map of Angola their mineral content is probably too high to
be suitable for drinking water.

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2.3.8.36 Basin 56 Chileva

The rocks of the Chileva basin are mainly Precambrian granites and gneisses. The
groundwater potential of these rocks are supposed to be low, with an average yield of 1 l/s or
less, and a low drilling success rate. In this basin groundwater probably could supply only
villages in rural districts.

The mineral content in the groundwater along the coast is probably too high to be acceptable
as drinking water.

2.3.8.37 Basins 57-58 Carunjamba and Inamagano

The bedrock in the main part of these basins consists of Precambrian granitic and gneissic
rocks. The groundwater potentials of these rocks are supposed to be low, with an average
yield of 1 l/s or less, and a low drilling success rate. Groundwater from these rocks could
probably only supply villages in rural districts.

A NNW-SSE running fault line and a large doleritic dyke of the age of the Pan-African orogen
cross the eastern parts of the basins. There are also some smaller dikes of the same age.
Water wells in these structures are supposed to have a possible groundwater yield of 3 l/s on
average, and could give water supply to villages and small towns.

Along the coast there are Mesozoic and Cenozoic rocks and Quaternary sediments with
different groundwater potentials. In general the groundwater in this southern coastal area
has a high mineral content caused by the low annual rainfall. High mineral content can also
be found in the western part of the Precambrian rocks. These waters are probably not
usable as drinking water.

The groundwater in the alluvial deposits along the lower part of the rivers is probably saline,
and there will always be a risk of an unacceptable increase in the saline content when
pumping a well for a long time in this area. The alluviums can be without water in the dry
seasons.

2.3.8.38 Basin 59 Mapungo

In about 2/3 of this basin close to the coast there are Mesozoic rocks and some Quaternary
rocks and sediments. None of these rocks are described as good aquifers, but there could
be layers of sandstones and limestones with some better groundwater potential. An average
water yield of 1 l/s and in places a little more could be expected. In the eastern part of the
basin there are Precambrian granites and gneisses. The groundwater potentials of these
rocks are supposed to be low, with an average yield of 1 l/s or less, and a low drilling
success rate. Groundwater from these rocks could probably supply only villages in rural
districts.

According to the hydrogeological map of Angola both the groundwater in the Mesozoic rocks
and in the western part of the Precambrian rocks has a high mineral content, probably too
high to be used as drinking water.

2.3.8.39 Basin 60 Sao Nicolau

The bedrock in the main part of this basin consists of Precambrian granitic and gneissic
rocks. The groundwater potentials of these rocks is supposed to be low, with an average
yield of 1 l/s or less, and a low drilling success rate. Groundwater from these rocks could
probably supply only villages in rural districts.

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There are two small areas of fissured rocks with a higher groundwater potential in the basin.
In the southwest, along the border to the Mutiambo basin, there are old Precambrian
sediments. Wells in these metasediments are supposed to have an average groundwater
yield of 3 l/s, and could give water supply to villages and small towns. In the south-eastern
end the Sao Nicolau basin touches the northern part of the rocks of the Pan-African orogen
that are situated in an large area south and west of Lubango. These rocks are known to
have a high water yield, probably as much as 6 l/s on average.

Several doleritic dikes of the age of the Pan-African orogen are found in the eastern part of
this basin. Water wells in these rocks are supposed to have a possible groundwater yield of
3 l/s on average, and could give water supply to villages and small towns.

Along the coast there are Mesozoic and Cenozoic rocks and Quaternary sediments with low
groundwater potentials, and a small area of volcanic rocks with a better yield. In general the
groundwater in this southern coastal area has a high mineral content caused by the low
annual rainfall. The mineral content is probably too high to be acceptable as drinking water.
High mineral content can be found in the western part of the Precambrian rocks also.

The groundwater in the alluvial deposits along the lower part of the rivers is probably saline,
and there will always be a risk of an unacceptable increase in the saline content when
pumping a well for a long time in this area.

2.3.8.40 Basin 61 Salgada

There are Mesozoic rocks and some Quaternary rocks and sediments in about two thirds of
this basin close to the coast. None of these rocks are described as good aquifers, but there
could be layers of sandstones and limestones with some better groundwater potential. An
average water yield of 1 l/s and in places a little more could be expected. In the eastern part
of the basin there are Precambrian granites and gneisses. The groundwater potentials of
these rocks are supposed to be low, with an average yield of 1 l/s or less, and a low drilling
success rate.

According to the hydrogeological map of Angola the groundwater in this entire basin has a
high mineral content, probably too high to be used as drinking water.

2.3.8.41 Basin 62 Chilulo

In the western part of the Chilulo basin close to the coast there are Mesozoic rocks and
some Quaternary rocks and sediments. None of these rocks are described as good aquifers,
but there could be layers of sandstones and limestones with better groundwater potential.
An average water yield of 1 l/s and in places a little more could be expected. There is also a
small area of volcanic rocks with a higher water yield. There are Precambrian granites and
gneisses in most of the basin. The groundwater potentials of these rocks are supposed to be
low, with an average yield of 1 l/s or less, and a low drilling success rate.

According to the hydrogeological map of Angola the groundwater both in the Mesozoic rocks
and in the western part of the Precambrian rocks has a high mineral content, probably too
high to be used as drinking water.

2.3.8.42 Basin 63 Caniço

In about three quarters of this basin close to the coast there are Mesozoic rocks and some
Quaternary rocks and sediments. None of these rocks are described as good aquifers, but
there could be layers of sandstones and limestones with some better groundwater potential.

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An average water yield of 1 l/s and in places a little more could be expected. In the eastern
part of the basin there are Precambrian granites and gneisses. The groundwater potentials
of these rocks are supposed to be low, with an average yield of 1 l/s or less, and a low
drilling success rate.

According to the hydrogeological map of Angola the groundwater in this entire basin has a
high mineral content, probably too high to be used as drinking water.

2.3.8.43 Basin 64 Mutiambo

The bedrock in the main part of this basin consists of Precambrian granitic and gneissic
rocks. The groundwater potentials of these rocks are supposed to be low, with an average
yield of 1 l/s or less, and a low drilling success rate.

There are also some areas of old Precambrian sedimentary rocks with a higher groundwater
potential, mainly along the borders of the basin. Water wells in this metasediments are
supposed to have a possible groundwater yield of 3 l/s on average, and could give water
supply to villages and small towns.

Along the coast there are Mesozoic and Cenozoic rocks and Quaternary sediments with low
groundwater potentials. In general the groundwater in this southern coastal area have a high
mineral content caused by the low annual rainfall, probably too high to be accepted in
drinking water. High mineral content can be found in the western part of the Precambrian
rocks as well. There will always be a risk of an unacceptable increase in the saline content
when pumping a well for a long time in this area.

There are alluvial sediments in the western part of the area that should have potential for
supplying groundwater, but their water capacity in the dry seasons are unknown, and
according to the hydrogeological map of Angola their mineral content is probably too high to
be suitable for drinking water.

2.3.8.44 Basin 65 Muchimanda

In most of the Muchimanda basin there are Precambrian granites and gneisses. The
groundwater potentials of all of these rocks are supposed to be low, with an average yield of
1 l/s or less, and a low drilling success rate.

In the western part of the basin close to the coast there are Mesozoic rocks and some
Quaternary rocks and sediments. None of these rocks are described as good aquifers, but
there could be layers of sandstones and limestones with some better groundwater potential.
An average water yield of 1 l/s and in places a little more could be expected.

According to the hydrogeological map of Angola the groundwater both in the Mesozoic rocks
and in the western part of the Precambrian rocks has a high mineral content, probably too
high to be used as drinking water.

2.3.8.45 Basin 66 Giraul

The bedrock in the main part of this basin consists of different groups of Precambrian rocks.
Most of the northern and eastern parts of the basin consist of granitic and gneissic rocks.
The groundwater potentials of these rocks are supposed to be low, with an average yield of
1 l/s or less, and a low drilling success rate. Groundwater from these rocks could probably
supply only villages in rural districts.

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In the southern part of the basin and also in some areas to the east, there are old quartz
schists. To the north there are areas of the same younger metasediments. The groundwater
yield of both these rock groups is estimated to 3 l/s on average. Most easterly in the basin
there are rocks of the Pan-African orogen. These rocks are known to have a high water
yield, probably as much as 6 l/s on average. Groundwater supply for towns should be
obtained from these rocks.

Several doleritic dikes of the age of the Pan-African orogen are found in the northeastern
part of this basin. Water wells in these rocks are supposed to have a possible groundwater
yield of 3 l/s on average, and could give water supply to villages and small towns.

Along the coast there are Mesozoic and Cenozoic rocks and Quaternary sediments with low
groundwater potentials, and a small area of volcanic rocks with a better yield as well. In
general the groundwater in this southern coastal area has a high mineral content, probably
caused by the low annual rainfall. The mineral content is probably too high to be acceptable
for drinking water. High mineral content can be found in the western part of the Precambrian
rocks also. The groundwater in the alluvial deposits along the lower part of the Rio Giraul is
probably saline, and there will always be a risk for an unacceptable increase in the saline
content when pumping a well for a long time in this area.

2.3.8.46 Basin 67 Bero

The bedrock in the main part of this basin consists of different groups of Precambrian rocks.
In most of the basin there are old quartz schists with and groundwater yield estimated to 3 l/s
on average.

In parts of the basin, especially to the south and east, there are also outcrops of younger
Precambrian granitic and gneissic rocks. The groundwater potentials of these rocks are
supposed to be low, with an average yield of 1 l/s or less, and a low drilling success rate. To
the northeast and southeast there are rocks of the Pan-African orogen. These rocks are
known to have a high water yield, probably as much as 6 l/s on average.

Along the coast there are Mesozoic and Cenozoic rocks and Quaternary sediments with
different groundwater potentials. In general the groundwater in this southern coastal area
has a high mineral content caused by the low annual precipitation. The mineral content is
probably too high to be acceptable as drinking water.

High mineral content can be found in the western part of the Precambrian rocks also. There
will always be a risk of an unacceptable increase in the saline content when pumping a well
for a long time in the western part of this basin.

According to the reported groundwater yield of the rocks, groundwater could supply both
villages and towns in this basin. In the western part of the basin, however, the annual
precipitation is low and the potential evapotranspiration high. Thus the amount of available
water could be less than expected.

2.3.8.47 Basin 68 Changulo

In the Changulo basin there are Quaternary sand and sandstones. According to the
hydrogeological map of Angola the water yield is low, 1 l/s on average. In the maps from the
FRIEND project an average yield of 3 l/s is indicated, but this is probably a misinterpretation.

In this area with a very low annual precipitation the groundwater has a high mineral content,
and is probably not suitable for drinking water.

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2.3.8.48 Basin 69 Subida Grande

In the Subida Grande basin most of the rocks are Quaternary sand and sandstones.
According to the hydrogeological map of Angola the water yield is low, 1 l/s on average. In
the maps from the FRIEND project an average yield of 3 l/s is indicated, but this is probably a
misinterpretation.

In the eastern part there are Lower Tertiary rocks with a low groundwater potential. In this
area with very low annual precipitation the groundwater has a high mineral content, and is
probably not suitable for drinking water.

2.3.8.49 Basin 70 Metere

In the Metere basin there are mainly Lower Tertiary sedimentary rocks with a low
groundwater potential. In a small area to the north there are Quaternary sediments, and the
south part of the basin is inside the area of the Namibe desert.

In general the groundwater in this area has a high mineral content, and is probably not
suitable for drinking water.

2.3.8.50 Basin 71 Flamingos

The eastern two-thirds of the Flamingos basin is situated in an area of Precambrian rocks,
and the western part is in the area of the Namibe desert.

The groundwater in most of the basin has a high mineral content. The average yield of the
quartz schists in the eastern part of the basin is estimated as 3 l/s in the maps, but due to the
low precipitation the real water capacity in this area is unknown.

In general the groundwater in this area has a high mineral content, and is probably not
suitable for drinking water.

2.3.8.51 Basin 72 Curoca

In the northwestern and the southern part of the basin there are Precambrian quartz schists.
The groundwater yield of these rocks is elsewhere estimated to 3 l/s on average.

Furthest east the basin reaches into an old Precambrian complex that mainly consist of
gabbroic rocks. The groundwater potential is considered to be relatively high, and the
average yield is estimated to 3 l/s.

In the central part of the basin and in areas in the western parts there are granitic and
gneissic rocks. The groundwater potential of these rocks is supposed to be low, with an
average yield of 1 l/s or less, and a low drilling success rate.

In central eastern parts of the basin and in small areas to the south and west, there are
sedimentary and volcanic rocks of the Pan-African orogen. The average water yield is
estimated to 3-6 l/s with the highest yield in the volcanic rocks, and some less in basic
intrusives such as norites and dolerites.

Towards the west the Rio Curora runs into the Namibe desert. Several of the fractured rocks
in the Curora basin have an apparently high groundwater potential, and the water yield
should be enough to supply both villages and smaller towns. However, in most of this basin

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there is a very low annual precipitation, and the actual groundwater potential here is
unknown. In the western half of the basin the groundwater is known to have a high mineral
content, and here it is hardly suitable for drinking water purposes.

2.3.8.52 Basin 73 Cunene

Along the northern border of the western part of the basin there are Precambrian quartz
schists. The groundwater yield of thse rocks is elsewhere estimated to 3 l/s on average.

In the western part of the basin there is an old Precambrian complex mainly consisting of
gabbroic rocks. The groundwater potential is considered to be relatively high, and the
average yield is estimated to 3 l/s.

There are granitic and gneissic rocks in the area northeast of Lubango and in several
outcrops in the northern and eastern parts. The groundwater potentials of these rocks are
supposed to be low, with an average yield of 1 l/s or less, and a low drilling success rate.

In between the granitic rock areas to the north and east, there are also some outcrops of old
Precambrian sedimentary rocks with a higher groundwater potential. Water wells in these
metasediments are suppsed to have a possible groundwater yield of 3 l/s on average, and
could give water supply to villages and small towns.

Along the northern border of the western part of the basin (west of the quartz schists
mentioned above), and in an area south and west of Lubango, there are sedimentary and
volcanic rocks of the Pan-African orogen. The average water yield is estimated to 3 to 6 l/s
with the highest yield in the volcanic rocks, and somewhat less in basic intrusives such as
norites and dolerites.

Most of the eastern and northern parts of the basin are covered with Tertiary and Quaternary
sediments, called Kalaharian sand in the hydrogeological map. The groundwater potential of
these sediments are unknown, but probably low.

Towards the west the Rio Cunene runs into the Namibe desert. Several of the fractured
rocks in the Cunene basin have an apparently high groundwater potential, and the water
yield should be enough to supply both villages and smaller towns. However there is very low
annual precipitation in the southwestern part of the basin, and the actual groundwater
potential here is unknown. In the western half of the basin the groundwater is known to have
a high mineral content, and here it is hardly suitable for drinking water purposes.

2.3.8.53 Basin 74 Zambeze

Most of the eastern and northern parts of the basin are covered with Tertiary and Quaternary
sediments, called Kalaharian sand in the hydrogeological map. The groundwater potential of
these sediments is unknown. In the eroded river valleys Jurassic and Cretaceous rocks are
exposed. Outcrops of Upper Cretaceous dolerites are also found. The groundwater
potentials of these rocks are unknown, but dolerite dikes in the valleys should probably give
the highest water yield.

To the northeast there are old Precambrian rocks of different (and partly unknown) origin,
and also younger Precambrian rocks of the Pan-African orogen. The latter are known to
have a rather high average water yield, ranging from 3 l/s in doleritic and associated rocks to
6 l/s in sandstones and limestones. An average yield of 3 l/s is also estimated for some of
the older quartzites and conglomerates. The Precambrian rocks in part of the eastern area

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could supply groundwater to villages and small towns, but elsewhere in the basin large
groundwater potentials should not be expected.

2.3.8.54 Basin 75 Cubango

Almost the entire Cubango basin is covered with Tertiary and Quaternary sediments, called
Kalaharian sand in the hydrogeological map. The groundwater potential of these sediments
is unknown. In the eroded river valleys Jurassic and Cretaceous rocks are exposed. The
groundwater potentials of all these rocks and sediments are unknown, but probably low.

To the northwest there are outcrops of old Precambrian rocks of different origin. There are
both granitic and gneissic rocks known to have a rather low average yield, and older
metasediments and metavolcanic rocks supposed to have an average water yield of 3 l/s.
These Precambrian rocks in parts of the northwestern area could supply groundwater to
villages and small towns, but elsewhere in the basin large groundwater potentials should not
be expected.

2.3.8.55 Basin 76 Cuando

Almost the entire Cuando basin is covered with Tertiary and Quaternary sediments, called
Kalaharian sand in the hydrogeological map. In the eroded river valleys Jurassic and
Cretaceous rocks are exposed. The groundwater potentials of these all these rocks and
sediments are unknown, but probably low.

2.3.8.56 Basin 77 Cuvelai

Most of the Cuvelai basin is covered with Tertiary and Quaternary sediments, called
Kalaharian sand in the hydrogeological map. The groundwater potential of these sediments
are unknown. In the eroded river valleys Jurassic and Cretaceous rocks are exposed. The
groundwater potentials of these all these rocks and sediments are unknown, but probably
low.

To the northwest there are outcrops of old Precambrian rocks of different origin. There are
both granitic and gneissic rocks known to have and rather low average yield and older
metasediments and metavolcanic rocks supposed to have an average water yield, of 3 l/s.
These Precambrian rocks in part of the northwestern area could supply groundwater to
villages and small towns, but elsewhere in the basin large groundwater potentials should not
be expected.

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Table 2.3.2 Division of Hydrological Sub Basins in Angola

1. 2. 3. Major Catchment 1. 2. 3. Major Catchment

Division Division Division Basin Name Division Division Division Basin Name
4 40 1 S.W.Coast Lubinda 4 60 40 S.W.Coast Curinge
4 40 2 S.W.Coast Chiloango 4 60 41 S.W.Coast Uche
4 40 3 S.W.Coast Lulondo 4 60 42 S.W.Coast Mormolo
4 40 4 S.W.Coast Lucula 4 60 43 S.W.Coast Pima
4 43 5 Zaïre / Zaire 4 60 44 S.W.Coast Ndungo
Congo
4 60 6 S.W.Coast Zombo 4 60 45 S.W.Coast Calumbolo
4 60 7 S.W.Coast Luela 4 60 46 S.W.Coast Coporolo
4 60 8 S.W.Coast Lucolo 4 60 47 S.W.Coast Nhime
4 60 9 S.W.Coast Sange 4 60 48 S.W.Coast Lua
4 60 10 S.W.Coast Lucunga 4 60 49 S.W.Coast Equimina
4 60 11 S.W.Coast M'Bridge 4 60 50 S.W.Coast Chamanga
4 60 12 S.W.Coast Sembo 4 60 51 S.W.Coast Calongolo
4 60 13 S.W.Coast Loge 4 60 52 S.W.Coast Lucipo
4 60 14 S.W.Coast Uezo 4 60 53 S.W.Coast Catara
4 60 15 S.W.Coast Onzo 4 60 54 S.W.Coast Cangala
4 60 16 S.W.Coast Lifune 4 60 55 S.W.Coast Capim
4 60 17 S.W.Coast Dande 4 60 56 S.W.Coast Chileva
4 60 18 S.W.Coast Bengo 4 60 57 S.W.Coast Carunjamba
4 60 19 S.W.Coast Cuanza 4 60 58 S.W.Coast Inamagando
4 60 20 S.W.Coast Perdizes 4 60 59 S.W.Coast Mapungo
4 60 21 S.W.Coast Sangando 4 60 60 S.W.Coast Bentiaba
4 60 22 S.W.Coast Cabo Ledo 4 60 61 S.W.Coast Salgada
4 60 23 S.W.Coast Mengueje 4 60 62 S.W.Coast Chilulo /
Chapéu
Armado
4 60 24 S.W.Coast Tanda 4 60 63 S.W.Coast Caniço
4 60 25 S.W.Coast Longa 4 60 64 S.W.Coast Mutiambo
4 60 26 S.W.Coast Cutanga 4 60 65 S.W.Coast Muchimanda
4 60 27 S.W.Coast Quiteta 4 60 66 S.W.Coast Giraul
4 60 28 S.W.Coast Catata 4 60 67 S.W.Coast Bero
4 60 29 S.W.Coast Tortombo 4 60 68 S.W.Coast Changulo
4 60 30 S.W.Coast Queve 4 60 69 S.W.Coast Subida Grande
4 60 31 S.W.Coast N'Gunza 4 60 70 S.W.Coast Metere
4 60 32 S.W.Coast Quicombo 4 60 71 S.W.Coast Flamingos
4 60 33 S.W.Coast Dui 4 60 72 S.W.Coast Curoca
4 60 34 S.W.Coast Evale 4 60 73 S.W.Coast Cunene
4 60 35 S.W.Coast Balombo 4 62 74 Zambezi Zambeze
4 60 36 S.W.Coast Cuhula 4 63 75 Okavango Cubango
4 60 37 S.W.Coast Cubal Da 4 63 76 Zambezi Cuando
Hanha
4 60 38 S.W.Coast Catumbela 4 63 77 Etosha pan Cuvelai
4 60 39 S.W.Coast Cavaco

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3. SEDIMENT TRANSPORT & SOIL EROSION

3.1 Introduction
The Terms of Reference calls for a preliminary estimation of sediment transport in the
different river basins, and the identification of river basins where soil erosion problems are
most severe. Due to the complete lack of sediment transport measurements revealed by this
rapid assessment, no such river-by-river estimation has been possible. Efforts have,
however, been made to collect and analyze the scant data that has been uncovered. In
addition background research has been made to uncover comparative information from
regional rivers and basins. The results are included in the following sections.

3.2 Bathymetric Measurements of Cambambe Reservoir

Cambambe Dam in the Middle Cuanza River basin was completed in 1960 is 60 m high and
may be heightened by some 20 m as part of the rehabilitation of the power plant.
Construction of a second powerhouse is foreseen. This would increase the total installed
capacity to 780 MW. Cambambe has large volumes of sediment deposits that reduce the
effective storage. The original total storage volume was 50 million m3. Measurements and
calculations from a bathymetric survey1 carried out in 2001 showed that the siltation is quite
excessive, the new measured volumes being then some 24 million m3 total storage including
somewhat under 19 million m3 of live storage. This implies an average siltation rate of some
26 million m3 over a period of some 41 years, or a rate of some 0.63 million m3 per year. The
catchment area at the Cambambe Dam is 117,194 km2. Unfortunately, no measurements
are available of the properties of the sediment material in the reservoir, nor of the amounts of
sediments that have passed by the dam and turbines. However, the reservoir being
relatively large, relatively high trap efficiency would be expected, and the bedload and a
major portion of the suspended sediments would be expected to be deposited in the
reservoir. Considering a (unconfirmed) density of the sediments laid down in water of
1.5 tonne/m3, this corresponds to a sediment yield of somewhat less than 8 tonnes/km2/year.

A search has been made for comparison sediment yield data for African rivers. The FAO2
have a trial database available on the Internet that gives sediment yield values from rivers in
many of the countries of the World. The database quotes a very wide range of values of
sediment yield for African Rivers, ranging from 0.9 tonnes/km2/year to
2
19520 tonnes/km /year. Significantly, Angola has no entries in this database, but there are
entries in some of the neighbouring countries including South Africa, Zimbabwe and Zaire.
As an example, sediment yield figures of 35 tonnes/km2/year are quoted for the Zambezi in
Mozambique and 11 tonnes/km2/year for the Zaire River. Consequently, the estimate of
some 8 tonnes/km2/year for the Cuanza River at Cambambe Dam is perhaps not
unreasonable. Within the framework of the time and resources available for this rapid
assessment, it is not possible to draw conclusions from this single point measurement and
apply it to other Angolan rivers. Such an exercise could, however, be the subject of future
follow-up of this Rapid Water Resources Assessment.

1
Study of the sedimentation of the Cambambe Dam reservoir on the Cuanza River (Estudo de
Avaliação da Sedimentação da Albufeira da Barragem de Cambambe no Rio Cuanza, PM Consultoria
Obras Hidráulicas, Luanda, February 2002).
2
FAO-AGL - Database of World Rivers Sediment Yields

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3.3 Measurements in the Okavango River at Divundu, Caprivi, Namibia

In May 2003 a bathymetric study3 of the application of side-scan sonar and bathymetric
survey techniques was carried out in the Okavango River at Divundu, Caprivi, Namibia in
order to determine bedload sediment transport rates in the Okavango River.

The survey measured rates of migration of sedimentary bedforms in the river over a 28-hour
period, and came up with values of average bedload sediment transport across the width of
the river of 121.91 m3/day, with densities of sediments of some 1.6 tonnes/m3.

The results were said in the report to be provisional only and that further field measurements
were recommended.

3.4 Soil Problem Areas and Soil Erosion

Meetings with the ministry of Agriculture revealed some information about the distribution
and severity of soil erosion problems in Angola. This is backed up by international
information and datasets on the issue of human induced soil erosion.

The central plateau is among the most densely populated areas and where, due to a high
mean annual rainfall, rainfed agriculture is most developed. These areas are therefore also
among those with the most extensive forestry devastation. Water erosion by rainfall in these
areas leads to loss of topsoil that reduces the agricultural value of soils and contributes to
increased sediment load and reduced water quality in the rivers. This central plateau is the
region where many of the rivers have their source and sediment problems cause effects in
several of the large rivers.

In areas west of the central highlands, nearer the coast, increased agricultural activity also
causes deterioration of the vegetation coverage and increased erosion. During the war,
many people fled to these coastal areas and the natural vegetative cover there was reduced
through the planting of crops, often by “slash and burn” techniques. Land erosion in these
areas also contributes to increased sediment loads in the rivers. In addition, reduction of
vegetation cover leads to more susceptibility to flooding.

Two datasets with full coverage of Angola have been found, both from the
UNEP/DEWA/GRID-Geneva. One dataset describes human induced soil erosion and soil
erosion severity soil and the other soil problem areas.

The GLASOD database contains information on soil degradation as reported by numerous

soil experts around the world. It includes the type, degree, extent, cause and rate of soil
degradation. The dataset for Angola is shown in Figure 3.4.1.

The “cause” variable indicates the kind of human interference that has triggered the
degradation process. The five major soil degradation causes are: deforestation, overgrazing,
agricultural activities, overexploitation of vegetative cover for domestic use, and (bio)-
industrial activities.

Problem soils have been defined as soils with inherent physical or chemical constraints to
agricultural production. In these soils degradation hazards are more severe and adequate
soil management measures are more difficult or costly to apply. Such soils, if improperly

3
Application of side-scan sonar and bathymetric survey techniquesto a determination of bedload
sediment transport rates in the Okavango River at Divundo, Caprivi, Namibia on behalf of Eco-
Plan/Nampower; Council for Geoscience, Marine Geoscience Unit, Cape Town, RSA, May 2003.

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used or inadequately managed, will degrade rapidly, sometimes irreversibly. As a result the
land itself might go out of productive use.

Figure 3.4.1 Human Induced Soil Erosion in Angola. (GLASOD dataset)

The process of grouping land areas according to constraints to agricultural production is

complex because:

In many cases tracts of land will exhibit a combination of a number of soil and agro-climatic
constraints.
Environmental requirements of individual crops vary considerably so that what is a severe
constraint for one crop may be less severe or no constraint for another crop.
The mapped soil data at 1:5 000 000 scale is presented as an association of a number of
different soils, and each mapping unit may contain a variable proportion of no problem soils
and soils with different constraints.

The dataset is part of the TERRASTAT I Global GIS Databases and was created as part of
the Poverty and Food Insecurity Mapping Project (GCP/INT/761/NOR) funded by the
Government of Norway.

The dataset for Angola is shown in Figure 3.4.2. Closer inspection of the figure shows that
over 30% of the mapping unit represents soils with no problems with respect to agricultural
production. However, it also shows that there are large tracts of “steep lands” (1.e. areas
with dominant slopes greater than 30%), which may therefore be subject to increased
erosion, especially when subjected to human and animal activity. As Figure 3.4.2 shows,
and as confirmed by local knowledge, these steep areas with higher erosion potential occur
typically along the edge of the central plateau.

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Figure 3.4.2 Problem Soil Areas of Angola

(Data from TERRASTAT 1 Global GIS Database)

3.5 Conclusions
Since no sediment-sampling network is in existence in Angola today, the little data
assembled during this assessment is of limited value. In Chapter 13 some recommendations
are given for how this situation may be improved.

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4. POPULATION ESTIMATES AND FORECASTS

4.1 The Setting for Estimating Present National Population and Growth Rates
Angola is a large and very sparsely populated country, being four times the size of Norway
and having less than four times the population of Norway.

Angola appears to have undergone a very rapid change from a predominantly rural economy
as recent as 1990 (28% urban and 72% rural population, according to FAO), towards a
significant degree of urbanization (34% rural and 66% urban in 2001, according to INE-
estimates). Around 30% now appear to live in the Capital Luanda metropolitan area.

Different sources apply very different estimates of Angola’s total population; it’s provincial as
well as urban/rural distribution growth rates, life expectancies, and mortalities. Short of a
recent post-war nationwide census, there is very little to indicate which of the data sources
are most reliable, and it is not always clear if some sources build more or less on some of the
other ones referred to in the sampled population estimates presented in Table 4.1.

Table 4.1 Some Recent Population Estimates for Angola

Indicator Total Urban/sub-urban Rural population Pop. Growth rate
population population
Source
Present assessment 14-15 mill Na Na 3.0% (2004)
by Learned Angolans (2004)

UN OCHA 2004 15.2 mill (2004) na na na

UNDP Human Devt. 12.8 mill. (2001) 35% 65% 2.9% (2001-15)
Report (2003)
Min. Of Energy and 13.8 mill (2003) 66% (2003) 34% (2003) na
Water Strategy
Inst for Sec.Studies 13.1 mill. (2003) na na 2.9 % (2003)
SADC/GTZ 13.5 mill. (2002) 55%. (2002) 45%. (2002) 3.0% (2002)
EIA Country analysis 13.9 mill (2002) na na na
FAOSTAT 13.2 mill. (2002) na na 3.2% (2001)
1
INE 13.8 mill (2001) 66% (2001) 34% (2001) na
World Bank 13.5 mill. (2001) na na 3.1 % (1995)
Emb. of Angola, UK 11.2 mill. (1999) na na 2.8 % (1999)
SADC-FAO 12.5 mill. (1999) na na 4.0% (mid-1990s)
2
MICS na 42%(1996) 58% (1996) na
FAOSTAT 10.9 mill (1995) 31% (1995) 69% (1995) 2.7% (1995)
FAOSTAT 9.3 mill (1990) 28% (1990) 72% (1990) 2.6% (1990)

Disaggregating the population estimates by province and/or by rural/urban delineations

makes the estimates much more speculative. This is very much due to the massive
dislocation of millions of people, particularly after the resumption of civil war in 1992. As of
June 2004, more than 4 million people had been resettled in their original provinces.
However, close to 400,000 people remained dislocated to be resettled, and no census is
available to provide facts about how many of the dislocated people have actually settled
permanently in the provinces they fled to.

1
National Institute of statistics
2
MICS = Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey by UNICEF

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In addition, no census data are available to map the migration flows (both war-induced and
induced by economic discrepancies between urban and rural areas) during the past 12
years, a period of around 3% or more annual natural population growth. FAO estimates the
Angola population to have doubled from 1992 to 2004. As an illustration of intra-country
population growth variation, Luanda is now (2004) said to have between 4 and 5 million
people, whereas it had an estimated 1.74 million in 1992. This suggests almost a tripling of
the population of the capital metropolitan area in 12 years. Over this 12-year period,
Luanda’s share of the national population has increase from an estimated 17.5% to 29%.

Aside from the ongoing adjustments from almost 30 years of wartime to peace and
reconciliation, future population development is affected by changes in life expectancy and
infant and child mortality. As for the other demographic indicators in Table 4.1, these health-
provision related indicators are also highly uncertain, see Table 4.2.

Table 4.2 Health-related Demographic Indicators of Angola

Life expectancy Infant mortality
Source (years) (per 1000 births)
UNDP Human Development Report 2003 40.2 (2001) 154 (2001)
Inst for Sec.Studies 41 (2003) Na
SADC/GTZ 45 (2002) Na
MICS na 150 (2001)
World Bank na 154 (2001)
Emb of Angola, UK 48 (1999) 129 (1999)
SADC-FAO 47 (1992) Na
MICS na 166 (1996)
World Bank na 172 (1995)
Various sources

4.2 The Provincial Population Distribution

The more recent provincial population statistics are rather speculative estimates. The
electoral process of September 1992 helped the country to have an idea about how many
citizens were living in Angola at that time, based on the registered adult population. No
recent census data are available, and the resumption of the civil war between 1992 and 2001
resulted in tremendous dislocation of peoples between provinces and across borders to
neighbouring countries.

Table 4.3 presents INE-estimated provincial population totals for 1994, along with the most
recent UN OCHA estimates for 2004. In addition, it presents year 2000 estimates of
structured urban and peri-urban/transition/periphery/shantytown population numbers (the
distinctions between the elements of the latter urban cluster-category own is not at all clear
as regards unitary water consumption assumptions) for the provincial capitals and the other
main cities from the various Water Master Plans. These latter population estimates tends,
however, to be significantly different (sometimes higher, sometimes lower) from those
presented as urban totals in the 2003 “Strategy for the Development of the Water Sector”
paper prepared by the Ministry of Energy and Water.

Disturbingly, but not at all surprisingly, there are very substantial discrepancies between the
estimates from the various sources, even for the same year.

Furthermore, different definitions and criteria for disaggregation of population data into
categories that have significantly different access to potable water (urban structured,

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periurban/peripherical/shantytown, and rural) and therefore different levels of daily per capita
water consumption are applied in different studies and databases.

For example, the estimated total 2003 urban population for Benguela city is 400,000 in the
“Strategy” paper, while the estimated 2000 urban population in the Water Master Plan is
520,000. For Lobito the comparable numbers are 600,000 and 750,000 respectively.

In the case of Bie, the 2000 Master Plan estimate for the province is 1,230,000, of which
400,000 in Kuito municipality alone. The estimated 1995 provincial population was 600,000.
Similar dramatic changes in estimated provincial populations are detected for Huambo (from
1 million in 1995 to 3 million in 2000), Huila (from 680,000 in 1995 to 1.34 million in 1999),
and Lunda Sul (from 125,000 in 1995 to 400,000 in 2004).

Luanda metropolitan area is now believed to hold between 4 and 5 million people, or around
1/3 of the nations estimated population of around 15 million. This means that the population
is highly concentrated in and around Luanda, but there are also important population
concentrations in the main provincial capitals such as Benguela, Lubango, Huambo, Uige
and Kuito. At the same time, the population densities are extremely low in extensive
provinces such as Cuando-Cubango, Lunda Norte, Lunda Sul, Moxico and Namibe.

The war and the resulting dislocation, followed by relocation in the wake of the war, makes it
virtually impossible – short of any recent census data – to prepare provincial population
forecasts based on historic population trends. UN OCHA in the report “Angola 2004”,
estimates that during 2003 alone, more than 3.8 million war-affected persons resettled or
returned to their areas of origin, and hundreds of thousands remain temporarily resettled,
while 350,000 refugees are still in neighbouring countries. Only an overall national
demographically based growth rate can be established with some degree of confidence.
Then one can make trend assumptions about the continued rural to urban migration trends,
and finally – given what has been assumed for these national trends in the coming two
decades – make best guess assumptions about the future population developments in each
province as a basis for preparing forecasts for each water catchment area.

From Table 4.3, one sees that the estimated population of the key urban areas in the Water
Sector Strategy plan column to the right covers 79% of the estimated 2002 urban population
of Angola. It would – considering the data available population and water use data for
forecasting purposes – seems reasonable to assume that the Master Plan data presented in
columns 2 and 3 in Table 4.3 represent 80% of the urban population of the country, and that
default parameters derived from these cities, should be adopted to expand the forecasts to
nationwide coverage.

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Table 4.3 Provincial Population Estimates for Angola based on Available Studies (‘000)
Indicator INE UN OCHAo Estimated Estimated Peri- Estimated
estimated Angola 2004 Structured urban key urban
Provincial estimated Population in Population in population
1994 Provincial Key Urban key Urban from “Water
Populatio 2004 Centres In 2000 Centres In 2000 Strategy
n Population (Water Master (Water Master Paper” 2003
Corrected Plans) plans)
Province
1. Bengo 215 322 na na 60a
2. Benguela 1,302 1,570 451b 1,019b 400
3. Bie (2000)c 774 1,016 16 (2002) 53 69
4. Cabinda 181 362 - 197 (2004)d 20
5. Cunene 348 449 11 (2001) 103 (2001) 63e
6. Cuando-Cubango 312 514 na na 70
7. Cuanza-Norte 323 551 12 (2002) 81 (2002) 105f
8. Cuanza-Sul 820 1,130 na na 210g
9. Huambo (2000)h 1,094 1,148 91 (2001) 299 (2001) 400
10. Huila (1999)i 1,174 1,347 87 (1999) 361 (1999) 300
11. Lunda-Norte 362 479 14 (2004) 62 (2004) 60j
12. Lunda-Sul (2004)k 207 277 7 (2004) 143 (2004) 70
13. Luanda 1,995 2,935 266 (2000) 1,628 (2000) 4,000
14. Malanje 754 824 19 (2002) 240 (2002) 275
15. Moxico 285 442 na na 70
16. Namibe 199 253 - 58 (2004)d 150
17. Uige 702 1,321 na na 140
18. Zaire 178 285 - 51 (2004)m 125l
Total 11,224 15,225 -- -- 7,155
Water Sector Strategy 13.8 13.8 million -- -- 9,100n
National Plan (2002) million (all urban)

a Includes Caxito (20’), Dondo (30’) and Catete (10’)

b The sum of Lobito, Benguela, Catumbela, Baia Farta,. Lobito and Benguela alone added up
to 1,470,000 in the Master Plan document for 2000.
c Total population estimate for the Bie municipalities 1,123,000 as estimated in the Master Plan
data base, of which 400,000 in Kuito Municipality..
d Assumes all urban in peri-urban category with 40litres/person/day consumption
e Includes only Ondjiva while Master Plan data includes Xangongo etc as well
f Includes 10,000 peri-urban dwellers in Lucala
g Includes Sumbe (140’), Porto Amboin (40’) and Gabela (30’)
h Total population for Huambo municipalities 3,002,667 (here assumed to be peri-urban from a
water use perspective) as estimated in the Master Plan data base.
i Total population for Huila province 1,339,311 as estimated in the Master Plan data base
(ONU)
j Dundo and Chitato
k Total population estimate for the Lunda Sul Province municipalities 400,000 as estimated in
the Master Plan data base.
l Includes Soyo (45’), Tomboco (10’), N’Zeto (20’) and Mbanza Congo (50’)
m Assumes 20liters/person/day consumption in 2004; i.e. all is periurban in Mbanza Congo.
n All Urban (2.8 million) plus suburban (6.3 million). Rural is thus 4.7 million.
o OCHA was closed down in June 2004, and replaced with Transition Coordination Unit (TCU)

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4.3 Establishing National Population Estimates for Water Use Forecasting

This Rapid Water Use Assessment acknowledges the great uncertainties characterising all
demographic and economic data for Angola. Bold assumptions must be adopted, and the
assessment takes as its starting point the population numbers and distribution between
major water user categories that have been recently prepared for the various Water Master
plans for Angola’s major urban areas. These population estimates build on all the best
available population data at hand, coupled with local knowledge and insight of informed
people regarding people movements within and between provinces during and after the war.
There is no way that this Rapid Water Assessment could expect to start from scratch and
produce more reliable estimates.

The overall national population estimates suggest that 66% of the estimated overall
13.8 million population around the start of peace in 2002 lived in urban areas. Urbanisation
has been rapid, in part due to the security situation, but based on worldwide migration
experience, it is unreasonable to assume a major move back to their origin rural areas. For
the purpose of forecasting future provincial population distribution and water use, it is
assumed that the 2000 population was 13 million, of which 8 million (62%) lived in urban
areas, and 5 million (38%) in rural areas.

However, one needs to deduct the Luanda population from these statistics because of its
unique national role and size. The entire Luanda population should be considered
urban/periurban from a future water use perspective. This means deducting three million
people from the national urban totals before calculating the urban/rural shares for the rest of
the country. The national (exclusive of Luanda) urban/rural split for 2000 then becomes
5 million urban/periurban and 5 million rural/periurban.

In this assessment, it is assumed that during the initial transition from war to peace starting in
2002, population movements within- and back into Angola from abroad have been
substantial and in no way reflecting peacetime migration patterns. From an estimated year
2000 population of 13 million, growing to 13.8 million at the end of the war in 2002, it is
assumed here an extraordinary growth due to net inflows that brings the overall population to
15.9 million in 2005.

The first step in the forecasting process is to project the total population from 2005 to 2025.
An annual average growth rate of 3% is adopted here until 2015, and then 2.9% thereafter.
The estimated 2005 population would also result from a 3% increase from 15.225 million in
2004 (the UN OCHA estimate), to 15.865 million in 2005. The forecast would yield a
population of 21.070 million in 2015, and 27.801 million in 2025. These estimates and
forecasts would seem to be consistent with prevailing and expected fertility and mortality
rates, and therefore would form a relatively reliable basis for the subsequent far more
speculative distribution of the overall population between provinces, river basins
(catchments), rural and urban areas, and distinctly different water user groups.

From these population forecasts, one should first deduct the forecasts for Luanda, starting
with 3 million in year 2000, and a projected annual growth rate of 7% reflecting the war-drive
of people to Luanda, leading to a projected 4.2 million Luanda population in 2005. From then
an annual growth rate of 4% is assumed until 2015, reflecting the stop in war-induced
migration, but allowing for continued capital city “magnetism” to override the reduction in
fertility among the higher educated in Luanda. This increases Luandas population to
6.2 million by 2015. From 2015 to 2025 this capital city growth rate is assumed to be 3%.
This reduction combines a reduced fertility of people in the metropolitan area below 3% and
a continued net migration to the capital city. With such a growth rate Luanda would reach
8.33 million by 2025. This means that Luanda’s share of the overall population increases
steadily from 23% in 2000, via 26% in 2005, to 29% in 2015 and 2025. Such a concentration

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of population in the nations capital city is not atypical of developing countries with a highly
centralized power- and decision-making basis in the capital city.

Having deducted the projected Luanda population from the national totals, the remaining
population must be distributed between other cities and rural areas. It is assumed in this
Rapid Water Use Assessment that urban areas outside of Luanda also attract rural people in
search of non-agriculture jobs (formal- and informal services, construction, etc), so that the
urban/periurban share (not including Luanda) of the remaining population will gradually
change from the assumed 38% in 2000 to 37% in 2005, to 38% in 2015, and reach 40% in
2025.

These forecast assumptions lead to the future distribution of the national population of
Angola as shown in Table 4.4.

Table 4.4. Future Distribution of Angola’s Population (millions)

Year Total population Luanda Other major Rural and rest
urban/periurban periurban
2000 13.0 3.0 5.0 5.0
2005 15.9 4.2 5.9 5.8
2015 21.4 6.2 8.2 7.0
2025 28.2 8.3 11.2 8.7
Source: Consultant’s own estimates based on available economic and demographic studies

Rural population shares vary from one province to another. Rural in this assessment
includes villages and towns where there is no water network to which people can be
connected. Some provinces are extremely sparsely populated with around one or two person
per km2. Namibe, Moxico, Lunda Norte, Lunda Sul, and Cuando-Cubango are such
predominantly rural provinces. In addition, Cunene, Uige, Cuanza Norte, Bengo and Zaire
provinces are also predominantly rural. However, even here one could well imagine
concentrations of population especially as a result of the war, so that the urban population
shares are close to, or even above the national average outside of Luanda. Since there are
no population data available to suggest what these rural provincial shares actually are, this
study derives rural population in all provinces outside of Luanda as the residual once the
provincial totals and the urban estimates have been completed.

For Bengo, Cuanza Sul, Moxico, and Uige provinces, no Water Master Plan urban population
data are available at the time of preparing the Rapid Water Use Assessment. The study
adopts national average figures as default numbers for these provinces.

For reasons of a serious lack of reliable population data, and due to the country still being in
the process of resettling millions of war-affected people, this assessment has prepared its
own “best guess” population forecasts based on available data from various sources and
based on informed assessments by Angolan experts with extensive and frequent travels for
development advisory work throughout the country.

The results of this estimation and forecasting process are presented in Table 4.5, which is
consistent with the aggregate forecasts in Table 4.4. This table, along with the economic
growth and consumer water demand forecasts in Table 7.2, as well as supply efficiency
assumptions of the water networks, then forms the basis for the water use estimates in
Chapter 7 where the provincial totals are disaggregated by urban and rural water use
categories.

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Table 4.5. Provincial Population Forecasts (‘000 population) for Angola

Province 2000 2005 2015 2025
Bengo 200 232 312 431
Benguela 1,154 1,333 1,791 2,406
Bie 1,300 1,507 2,025 2,721
Cabinda 202 250 336 438
Cunene 404 456 584 748
Cuando-Cubango 312 351 428 532
Cuanza-Norte 300 313 349 415
Cuanza-Sul 600 700 700 700
Huambo 1,300 1,508 2,025 2,721
Huila 1,172 1,552 1,987 2,544
Lunda-Norte 300 300 331 366
Lunda-Sul 200 200 244 297
Luanda 3,000 4,200 6,200 8,300
Malange 900 1,044 1,403 1,942
Moxico 240 265 356 479
Namibe 238 276 371 499
Uige 1,000 1,200 1,693 2,388
Zaire 249 249 217 270
Angola total 13,071 15,936 21,352 28,197

Alternative scenarios for total population and its distribution are not prepared. Even with an
unlikely record high 4% annual population growth for the entire forecasting period, it would
not come near a level that could tip the water balances into a water deficit situation. Water
shortages exists today, and will become more serious in the future, not as a result of a
catchment area water deficits, but as a result of the authorities not prioritising investments in-
and proper maintenance and operation of adequate water supply and sanitation systems.
Alternative population and water use scenarios will not contribute to a better basis for such
decision making and resetting of priorities.

The provincial population forecasts are illustrated geographically in Figure 4.1.

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Figure 4.1 Provincial Population Forecasts for Angola

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5. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ASSUMPTIONS

5.1 GDP: Estimates of Level, Composition and Growth

Indicators of economic development during the last three decades of war form a poor basis
for extrapolation into the future, assuming it will be a sustained post-war period of peace,
reconciliation and reconstruction. The most recent GDP growth figures – shown in Table 5.1
– suggest that economic growth is resumed. It was estimated at double digits immediately
following the termination of the war, and was estimated to sustain a growth level between 4
and 7% in 2003. However, the growth rates of the dominating petroleum and diamond
sectors fluctuate a lot from year to year, making it difficult to prepare reliable short term
annual revenue- and GDP predictions.

Table 5.1 The Annual Growth Rate of Angola’s GDP at 1992 Market Prices
Year 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Sector
Agriculture, forestry, fisheries 1.3% 11.3% 17.7% 11.6% 11.7%
Mining 4.6% 2.0% 1.8% 16.9% 0.8%
Oil and gas 1.0% 0.4% -1.0% 20.6% -2.2%
Manufacturing 7.1% 8.9% 9.8% 10.1% 12.0%
Construction 5.0% 7.5% 8.5% 10.0% 12.5%
GDP 2.7% 3.9% 5.2% 13.0% 5.2%
Source: Banco National Angola: www.bna.ao

While agriculture is the dominating source of employment (85% in 2003), it contributes only
8% to GDP. However, the primary extractive sectors dominated by agriculture have shown a
remarkably high and stable real double-digit growth rate since 2000. The petroleum sector
(oil and gas) is the dominating source of revenue with more than 60% of GDP and 90% of all
export revenues. However, it only contributes marginally to direct domestic employment
generation, and the growth rates have fluctuated wildly. Industry and services – most of
which is petroleum sector and linked to this sector in direct and indirect ways (tourism is
virtually non-existent) – jointly provides 92% of GDP, but only 15% of employment.
Diamonds are the second most important sector with an estimated 9% of GDP and 13% of
exports, and have also experienced large annual fluctuations in output. Manufacturing and
construction, on the other hand, have demonstrated steady and sustained high growth rates
since 1999.

Macro-economic indicators for Angola are at best estimates of the relative role and
development of the different sectors of the economy. Table 5.2 shows the latest aggregate
estimates from some sources that regularly update and present country indicators.

Table 5.2 GDP: Estimates of Level, Composition and Growth

Indicator GDP per GDP growth rate GDP composition
capita
USD Agriculture Industry Services
Source
CIA Factbook 1,900 PPP 7.14% (2003) 8% (2001) 67% (2001) 25%(2001)
(2003)
EIA 720 (2002) 4.40% (2003) na na na
SADC/GTZ (2002) 500 (2002) na 7-11% 60% (oil/gas) 22% (2002)
9%(diamonds)
World Bank 500 (2001) 0.30% (2001) 8% (2001) 67% (2001) 25% (2001)
UNDP UDR 2003 701 (2001) -1.1% (1990-2001)

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5.2 Macro-economic Forecasting Assumptions

Angola possesses very substantial natural resources, and based on these, a huge potential
for economic and social development. The extraction of oil is set to double from one to two
million barrels a day between 2004 and 2009, a rate presently estimated at around 16% a
year. The oil and gas revenue presently constitutes roughly 60% of GDP, and this share will
increase significantly over the next 5 years.

Diamond production is the second largest contributor to GDP with 9%, and diamond
production is also likely to increase rapidly over the next few years. Reliable statistics on
diamond production and sales are not available, neither are the statistics on the use of water
as an input as well as recipient of wastewater from this mining activity.

The UN Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) estimates that Angola probably has the
richest agricultural land in Africa; land that is not vulnerable to natural disasters. Angola
used to be a major producer and exporter of a number of agricultural crops before
independence. Clearly, the natural potential is still there, even if the international markets
and export potentials have changed over the last three decades.

In sum, natural resources capital is not an obstacle to rapid economic growth and equitable
distribution of the huge returns from extraction and use of the natural resource base.

The main development challenge facing Angola is that of effective and efficient governance
providing for a balanced reconstruction and development in the wake of the three decades of
war.

Mobilizing and utilizing the natural capital resources for the benefit of the people at large so
as to bring down population growth, infant and child mortality, illiteracy, and prevalence of
deadly and productivity hampering health hazards, hinges entirely on the human and
institutional resources of the country; the two resources being – as in every country
worldwide – the crucial national wealth component, upon which the mobilization of virtually all
of the national growth potential hinges.

Macro-economic growth assumptions for the next two decades cannot build on past history
due to the recent change from a war to a peace and reconciliation setting. Instead, the rapid
water assessment must make a set of assumptions upon which future water demand
forecasts shall be based. Over time, these assumptions may prove invalid, and updating will
be needed.

In the following, optimistic assumptions are adopted in the sense that:

• A lasting peace is assumed;

• Governance will gradually develop and foster substantially increased use of oil and
diamond revenues for much investment in health, education, public infrastructure and an
effective and efficient government at national, provincial and local levels.
• Dislocated people will in part migrate to urban/periurban settlements and seek
employment in services- and industry sectors, while the remainder will return to the
places of origin and take up farming, but smallholder subsistence farming and
employment on commercial farms that will emerge with the gradually improved
investment climate following in the wake of improved governance
• Oil revenues will grow 16% annually until 2009. This alone will increase GDP by 8%
initially (assuming oil revenues constitute 60% of GDP in 2004), gradually increasing the
GDP growth rate so long as oil revenue increases at an above average GDP rate.

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• Diamond production – being the second largest GDP contributor with 9%- is assumed to
increase significantly in the coming years, also enhancing the overall GDP growth rate.
• The rest of real GDP is assumed to grow in line with natural population growth of 3%.

Since there is no quantitative historical basis for detailed GDP forecasts, it is assumed here
that future revenue generation is sufficient without threatening financial and macroeconomic
stability, to finance the investments needed for the achievements of the various Water
Master Plan goals, and those of the Water Sector Strategy. The challenge is to achieve a
high level political commitment to provide such financial development support.

This Rapid Water Sector Assessment takes it for granted that such commitment is achieved
and that the necessary funds will be allocated and disbursed.

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6. HOUSEHOLD USE OF WATER

6.1 National Coverage of Water Supply and Sanitation

The Angola Water Development Strategy Paper of 2003 (Ministry of Energy and Water)
refers to the UNICEF’s MICS 11 of 2001 when concluding that 62% of the population had
access to drinking water and 59% to adequate sanitation (i.e. access to organised sewerage
system or to latrines and septic tanks of various description). These coverage rates are
higher in urban areas, with 71% and 74% for drinking water and adequate sanitation
respectively, whereas the rural average coverage is 40% and 25%.

In urban areas, 11% are estimated to have piped access to house connections, and 31%
have access to a public or neighbours tap or a public fountain. This percentage is 13% in
rural areas. 29% rely on safe borehole sources, protected springs and wells, and rainwater,
and here the percentage coverage is almost the same for urban and rural dwellers. 21% rely
on unprotected lakes, rivers and streams. The share is only 12% in urban areas, but 42% in
rural areas. Finally, 17% of the people (both urban and rural) use of unprotected wells,
springs and purchase from lorries with water tanks. Of those with sanitation facilities in
urban areas, 19% are connected to appropriate technical nets, and the rest use latrines or
cesspits.

The above estimated rates of accessible safe drinking water and sanitary equipment could
be excessively upward biased due to the many inoperable outlets, and due to restricted
operational hours resulting from energy shortages and the lack of timely systems
maintenance.

6.2 Present per Capita Use by Household Category

The urban per capita design supply of water from water supply networks in the national and
provincial capital cities of Angola was estimated in the Water Sector Strategy Paper of 2003.
The nominal capacity was estimated to be 58 litres on the average, varying from a high of
165 litres in Dundo to a low of 8 litres in Mbanza Congo, with Luanda being slightly above the
average with 67 litres. These estimates took into account an assumed network system loss
of 25%.

Similar calculations were carried out for a sample of other main cities in the provinces, and
for these the resulting design capacities were 51 litres per capita per day on the average,
ranging from a 97 litres high in Catete to 24 litres as the lowest in Negage.

The Water Strategy Paper also estimated actual per capita daily water availability, assuming
a 50% systems loss on the way to the consumer. However, these estimates were
erroneously executed and have therefore been recalculated as part of this assessment
study. The recalculated average actual water supply from the public network for the
provincial capitals is far below the potential supply due to the large system losses. The
average actual supply is 34 litres per capita per day, with a range from 110 litres in Dundo
down to no more than 5 litres in Mbanza Congo and 9 litres in N’Dalatando, while Luanda is
estimated at 37 litres. SADC/GTZ (2003) concludes, however, that this daily consumption
level only applies to the households with network connections. The perhaps 3 million
majority of Luanda’s population is captive to buying water from local vendors operating
tankers at 30-60 times the price of piped water from the public supplier EPAL. In the peri-
urban areas the estimated daily pr capita consumption is no more than 5-10 litres per person
per day.

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Several more cities were estimated with less than 20 litres per day per capita, assuming the
Water Strategy Study population figures are reliable (i.e. not too low). The average actual
supply in the secondary cities covered by the study is only slightly below the provincial
capitals average, but the variation around the mean value is much less, with no cities near
neither the highest nor the lowest registered among the provincial capitals.

However, these average numbers present only part of the real situation. Equally important
from a national health and social development perspective is the distribution of available
water within cities. The recent Water Sector Strategy Paper underlines the existence of a
chronic and increasing insufficiency, and a highly unequal distribution between the “haves”
and the “have-nots” as regards being connected to and served by the water supply system.
The former tend to consume in the range of 80-120 litres per day (comparable to urban
averages elsewhere in the world), whereas the latter - and much larger group of consumers -
residing in poor and venerable areas may have to settle for as little as 5 litres per day, in
most cases water of low quality, and when served by private vendors, at many times higher
rates per litre than what is paid by those connected to public networks. The Water Sector
Strategy Paper states that such residual water represents around 80% of the domestic water
consumption.

For further details see Tables 2 and 3 in the “Strategy for the Development of the Water
Sector” (2003). Due to the miscalculations of actual urban water systems supply in the
original Water Strategy paper tables, the recalculated estimates undertaken as part of this
assessment have been adopted and used as part of the background dataset when
establishing estimates for present and future urban supply of water from public networks (i.e.
the supply to so-called category A and B type inhabitants) in Angolan cities.

6.3 Comparison to International Unit Water Consumption Estimates

Dale Whittington (1998) in “The political economy of increasing block tariffs for water in
developing countries”, presented at an EEPSEA workshop, concludes: “Internationally cited
standards for basic water needs are usually in the range of 25-30 litres per person per day”.

Similar unit figures are used by various UN organizations Robert Lenton (2003), “Background
paper of the Task force on water and sanitation” for the Millennium Project of the UN,
concluded: “Basic water supply requires 25 litres/day of water of acceptable quality within
200 metres from home”

Stein Hansen, Haakon Vennemo, Hang Yin, Zhang Shiqiu and An Shumin (2002) in “Green
taxes and the poor in China – Policy challenges in a changing economy”, found from urban
and rural household expenditure and consumption data that urban water consumption was
180 litres per person per day in 1993, while the rural average was 73 litres. In the poor
western provinces rural per capita daily consumption was 50 litres.

Provided that the per capita estimates of daily water provision are reliable, the Angola city
averages are not far from the basic water supply requirements (basic needs volumes)
established in international studies. However, as discussed in the Angolan Government’s
Water Sector Strategy Paper (2003), these urban averages conceal great intra-urban
variations between those connected to the supply networks and those not being connected,
or being located in a poorly served location. If this situation is not improved, household water
supply constraints could emerge as an obstacle to economic and social growth.

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6.4 Taxes and Tariffs

In Angola the Water Law defines water as an economic good and establishes the principle of
payment for use of water resources. Executive Decree 27/98 gives the Provincial
Governments the responsibility to establish, and at regular intervals adjust, water tariffs in
accordance with inflation for their area, to be put into practice by whoever is entrusted with
the drinking water supply.

However, no regulation presently exists to apply the prevailing legal principles to the formal
sector water supply systems. There is no regularity in the administrative approval of the
updating of the tariff, which - due to inflation - has reached such low levels, which do not
allow operators to cover expenses of operating and maintaining the systems. Service, in the
form of reliable and predictable water supply from the systems, deteriorates over time, as
does commercial efficiency, and an increasing number of customers refrain from paying their
bills, since they refuse to pay for not being serviced as per agreement with the utility supplier.

In sharp contrast to the above described prevailing situation as regards public network
supply and tariff recovery, the informal sector water market is very sensitive to supply and
demand balances. The large majority of urban citizens - those not being served by the public
utility networks - face scarcity driven water prices in the range of USD 2-16 per m3,
sometimes as much as 60 times what the public utility charges the better-offs who are
connected to the network. This situation is, however, not unique to Luanda, but rather typical
of large and fast growing cities throughout sub-Saharan Africa.

Since it appears unlikely that urban water network systems operational upkeep and
expansion will keep pace with urban population growth, a growing share of urban populations
in Angolan cities will become what in Chapter 7 is defined as category C consumers of water
and sanitary facilities, i.e. consumers relying on more informal water sources (safe as well as
unprotected).

Some of these water sources are available at no charge (lakes, streams and rivers)
constituting the main source of drinking water for around 21% of the total population in 2001,
according to the MICS 2003 study, ranging from 16% in Luanda, 12-19% in the central
southern and southern provinces, 17-18% in the west and north, and 43% in the east.

Other category C users rely on unprotected wells and springs, and water trucks in towns and
urban areas, and often face scarcity driven water prices in the range of USD 2-16 per m3,
sometimes as much as 60 times what the public utility charges the better offs who are
connected to the network. Such users constituted an estimated 17% of the total population
in 2001 according the MICS survey, including a high share of 21% in Luanda and the south
of the country, and 14-17% shares in the rest of Angolan towns and cities.

Also included in this category of population is the 29% share having access to relatively safe
sources such as boreholes, protected wells and springs and rainwater. This share is very
low in Luanda (6%) and western provinces (9%), but more than 50% in the north and centre
south. In the east it is estimated to be 19% and it is 25% in the south.

In total such water sources constitute 2/3 of all water sources used in Angola in 2001. This
share is naturally much higher in rural areas (87%) than in urban areas (58%). Among those
33% having access to piped water, for which the users are supposed to pay, the large
majority of whom are found in cities. The share is highest in Luanda and cities in the western
provinces (57%), and lowest in the north and centre south with only 13% and 19%
respectively. 11% of all urban households have house connections (category A users) and
31% access via public fountains, joint taps or neighbours taps.

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The future water use estimates assume that the water tariffs will keep pace with inflation.
However, this assessment assumes no relative change in the capture of water tariff revenues
so long as the service level does not become significantly more stable and improved, other
than improved efficiency in the form of reduced system losses of distributed water.

Chapter 7.3 to 7.19 provide detailed estimates and forecasts for the distribution of water
users in the provinces by water use categories A, B and C (which defines water users by
source of supply and use per person per day for the present and the forecast period). These
estimates and forecasts are presented in such a way that they can be regrouped by
catchment areas that the population belong to.

6.5 Water Demand Sensitivity to Price and Income Changes

With water being a vital basic need, the demand is rather insensitive to price changes for
subsistence level water consumption. Those connected a functioning public supply network
are privileged by extremely low water tariffs, and being in the upper income brackets of the
population, they hardly notice water costs in their expenditure accounts.

For the vast majority of the population - including those among the better offs who also need
additional supplies from private water tankers - the situation is different. As an example, take
a typical poor peri-urban family of 5, consuming 20 litres per capita per day, and paying
USD 2 per m3. This means that they spend USD 2 per ten days, or USD 6 per month, equal
to USD 72 per year for water. With the majority of the population being below the
internationally defined poverty line of USD 1/person/day, this means that these people - with
a household income of USD 5/day spend USD 0.20/day on water, which is 4% of their
income. However, for those in the most critical areas as regards water supply, who also are
likely to be the poorest and most vulnerable households, the water price paid to vendors may
be as high as USD 16/m3. This means USD 1.60 for water per household per day, which is
equal to 1/3 of their household budget, a most alarming situation.

Unfortunately, no household expenditure survey is available for Angola to provide reliable

demand information for the components of a typical household basket of goods and services
at different household income levels. Such a survey would have provided information that
would inform decision-makers of who is affected adversely and in a benign way when the
tariffs and prices paid for various goods and services are changed. As such survey results
would provide information of value to the utilities concerned with designing water tariff scales
that combine the need to establish commercial viability for the utility with social equity and
basic needs satisfaction.

Short of any such information on households and income distribution in Angola, one has to
resort to comparable experience from other developing countries where such studies has
generated insight and knowledge of the demand behaviour regarding basic necessities of
poor consumers. A survey of such information is presented in the discussion and tables
below. The price and income elasticity scales established from the below survey can serve
as default parameter values in estimating demand responses of Angolan households to
water tariff adjustments in the future, until a reliable set of Angolan household expenditure
survey data becomes available.

Stein Hansen et al (2002), op. cit. found from Chinese household consumption and
expenditure data that rural Chinese below the poverty line of Yuan 1,000/person/year (equal
to around USD 140/person/year) who consume 50 litres per day (equal to 18 m3 per year)
and pay less than USD 0.30/m3 (which is around the estimated marginal cost of potable
water supply in China), spend less than 4% of the annual income on water.

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Furthermore, they found that the price elasticity of demand for water is low at a low water
tariff, and increases with the tariff level. In other words, water demand becomes more elastic
- or price sensitive - as the unit price of water goes up. However, water demand remains
price inelastic over the entire range of observed and estimated water charges observed in
China; (the marginal cost of domestic water supply is estimated to be around USD 0.28/m3):

Table 6.1 The Elasticity of Water Demand with respect to Water Tariff

Price elasticity of demand Price level

per m3 of water
-0.20 USD 0.11/m3
-0.40 USD 0.22/m3
-0.50 USD 0.28/m3
-0.57 USD 0.42/m3
-0.64 USD 0.56/m3
Source: Stein Hansen et al (2002), op.cit.

At the same time the estimated income elasticity of demand for water in China declines with
income level and is:

Table 6.2 The Elasticity of Water Demand with Respect to Household Income

Income elasticity Income level

of demand (USD per capita/year)

0.78 USD 280

0.75 USD 560
0.69 USD 1120
0.53 USD 2800
Source: Stein Hansen et al (2002), op.cit.

Short of demand elasticity observations from Angola, it is of interest to compare the above
Chinese estimates to other developing country estimates, in order to have a better basis for
choosing default elasticity estimates for planning and forecasting uses in Angola. For the
Philippines, Cristina David and Arlene B Inocente (1998), “Understanding Household
Demand for Water: The Metro Manila Case”, EEPSEA Research Report Series, Singapore,
used household consumption data and found that the average price elasticity of demand for
household water was -0.5 (covering also the most costly water from private vendors where
the partial price elasticity was -2.1, when the price per m3 of water by the litre tends to be 20-
30 times that of tap water). This price elasticity of demand is compatible with the findings
from China, as well as estimated price elasticities of demand other developing country cities
they examined.

At the same time, they found that once annual household income exceeded P30,000
(income below the poverty line), per capita water consumption increased very moderately
with income, and the budget share of income spent on water consumption dropped rapidly
with income, showing water to be a basic necessity, with an income elasticity of demand
significantly below one.

Price elasticities of demand for water in urban Mexico and Brazil in the 1980s were found to
be -0.38 and -0.6 respectively (Christian Gomez (1987), “Experiences in predicting
willingness-to-pay on water projects in Latin America.” Proceedings of “Resource

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mobilization for drinking water and sanitation in developing nations,” San Juan, Puerto Rico,
May 26-29, 1987).

A sample of estimated price and income elasticities of demand for domestic water use is
presented below (taken from Ramesh Bhatia, Rita Cestti and James Winpenny (1995),
“Water conservation and reallocation: Best practice cases in improving economic efficiency
and environmental quality”, A World Bank-ODI joint study under the UNDP-World Bank
Water and Sanitation Program, further underlines the robustness of our conclusion that the
demand for domestic water is price inelastic as well as income inelastic, but at the same time
that there is a considerable - albeit inelastic - price effect on domestic water demand.

Table 6.3 An International Overview of Price and Income Elasticities for Water

Source/comment Price Income

elasticity elasticity
1. Average water prices, for 138 households in northern Jakarta, -0.37 0.15
1988
2. Sales of metered domestic consumers in Bogor, Indonesia, -0.29 to -0.33 0.4 to 0.5
1989
3. Average water price, 100 households in Jakarta, 1992 -0.68 0.37
4. 480 urban households in Mexico, 1985 -0.37 0.32
5. 4452 urban and rural households in Costa Rica, 1984 -0.37 to -0.44 0.58
6. 408 urban households in Brazil, 1983 -0.60 0.78
7. Average water price, 326 households in Denver, USA, 1984 -0.34 0.46

6.6 Intended Service Levels of Household Water Supply

The Water Sector Development Strategy presents intended quality of service as follows:

• In urban areas - to assure a minimum actual consumption of water of 70 litres/person/day

(equal to 100 litres/person/day design capacity) and reduction in the network system to
values close to 25%.

• In periurban and rural areas - to assure that in the short term, minimum consumption of
15 litres/person/day, and in the long term (by 2016) increase to 30 litres/person/day

While these may appear as modest targets to outsiders, the reality is that it is an ambitious
task to achieve the targeted 25% reduction in systems losses, and to increase water supply
coverage and outreach so that such average consumption rates can be achieved.

The above targets must be seen in the context of the estimated 2002 population drinking
water coverage which is estimated in the strategy document to be 39% for rural areas
(1.8 million out of 4.7 million rural dwellers), and 34% coverage in urban areas (3.1 million
out of a 9.1 million total urban population (composed of 2.8 million urban and 6.3 million
suburban).

The Strategy long term drinking water coverage targets for 2016 is 67% for urban and 70%
for rural areas. This means that an additional 5.8 million urban/suburban and an additional
2.3 million rural people will have to be served, since the population forecasts for 2016 in the
Strategy Document are 14.7 million urban (7.3 million genuinely urban and 7.4 million
suburban), and 6.3 million rural population.

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6.7 Sanitation Coverage

The 2003 MICS (UNICEF) found that 41% of Angola’s population in 2001 does not use
sanitary means of excreta disposal. The coverage varies between regions. The coverage is
poorest in the West and Central South where two thirds of the population does not have
access to sanitary means of excreta disposal. The South region - in contrast - has 82%
coverage, where 62% use traditional pit latrines.

39% of the national population is found to dispose of excreta in open air, ranging from 74% in
rural areas to 26% in urban areas. 30% use traditional pit latrines, and 14% have access to
sewage systems. The sewage system coverage varies from 28% in Luanda to 6% in the
sparsely populated East Region. In fact only five cities have partial sewage system
coverage. These are: Luanda, Huambo, Namibe, Lobito, and Benguela.

The sanitation coverage ambitions are no less demanding. The actual coverage is estimated
in the National Water Strategy Paper of 2003 to be 57% (1.6 million out of 2.8 million
connected to the sewage net) for urban dwellers, 61% suburban coverage (3.9 million out of
6.3 million), and 26% rural coverage (1.2 million out of 4.7 million).

As of now, there is little to suggest that investments and operating expenses will increase
beyond what is needed to maintain the present coverage and level of service. This
assessment therefore assumes that sanitation systems in use are distributed among water
use category A, B and C users so that category A users have a sewage network connection.
Some category B users are also connected to the sewage network or they have septic tank
connection. Category C users are assumed to be divided between pit latrines and open-air
excreta disposal in the same proportions as found in the MICS.

Such sanitary system distribution assumptions for the present and the forecast period can
then be applied to the category A, B and C population distributions prepared and presented
in Chapters 7.3 to 7.19.

The strategy target, however, is to have a sanitation system coverage (urban network, septic
tanks, septic pits, and latrines) up from 57% for urban areas in 2003 to 85% in 2016, from
61% to 85% for suburban areas, and from 26% to 65% for rural areas. This means adding
another 9.9 million people to this composite sanitation system (4.6 million urban, 2.4 million
suburban, and 2.9 million rural dwellers).

6.8 Disaggregation of Population into Water Use Categories

As can be seen from Table 4.3, the available Master Plan documents have prepared detailed
population estimates and forecasts for the major urban areas disaggregated by
characteristics that separate households in terms of per capita water use. The population is
divided into three different housing categories (A, B and C) each representing significantly
different levels of expected daily water use per person as a result of: a) their water supply
situation, and b) their income level, which again is strongly correlated with (although no such
correlation is quantified) to the housing category (A, B and C).

Furthermore, each urban population is divided into urban proper areas (sometimes called
only urban, other times urban structured), and peri-urban areas, except for Luanda, where
the population is disaggregated into “modern”, “transition”, “periphery” and “green belt” areas.
For the large majority of available Water Master Plans, both the urban areas and peri-urban
areas are divided into three household types (A, B and C) as a basis for estimating
household water use.

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Not all the available Master Plans have strictly followed this procedure of categorizing
population estimates, and those that have not, and for those where Master Plan data are
missing, this Rapid Water Use assessment makes its own judgement and estimates, starting
with the available “Water Strategy Paper” population estimates, applying the population
growth rates of the other urban areas from the Water Master plans, and taking advantage of
the fact that the available Master Plans cover 80% of the urban population of Angola.

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7. PROVINCIAL DOMESTIC WATER USE FORECASTS

7.1 The National Forecast Framework

The national population forecasts of Chapter 4 constitute the starting point for preparing an
internally consistent set of forecasts for future population and water use by provinces, divided
into urban and rural areas, and such that the findings can be transferred to catchment areas
as a basis for establishing water balances.

Table 7.1 Future Distribution of Angola’s Population (million)

Year Total Luanda Other major Rural and
population urban/periurban rest periurban
2000 13.0 3.0 5.0 5.0
2005 15.9 4.2 5.9 5.8
2015 21.4 6.2 8.2 7.0
2025 28.2 8.3 11.2 8.7
Source: Consultant’s own estimates based on available economic and demographic studies
(see discussion in relation to Table 4.4).

7.2 Some Necessary Simplifying Forecasting Assumptions

As a basis for forecasting future population distribution and water use per catchment, it is
assumed that communities not covered in the Water Master Plans for cities, are
rural/periurban constituencies not connected to any public water supply network, and
consuming water volumes as projected under Category C in Table 7.2.

Rural population shares are likely to vary from one province to another. Some are extremely
sparsely populated with around one or two person per km2. Namibe, Moxico, Lunda Norte,
Lunda Sul, and Cuando-Cubanzo are such predominantly rural provinces. However, even
here one could well imagine concentrations of population so that the urban population shares
are close to, or even above the national average outside of Luanda. Since there are no
population data available to suggest what these rural provincial shares actually are, this
study derives the rural/periurban population to all provinces outside of Luanda as a residual,
once the provincial totals and the urban/periurban populations have been estimated by using
a combination of indigenous knowledge of the urban development along with forecasts from
the Water Master Plans.

Within each province, the rural/periurban population outside the urban areas is distributed
between catchments based on the density of settlements (towns/villages) on the most
detailed maps available. While this is no substitute for population census data, it would
seem to be as good an estimation approach as any available alternative given the prevailing
disequilibrium situation.

For Bengo, Cuanza Sul, and Moxico provinces no Water Master Plan urban population data
are available at the time of preparing the Rapid Water Use Assessment. For the urban areas
in these provinces, the approach adopted is to compare the estimated urban populations for
year 2000 from the “Water Strategy Paper” of 2003 with best available knowledge, such as
estimates from the recent Water Master Plans (where available) and select the estimates
judged to be most realistic. In order to prepare for estimating actual water use forecasts, this
assessment adopts the average A, B, C- water use categories of housing-types used in the
various Water Master Plans. Such data that should be used with care and only preliminary
are available for the main cities of Cabinda, Namibe, Uige, and Zaire. Again, this assessment
applies local updated knowledge. It is neither based on census data nor sample surveys.

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Water consumption per capita per day for the three housing categories (A, B and C) have
been established for use as forecasting parameters in those provincial Water Master Plans,
where a disaggregation by such housing categories has been made, see Table 7.2. These
default values are then applied to both urban and periurban areas for the cities in question. It
is assumed that daily water consumption per capita is constant throughout the year.

For each city, forecasts are made as regards the distribution of the population between A, B
and C. Where such A, B, and C disaggregation is not available (as e.g. for Benguela cities
Water Master Plan, see 7.3 below), unit daily per capita consumption rates have to be
assumed for structured urban and periurban areas respectively, e.g with category A and C
per person per day respectively representing average urban and periurban housing
conditions. The growth in per capita water consumption seen in Table 7.2 is consistent with
the observed macroeconomic growth of Angola and the international experience as regards
consumer water demand responses to price and income changes discussed above.

For category A inhabitants one must also take into account water distribution system losses
when estimating the total water supplies required to meet the assumed per capita demands.

Table 7.2 Daily Water Supply (litres) per Capita for each Housing Category
Year Category A Water network losses to supply Category B Category C
consumption category A’s consumption consumption consumption
2000 60 litres 50% (60 litres) 30 litres 15 litres
2005 70 litres 50% (70 litres) 40 litres 15 litres
2015 90 litres 40% (60 litres) 70 litres 30 litres
2025 150 litres 30% (64 litres) 80 litres 30 litres

7.3 Benguela Province

Benguela Province experienced both in and out-migration as a result of the long periods of
war. INE estimated its 1994 population to be 1.302 million. OCHA has estimated that
431,000 people have returned home (mainly from coastal Benguela to inland Benguela)
since the end of the war. In addition, 65,530 demobilized soldiers and their family members
are reintegrating into communities. The OCHA estimate for the 2004 provincial population is
1,570,000.

The Water Master Plan (2001) for Benguela’s four main cities, however, estimated the
Benguela urban population to have grown very rapidly to 1,470,000 in 2000, implying a total
Benguela population that year of perhaps more than 2 million. This extremely high
population was presumably a result of large flows of refugees coming from Huambo, Bie and
other war-torne provinces. These people have for the most part returned since the war, thus
bringing the provincial population back closer to a “without war equilibrium”. For Benguela
Province the Water Master Plan Study (2001) includes the four main cities Lobito, Benguela,
Catumbela and Baia Farta. The Plan foresees a much higher population growth rate in the
poor periurban areas (musseques, where water is supplied more at random). The analysis
of the Master Plan for these four Benguela cities compares two alternative population growth
projections and decides on the higher one with an average annual 4.5% population growth
from 2000 to 2025. This average annual growth rate is higher than 4.5% in the 2000 - 2009
period, and below 4.5% in the 2010 - 2025 period.

This assessment, however, has carefully reconsidered the Water Master plan assumptions
and estimates. It has concluded that the 2000 population estimate should be reduced to
1,154,000, with an annual growth rate of 3% thereafter to 1,333,000 in 2005. The UN OCHA
1,570,000 estimate for 2004 is also considered to be too high. This assessment applies the

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3% growth rate uniformly to the four cities and the rest of the province for the 2005-2025
period. This yields a provincial population forecast for 2005, which is 1.3 million less than
that of the Water Master Plan. The population share of the four large urban communities
covered by the Water Master Plan is assumed to cover 80% of the provincial population.

The estimated population for 2000 and 2005, for the four cities is presented for their
structured urban areas and musseques separately, since the per capita water consumption is
assumed to be very different for the two population categories. The resulting populations in
the four cities, distributed between urban and periurban areas is presented below in
Table 7.3 for base year 2000, and forecast years 2005.

Table 7.3 Population (‘000) for the Four Main Cities in Benguela Province
City: Lobito Catumbela Benguela Baia Farta
Year Urban Periurban Urban Periurban Urban Periurban Urban Periurban
2000 141 327 28 66 98 228 16 16
2005 148 222 89 148 222 222 8 7

As for the rest of Benguela’s population (rural and periurban), this assessment assumes it to
be 267,000 in 2005.

After grouping the population from their water use characteristics, this adds up to an
aggregate provincial population profile as follows, grouping Lobito and Catumbela in one
group and Benguela and Baia Farta in another since they use two different catchments as
given in Table 7.4.

Table 7.4 Population Forecasts (‘000) for Benguela Province

Year Total Lobito and Lobito and Benguela and Benguela and Rural and
province Catumbela Catumbela Baia Farta Baia Farta rest of
population urban periurban urban periurban periurban
2000 1,154 169 393 114 244 234
2005 1,333 237 370 229 229 268
2015 1,791 318 497 309 309 358
2025 2,406 428 668 414 414 482

Multiplying the urban populations (assumed to be connected to a public water network) with
daily per capita consumption of 60 litres per day for year 2000, and the periurban and rural
populations with 15 litres per day, the estimated year 2000 water consumption figures
emerge and are shown together with the forecasts in Table 7.5

This forms the basis for redistributing water use from cities and rural areas to catchments for
Benguela Province.

However, the losses in the water system are substantial at 50% from the outset, but will
gradually be reduced so that system efficiency reaches 60% in 2015 and 70% in 2025.

This means that water extracted from the system to produce the per capita consumption
rates is that much higher than the consumption rates. Table 7.5 shows the supply of water to
meet the actual demand in 2000 and in the forecasting period.

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Table 7.5 Domestic Water Supply Forecasts for Benguela Province (m3 per day)
(actual consumption plus network losses)
Area 2000 2005 2015 2025
Lobito and Catumbela 26,175a 38,730b 62,610c 111,632d
Benguela and Baia Farta 17,340a 35,495b 55,620c 101,016d
Rest periurban/rural 3,510e 4,020e 10,740e 14,460e
Total province 47,025 78,245 128,970 227,108
The assumed daily per capita volumes (consumption plus network losses) are adapted from
Table 7.2 as follows:
a: Have assumed 120 litres/person/day in urban areas and 15 litres/person/day in
periurban and rural areas
b: Have assumed 140 litres/person/day in urban areas and 15 litres/person/day in
periurban and rural areas
c: Have assumed 150 litres/person/day in urban areas and 30 litres/person/day in
periurban and rural areas
d: Have assumed 214 litres/person/day in urban areas and 30 litres/person/day in
periurban and rural areas
e: Assumes all as periurban consumption levels

7.4 Namibe Province

Namibe Province has been very little affected by the war, other than the effects of being part
of a war-ridden country. It is a sparsely populated province with development potentials.
The estimated 1994 population was 199,000. Assuming a 3% average annual population
growth rate since then, it would have reached 238,000 by year 2000. OCHA has estimated
the 2004 population to be 253,000.

The Water Master Plan data for Namibe are incomplete and imprecise and short of forecasts
and unit estimates for water use. The urban areas of the province are largely concentrated
in Namibe city. Namibe city was estimated in the Water master Plan data to have 58,000
living in the urban area, and 67,000 in the periurban area (presumably in year 2000). This
amounts to 53% of the estimated provincial population.

It is assumed that the structured urban area population will grow at 2.5% annually in the
future, while the periurban areas will grow at 3.5%.

Building on these assumptions and various data sources and on discussion with people who
have followed the development for the last three decades, this assessment has reached the
prognosis as given in Table 7.6.

Table 7.6 Population Forecasts for Namibe Province (‘000)

Year Total Province Namibe urban Periurban Rural
2000 238 58 67 119
2005 276 66 80 130
2015 371 84 112 175
2025 499 108 158 233

Short of any per capita water consumption data and forecasts, this assessment has adopted
the same forecast assumptions as for neighbouring Benguela Province.

However, the losses in the water system are substantial. They are assumed to be the same
as in other Angolan water supply networks, at 50% from the outset in 2005, but will gradually
be reduced so that system efficiency reaches 60% in 2015 and 70% in 2025. This means

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that water extracted from the system to produce the per capita consumption rates is that
much higher than the consumption rates.

This leads to the household water use supply forecasts given in Table 7.7.

Table 7.7 Domestic Water Supply Forecasts for Namibe Province (m3 per day)
(actual consumption plus network losses)
Area 2000 2005 2015 2025
Namibe Urban 6,960 9,240 12,600 23,143
Namibe periurban 1,005 1,200 3,360 4,740
Rural 1,785 1,950 5,250 6,990
Total province 9,750 12,390 21,210 34,874
Unit figures adopted from Table 7.2.

7.5 Cunene Province

Cunene province is another sparsely populated and predominantly rural province. Cunene is
one of the Angolan provinces most affected by the war. The South African army occupied it
for more than one year. After withdrawal of the South African army, Cunene province was
permanently bombarded by South African aircrafts. Many of the inhabitants move between
this southern Angolan province and Namibia to the south. The urban/periurban population is
concentrated first of all in the provincial capital Ondjiva and to a lesser degree in Xangongo.
In addition, Cuvelai and Cahama municipalities have significant urban settlements, but no
Water Master Plan population data have been made available for them. In Cahama there, is
amongst other things, a large slaughtering house killing more than 100 heads of cattle per
day.

This assessment assumes an annual provincial population growth of 2.5% since its
estimated 1994 level of 348,000, and maintains this growth rate for the forecast period. This
has led to an estimated 2000 population of 404,000 and 456,000 for 2005. This fits closely
with the OCHA 2004 estimate of 449,000.

The growth of the population of Ondjiva’s and Xangongo’s urban areas (housing category A)
and periurban areas (categories B and C) is adopted from the Water Master Plan, and
interpolations are made consistent with the implied growth rates of the Water Master Plan
forecasts. However, the actual population of Ondjiva has been adjusted to 95,000 for 2004,
and therefore 98,000 for 2005, based on a recent joint Angolan/Namibian river basin study
there. For other urban areas, this assessment assumes they are all periurban and in
category C, and that they constitute 20% of total provincial urban population.

The growth of household water use in Ondjiva’s and Xangongo’s urban areas (housing
category A) and periurban areas (categories B and C) is adopted from the Water Master
Plan. The assumed present and future per capita consumption per housing category is as
presented in Table 7.2.

However, the losses in the water system are substantial at 50% from the outset, but will
gradually be reduced so that system efficiency reaches 60% in 2015 and 70% in 2025. This
means that water extracted from the system to produce the per capita consumption rates is
that much higher than the consumption rates.

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Table 7.8 Population Forecasts for Cunene Province (‘000)

Area 2000 2005 2015 2025
Ondjiva category A 11 16 38 80
Ondjiva category B 00 23 29 42
Ondjiva category C 47 58 47 40
Ondjiva Urban/periurban total 58 97 114 162
Xangongo Category A 1 6 19 35
Xangongo Category B 5 10 24 45
Xangongo Category C 43 48 52 45
Xangongo urban/periurban total 49 64 95 125
Other periurban (category C) 27 35 52 72
Rural 270 260 323 389
Provincial Total 404 456 584 748

This leads to the following household water supply forecasts:

Table 7.9 Domestic Water Supply Forecasts for Cunene Province, (m3 per day)
(actual consumption plus network losses)
Area 2000 2005 2015 2025
Ondjiva category A 1,320 2,240 5,700 17,143
Ondjiva category B 000 920 2,030 3.360
Ondjiva category C 705 870 1,410 1,200
Ondjiva Urban/periurban total 2,025 4,030 9,140 21,703
Xangongo Category A 120 640 2,850 7,500
Xangongo Category B 150 400 1,680 3,600
Xangongo Category C 645 720 1,560 1,350
Xangongo urban/periurban total 915 1,760 6,090 12,450
Other periurban (category C) 405 525 1,560 2,160
Rural 4,050 3,900 9,690 11,670
Provincial total 7.395 10,215 26,480 47,983

7.6 Huila Province

Huila Province in the south has also been relatively little affected by the war, but the
northeast of the province has experienced some changes because it has good development
potentials. Table 4.3 shows Huila’s 1994 population as 1.174 million. According to footnote i
under Table 4.3, the total population of Huila province it was estimated to be 1.339 million for
1999 in the Water Master Plan. Assuming 2.5% growth as for the neighbouring Cunene
province, this would mean a 2000 population of 1.372 million. The OCHA estimate for 2004
is 1,347,000.

The provincial capital Lubango was estimated to have 87,320 people in the urban network
connected area in 1999, and 360,381 in periurban areas. With promising development
prospects one could assume this population to grow at 4.5% annually in the future. There
are several other towns in the province, but short of population statistics, it is assumed that
these add up to 400,000 for year 2000,with 75% of them in housing category C, and will grow
at an annual rate of 3% thereafter. The remaining population is classified as rural.

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Table 7.10 Population Forecasts for Huila Province (‘000)

Area 2000 2005 2015 2025
Lubango urban (category A) 50 62 97 150
Lubango urban (category B) 40 50 77 120
Lubango periurban (category B) 75 93 145 225
Lubango periurban (category C) 300 374 581 902
Lubango Total 465 579 900 1,397
Other periurban (category B) 100 116 156 209
Other periurban (category C) 300 348 468 627
Urban/periurban total 865 1,043 1,524 2,233
Rural (category C) 307 509 463 311
Provincial Total 1,172 1,552 1,987 2,544

The growth of household water use in Lubango and other urban areas in Huila Province and
periurban areas is adopted from the Water Master Plan default tables for housing categories
A, B and C. A constant consumption rate throughout the year is assumed at those low levels
of consumption. The assumed present and future per capita consumption per housing
category is as presented in Table 7.2.

However, the losses in the water system are substantial at 50% from the outset, but will
gradually be reduced so that system efficiency reaches 60% in 2015 and 70% in 2025. This
means that water extracted from the system to produce the per capita consumption rates is
that much higher than the consumption rates.

This leads to the following household water supply forecasts for household uses:

Table 7.11 Domestic Water Supply Forecasts for Huila Province (m3 per day)
(actual consumption plus network losses)
Area 2000 2005 2015 2025
Lubango urban (category A) 6,000 8,680 14,550 32,143
Lubango urban + periurban (category B) 3,450 5,720 15,540 27,600
Lubango urban + periurban (category C) 4,500 5,610 17,430 27,060
Lubango total 13,950 20,010 47,520 86,803
Other periurban (category B) 3,000 4,640 10,920 16,720
Other periurban (category C) 4,500 5,220 14,040 18,810
Other Urban/periurban total 7,500 9,860 24,960 35,530
Rural (category C) 4,605 7,635 13,890 9,330
Provincial Total 26,055 37,505 86,370 131,663

7.7 Cabinda Province

Cabinda is isolated from the rest of the country. It is an enclave between the Republic of
Congo Brazzaville and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). It is one of the smallest
provinces in terms of both area and population, but strategically of vital importance to Angola
due to its wealth of petroleum resources.

INE estimated 181,000 people in Cabinda in 1995. Assuming a 3% growth rate, this would
give 202,000 by year 2000 and 250,000 by 2005. OCHA, on the other hand, estimates the
2004 population to be 362,000. The assessment team has adopted the INE-prolonged data
for its estimates of water use.

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The provincial capital is the dominating city of the province. Assuming (as in the Water
Master Plan database) a 3.5% annual population growth rate of the city, it would have had
172,000 people in year 2000, which was 85% of the provincial population. In the following
water use assessment, the city population is assumed to grow at 3.5% annually, and thus
takes on a growing share of the provincial population, which is assumed to grow at 3%.

As in the Water Master Plan database, it is assumed that an increasing share of the city
population will be covered by the water supply network; growing from 60% in 2000, to 63% in
2005, 70% in 2015 and reaching 80% by 2025.

Table 7.12 Population Forecasts for Cabinda Province (‘000)

Area 2000 2005 2015 2025
Cabinda urban covered by water network 103 128 201 325
Cabinda City Periurban 69 76 87 81
Remaining Periurban and Rural 30 46 48 32
Province Total 202 250 336 438

At the same time the daily per capita water consumption for this network-covered population
is assumed to increase from 30 litres in 2000, to 40 litres in 2005, 55 litres in 2015, and
70 litres in 2025, as assumed in the Master Plan database. Those not covered by the
network, both inside and outside the city, are assumed to follow the category C consumption
forecast of 15 litres in 2000 and 2005, and 30 litres in 2015 and 2025.

However, the losses in the water system are substantial at 50% from the outset, but will
gradually be reduced so that system efficiency reaches 60% in 2015 and 70% in 2025. This
means that water extracted from the system to produce the per capita consumption rates is
that much higher than the consumption rates.

Table 7.13 Domestic Water Supply Forecasts for Cabinda Province (m3 per day)
(actual consumption plus network losses)
Area 2000 2005 2015 2025
Cabinda urban covered by water network 6,180 10,240 18,425 32,250
Cabinda City Periurban 1,035 1,140 2,610 2,430
Remaining Periurban and rural 450 690 1,440 960
Province Total 7,665 12,070 22,475 35,640

7.8 Lunda Sul Province

Lunda Sul is a sparsely populated province bordering on Zaire with many war-affected
returnees (170,000). It is predominantly a subsistence agriculture economy for the rural
people, but has important diamond mining activities and power production.

The population estimates from INE for 1994 was 207,000, whereas other estimates for the
early- to mid-1990s range from 125,000 to 158,000. Due to the war situation, it is assumed
that the 2000 population was 200,000 and for the most part seeking safety in and around
Saurimo. It is assumed that it will grow relatively slowly at 2% from 2000 to 2025 due to
some out-migration to other provinces. OCHA’s 2004 estimate is 277,000 people.

The Water Master Plan assumes the provincial capital Saurimo to have lost population
between 1995 and 2004. It assumes a 2004 population of 150,000. In this assessment the
2000 population is assumed to be the same. The forecasts for the city are those adopted in
the Water Master Plan, and show a relatively rapidly growing population connected to a

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water system. The periurban population in category B also grows rapidly, while the
remaining category C population and the rural population of the province stagnate.

Table 7.14 Population Forecasts for Lunda Sul Province (‘000)

Area 2000 2005 2015 2025
Saurimo urban/periurban covered by 7 8 16 50
water network (category A)
Saurimo Periurban (category B) 0 0 25 64
Saurimo Periurban (category C) 143 145 160 148
Remaining Provincial Periurban and rural 50 47 43 35
(category C)
Province Total 200 200 244 297

Water consumption per capita per day during the forecast period is assumed to be as in
Table 7.2, and the losses are assumed to develop as described for the other provinces. This
leads to the following water supply forecasts to meet regional domestic demand for water.

Table 7.15 Domestic Water Supply Forecasts for Lunda Sul Province (m3 per day)
(actual consumption plus network losses)
Area 2000 2005 2015 2025
Saurimo urban/periurban covered by 840 1,120 2,400 10,700
water network (category A)
Saurimo Periurban (category B) 0 0 1,750 5,120
Saurimo Periurban (category C) 2,145 2,175 4,800 4,440
Saurimo total 2,985 3,295 8,950 20,260
Remaining Provincial Periurban and rural 750 705 1,290 1,050
(categoryC)
Province total 3,735 4,000 10,240 21,310

7.9 Lunda Norte Province

Lunda Norte also borders on Zaire. Like Lunda Sul it is also sparsely populated, estimated
at 362,000 in the corrected INE database for 1994. It was predominately subsistence
agriculture-based in rural areas. At the same time, during the war large segments of the
population moved away or to Dundo/Chitato for safe refuge, but the net effect was a drain on
population also in Dundo, which was estimated to have had 109,000 people in 1999 and only
76,000 in 2004 (The Water Master Plan). Like in Lunda Sul, hydropower and diamonds form
important resources that are being developed.

The 1994 corrected INE population estimate was 362,000. However, due to the war, this
provincial population declined and is estimated to have dropped to 300,000 by 2000, and
even further until peace occurred in 2002. This assessment assumes the provincial
population to have recovered somewhat to 300,000 by 2005. Some 80,000 war-affected
people have returned to their places of origin since the war ended.

The Water Strategy Document estimated the 2003 population of Dundo at 50,000 (down
from 109,000 in 1999) and Chitato at 10,000. These cities are near each other and in the
same catchment. In the following they will be treated as one “metropolitan” area called
Dundo/Chitato.

This assessment assumes the Dundo/Chitato population of 2000 to have been 110,000, with
30,000 in category A urban area, and the remaining 80,000 in category C areas (including

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Chitato’s 10,000 population). Then, as a result of the war, the Dundo/Chitato population is
assumed to have declined significantly, but since the war ended it has started to grow as
people return from refuge. The Water Master Plan assumes a 3% per year growing Dundo
population from 2004 and into the future, and one could add Chitato to this with 10,000 in
category C housing as the 2005 estimate. The provincial total population is assumed to grow
at 1% in the future up to 2025.

Using the Water Master Plan and the above Chitato assumptions in this way yields the
following population forecast:

Table 7.16 Population Forecasts for Lunda Norte Province (‘000)

Area 2000 2005 2015 2025
Dundo/Chitato urban/periurban covered 30 14 24 42
by water network (category A)
Dundo/Chitato Periurban (category B) 0 0 9 30
Dundo/Chitato Periurban (category C) 80 73 80 80
Remaining Provincial Periurban and rural 190 213 218 214
(category C)
Province Total 300 300 331 366

Domestic consumption and loss forecasts assumptions are the same as for Lunda Sul
province.

Table 7.17 Domestic Water Supply Forecasts for Lunda Norte Province (m3 per day)
(actual consumption plus network losses)
Area 2000 2005 2015 2025
Dundo/Chitato urban/periurban covered 3,600 1,960 3,600 8,988
by water network (category A)
Dundo/Chitato Periurban (category B) 0 0 630 2,400
Dundo/Chitato Periurban (category C) 1,200 1,095 2,400 2,400
Dundo/Chitato total 4,800 3,055 11,300 13,788
Remaining Provincial Periurban and rural 2,850 3,195 6,540 6,420
(category C)
Province Total 7,650 6,250 17,840 20,208

7.10 Cuando Cubango Province

Cuando Cubango bordering on and with a subsistence farming population interacting with
Namibia, is the second largest province in Angola with around 200,00 km2, but has only
somewhat more than 300,000 inhabitants. The Water Master Plan data available for this
province were finalized in June 2004. The corrected INE 1994 statistics estimates suggested
312,000 people for the province in total. The province was a UNITAS’ stronghold and a lot of
people were affected. OCHA has recorded more than 550,000 war-returnees, and estimated
the provincial population to be as high as 514,000 in 2004. This assessment considers that
to be much too high, considering the number of war-affected people expected to move back
to their places of origin. This assessment therefore adopts 351,000 as its 2005 forecast.

The 1994 INE statistics estimate 105,000 people for the provincial capital Menongue. A later
estimate for 1999 suggested 109,000. As a result of the war, the Menongue population
dropped significantly, estimated to 100,000 in 2000, and further to 76,000 in 2004, according
to Water Master Plan estimates. A 3% annual growth is assumed for the future, assuming a

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sustained peace, and this gives 78,000 for 2005. The total provincial population is assumed
to grow at 2% annually.

Table 7.18 Population Forecasts for Cuando Cubango Province (‘000)

Area 2000 2005 2015 2025
Menongue urban (category A) 20 15 26 42
Menongue Periurban (category B) 0 0 10 28
Menongue Periurban (category C) 80 63 68 65
Menongue total 100 78 104 135
Remaining Provincial Periurban and rural 212 273 324 397
(category C)
Province Total 312 351 428 532

Table 7.19 Domestic Water Supply Forecasts - Cuando Cubango Province (m3/day)
(actual consumption plus network losses)
Area 2000 2005 2015 2025
Menongue urban (category A) 2,400 2,100 3,900 9,000
Menongue Periurban (category B) 0 0 700 2,240
Menongue Periurban (category C) 1,200 945 2,040 1,950
Menongue total 3,600 3,045 6,640 13,190
Remaining Provincial Periurban and rural 3,180 4,095 9,720 11,910
(categoryC)
Province Total 6,780 7,140 16,360 25,100

7.11 Moxico Province

Moxico province borders on DRC and the Republic of Zambia, and is located between two
largely rural and sparsely populated provinces (Lunda Sul and Cuando Cubango). Moxico is
also very sparsely populated, with an estimated total population of 285,000 in 1994,
according to the corrected INE estimates. It was affected by almost 250,000 war-affected
returnees.

The provincial capital, Luena, was estimated to have 70,000 people in 2003, according to the
Water Plan Strategy Paper. However, discussions and observations by the Assessment
Team suggest that this is a serious underestimation. Due to the war, people moved to Luena
and out of the province. Instead, it is assumed that 66% of the provincial population lives
and will continue to live in Luena. No Water Master Plan data exist for this remote province.
In this assessment it is assumed a 2000 provincial population of 240,000, growing from then
at 2% per year, and a Luena population for year 2000 of 160,000, growing at 3% a year, with
10% in category A, 20% in category B, and 70% in category C as regards water use.

Table 7.20 Population Forecasts for Moxico Province (‘000)

Area 2000 2005 2015 2025
Luena urban (category A) 16 18 24 32
Luena Periurban (category B) 32 35 48 64
Luena Periurban (category C) 112 122 163 220
Luena total 160 175 235 316
Remaining Provincial Periurban and rural 80 90 121 163
(category C)
Province Total 240 265 356 479

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The same default values for consumption and losses are assumed as in neighbouring
provinces.

Table 7.21 Domestic Water Supply Forecasts for Moxico Province (m3 per day)
(actual consumption plus network losses)
Area 2000 2005 2015 2025
Luena urban (category A) 1,920 2,520 3,600 6,848
Luena Periurban (category B) 960 1,400 3,360 5,120
Luena Periurban (category C) 1,680 1,830 4,890 6,600
Luena total 4,560 5,750 11,850 18,568
Remaining Provincial Periurban and rural 1,200 1,350 3,630 4,890
(categoryC)
Province Total 5,760 7,100 15,480 23,458

7.12 Zaire Province

Available population data for Zaire province should be used cautiously. The province has
experienced substantial refuge flows into the Congo Republic during the war, and it is as yet
not clear what will be future population flows and growth.

The provincial population was estimated in the U.K. Angola Embassy web-page for 1992 at
600,000. Later an initial INE estimate said 234,000, which was subsequently revised to
178,000. This latter population estimate is retained as the estimated 2000 and 2005
population of this war-ridden province, and 2% net population growth is projected, even if the
OCHA estimate for 2004 is 285,000. This growth is assumed for Soyo as well. The
disaggregation of this estimate concluded with 63,000 in M’banza Congo, 40,000 in Soyo,
and 26,000 in N’Zeto.

The Water Strategy Paper of 2003 estimated a reduced 2003 urban population of the
province at 125,000 (see Table 4.3, footnote l). The provincial capital M’banza Congo was
estimated to have 50,000, while the other urban population was located in Soyo (45,000),
Tomboco (10,000) and N’Zeto (20,000).

The preliminary Water Master Plan data for M’banza Congo suggest a 2004 population of
51,000 and an average water use per person per day of 40 litre, growing to 55 litres in 2015
and 70 litres in 2025. The population of M’banza Congo and N’Zeto is assumed to grow by
3.5% annually. These are average covering the entire urban population of M’banza Congo,
and no disaggregation into housing categories A, B and C has been provided so far.

For forecasting purposes in this assessment it is assumed that 10% of this population is in
category A, 20% in B and the rest in C, along with the rural population and the urban
population of the other three listed cities. The earlier listed default consumption figures for
these categories are then applied in the forecasts. The efficiency of the system in M’banza
Congo is estimated to be 50% in 2004 (2005), 60% in 2015, and 70% in 2025.

For forecasting present and future water use, M’banza and N’Zeto are grouped as belonging
to the same catchment, whereas Soyo is located in the Congo Basin. Both Soyo and N’Zeto
are assumed to have only category C housing types.

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Table 7.22 Population Forecasts for Zaire Province (‘000)

Area 2000 2005 2015 2025
M’banza Congo urban (category A) 5 5 10 14
M’banza Congo Periurban (category B) 10 10 20 28
M’banza Congo and N’Zeto Periurban 56 56 70 99
(category C)
M’banza Congo and N’Zeto total 71 71 100 141
Soyo periurban (Category C) 45 45 55 67
Remaining Provincial Periurban and rural 133 133 62 62
(category C)
Province Total 249 249 217 270

The same default values for consumption and losses are assumed as in other provinces.

Table 7.23 Domestic Water Supply Forecasts for Zaire Province (m3 per day)
(actual consumption plus network losses)
Area 2000 2005 2015 2025
M’banza Congo urban (category A) 600 700 1,500 2,996
M’banza Congo Periurban (category B) 300 400 1,400 2,240
M’banza Congo and N’Zeto Periurban 840 840 2,100 2,970
(category C)
M’banza Congo and N’Zeto total 1,740 1,940 5,000 8,206
Soyo periurban (Category C) 675 675 1,650 2,010
Remaining Provincial Periurban and rural 1,995 1,995 1,860 1,860
(category C)
Province Total 4,410 4,610 8,510 12,076

7.13 Cuanza Norte Province

Cuanza Norte is one of the more densely populated provinces, with an INE-estimated
323,000 population in 1994 on its 24,110 km2 of land area. The earlier estimated population
was around 400,000 but the war resulted in people moving towards Luanda.

OCHA estimated a 551,000 population, but this includes a large number of war-affected
people to return to their places of origin. For this assessment it is estimated that the 2000
provincial population is 300,000 of which 90,000 in the provincial capital N’Dalatando, and
10,000 in the town of Lucala to its east but in the same catchment. Another 100,000
inhabitants are assumed to live in other towns, so that the rural population is 100,000 as well.

The Water Master Plan estimated the N’Dalatando population in 2002 at 94,270. The Water
Strategy Paper estimated the 2003 population of N’Dalatando at 95,000. Based on these
estimates, it is assumed here that the year 2000 population was distributed with 12,000 living
in category A housing conditions, and 78,000 in category C conditions. All other province
dwellers were assumed to live in category C conditions.

The population of N’Dalatando is projected to grow by 3% annually from 2002. The

remaining urban population is assumed here to remain constant, and the rural population
likewise. This gives a future population profile as shown in Table 7.23.

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Table 7.24 Population Forecasts for Cuanza Norte Province (‘000)

Area 2000 2005 2015 2025
N’Dalatando urban (category A) 12 13 30 62
N’Dalatando Periurban (category B) 0 0 24 53
N’Dalatando and Lucala Periurban 88 100 95 100
(category C)
N’Dalatando/Lucala total 100 113 149 215
Remaining Provincial Periurban and rural 200 200 200 200
(category C)
Province Total 300 313 349 415

The same default values for consumption and losses and their respective change over time
are assumed as in other provinces.

Table 7.25 Domestic Water Supply Forecasts for Cuanza Norte Province (m3/day)
(actual consumption plus network losses)
Area 2000 2005 2015 2025
N’Dalatando urban (category A) 1,440 1,820 4,500 13,268
N’Dalatando Periurban (category B) 0 0 1,680 4,240
N’Dalatando and Lucala Periurban 1,320 1,500 2,850 3,000
(category C)
N’Dalatando and Lucala total 2,760 3,320 9,030 20,508
Remaining Provincial Periurban and rural 3,000 3,000 6,000 6,000
(category C)
Province Total 5,760 6,320 15,030 26,508

7.14 Cuanza Sul Province

No Water Master Plan data are available for this war-ridden province estimated by INE to
have had 820,000 people in 1994. People had come from Huambo during the war, but some
also moved towards Luanda. The net inflow of war-affected people made OCHA estimate a
provincial population of 1.1 million. However, after the war a lot of people have moved back
to Huambo. Short of any new census data or estimates, it is assumed that the 2000
provincial population was reduced to 700,000, and is projected to remain constant at that
level in the future.

The urban population was estimated in the Water Strategy Paper for 2003 to be 140,000 in
the provincial capital Sumbe, 40,000 in Porto Amboin and 30,000 in Gabela. Short of other
data, it is assumed that these population figures were valid for 2000 as well. However, after
the war ended, people have moved significantly both within and out of the province. In this
assessment, it is assumed that the capital city Sumbe will have 150,000 inhabitants in 2005,
and then increase by 3% annually. Porto Amboin on the other hand is assumed to remain at
40,000 for 2005 and in the future, while Gabela is believed to have increased to 60,000 in
2005, and will remain at that level. In addition, due to rapid movement of people to the south
eastern agricultural part of the province, Waco Kungo has grown rapidly recently, and is
assumed to have grown from 10,000 to 40,000 between 2000 and 2005, and is projected to
grow at 3% thereafter.

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Short of data regarding types of housing, it is assumed that 10% of the Sumbe population will
be and remain in category A, housing, 20% in category B, and the rest in category C. For
the other cities, category C is assumed throughout.

Table 7.26 Population Forecasts for Cuanza Sul Province (‘000)

Area 2000 2005 2015 2025
Sumbe urban (category A) 14 15 20 27
Sumbe Periurban (category B) 28 30 40 54
Sumbe Periurban (category C) 98 105 142 190
Sumbe total 140 150 202 271
Porto Amboim, Gabela, Waco Kungo 80 140 154 172
periurban category C
Remaining Provincial Periurban and rural 380 410 344 257
(category C)
Province Total 600 700 700 700

The same default values for consumption and losses and their respective change over time
are assumed as in other provinces.

Table 7.27 Domestic Water Supply Forecasts for Cuanza Sul Province (m3 per day)
(actual consumption plus network losses)
Area 2000 2005 2015 2025
Sumbe urban (category A) 1,680 2,100 3,000 5,778
Sumbe Periurban (category B) 840 1,200 2,800 4,320
Sumbe Periurban (category C) 1,470 1,575 4,260 5,700
Sumbe total 3,990 4,875 10,060 15,798
Porto Amboim, Gabela, Waco Kungo 1,200 2,100 4,620 5,160
periurban category C
Remaining Provincial Periurban and rural 5,700 6,150 10,320 7,710
(category C)
Province Total 10,890 13,125 25,000 28,668

7.15 Malange Province

Malange province has experienced significant people movements internally as well as
between provinces during and since the war. Due to its development potentials in agriculture
and mining, it is assumed to be an attractive province which will experience 3% overall
population growth, a number which is adopted for the entire period since the corrected 1994
INE estimate of 754,000 population. This exceeds the OCHA estimate of 824,000 for 2004.

It would appear that the large majority of the provincial population (perhaps 80%) live in the
Cuanza basin, i.e. the western part of the province, whereas only a small portion (perhaps
20%) of the people live in the Congo basin to the east.

Malange city is the provincial capital. It is estimated by the provincial authorities to have
grown rapidly and doubled its population from 150,000 in 2000 to 291,000 in 2005 (Water
Master Plan estimate). The future population growth, and housing type distribution of the city
is projected to be in line with the Water Master Plan forecasts.

The same default values for consumption and losses and their respective change over time
are assumed as in other provinces.

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Table 7.28 Population Forecasts for Malange Province (‘000)

Area 2000 2005 2015 2025
Malange urban (category A) 10 21 71 150
Malange Periurban (category B) 0 0 80 163
Malange Periurban (category C) 140 270 279 271
Malange urban/periurban total 150 291 430 584
(Cuanza basin)
Remaining Provincial Periurban and rural 600 602 778 1,086
(category C) in the Cuanza basin
Remaining Provincial Periurban and rural 150 151 195 272
(category C) in the Congo basin
Province Total 900 1,044 1,403 1,942

Table 7.29 Domestic Water Supply Forecasts for Malange Province (m3 per day)
(actual consumption plus network losses)
Area 2000 2005 2015 2025
Malange urban (category A) 1,200 2,940 10,650 32,100
Malange Periurban (category B) 0 0 5,600 13,040
Malange Periurban (category C) 2,100 4,050 8,370 8,130
Malange urban/periurban total 3,300 6,990 24,620 61,640
(Cuanza Basin)
Remaining Provincial Periurban and rural 9,000 9,030 23,340 32,580
(category C) in the Cuanza basin
Remaining Provincial Periurban and rural 2,250 2,265 5,850 8,160
(category C) in the Congo basin
Province Total 14,550 18,285 53,810 102,380

7.16 Bie Province

Before independence, Bie was one of the most populated provinces of Angola, and Kuito one
of the largest cities. Bie Province suffered a lot during the war and large number of people
fled to Luanda, Huila and Huambo.

INE estimated the provincial population to have dropped to 774,00 in 1994. After the war, a
lot of people have moved back, but no reliable statistics exist. OCHA estimated the 2004
population to be 1,016,000. It is the best judgement of the assessment team that the
province population has surpassed 1 million by far; in fact, Bie has more people that
Benguela province. It is therefore assumed that it had 1.3 million in 2000 and is growing.

This assessment assumes that half a million of that year 2000 population is located in Kuito.
Due to data uncertainty, and the fact that INE and other estimates are considerably smaller,
this assessment assumes both the provincial and the Kuito population to increase throughout
the 2000-2025 period by 3% annually.

From the perspective of this water balance assessment, the entire Bie population belongs to
the Cuanza catchment.

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Table 7.30 Population Forecasts for Bie Province (‘000)

Area 2000 2005 2015 2025
Kuito urban (category A) 15 30 60 150
Kuito Periurban (category B) 0 0 30 60
Kuito Periurban (category C) 485 550 690 837
Kuito urban/periurban total 500 580 780 1,047
(Cuanza basin)
Remaining Provincial Periurban and rural 800 927 1,245 1,674
(category C) in the Cuanza basin of Bie
Province Total 1,300 1,507 2,025 2,721
(all in Cuanza catchment)

The same default values for consumption and losses and their respective change over time
are assumed as in other provinces.

Table 7.31 Domestic Water Supply Forecasts for Bie Province (m3 per day)
(actual consumption plus network losses)
Area 2000 2005 2015 2025
Kuito urban (category A) 1,800 4,200 9,000 32,100
Kuito Periurban (category B) 0 0 2,100 4,800
Kuito Periurban (category C) 7,275 8,250 20,700 25,110
Kuito urban/periurban total 9,075 12,450 31,800 62,010
(Cuanza basin)
Remaining Provincial Periurban and rural 12,000 13,905 23,400 31,410
(category C) in the Cuanza basin of Bie
Province Total 21,075 26,355 55,200 93,420
(all in Cuanza catchment)

7.17 Huambo Province

Huambo is traditionally one of the most populated provinces but it was much disrupted during
the war. Population estimates vary widely. The original INE estimate for 1994 was
1.64 million. This was revised downwards by INE to 1,094,000. Data produced for the
Water Master Plans estimated the Huambo provincial population to be 1,948,000 in 1999
and 3 million in 2000.

In view of the many people who left the province during the war, this 2000 estimate is
considered much too high by the assessment team. At the same time, the OCHA estimate
for 2004 of 1,148,00 is considered far too low, since it is generally accepted that Huambo
and Bie in the post-war period will have approximately the same population size and internal
distributions (urban/rural), and be somewhat larger than Benguela.

An estimate of 1.3 million for 2000 and an annual growth rate of 3% is the basis for the water
use forecasts of this assessment. This should allow for the number of returnees after the
war.

As for the urban population and its growth, Huambo city is assumed to grow at a rate from
2005 that results in the same urban/periurban population forecasts as for Kuito.

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Table 7.32 Population Forecasts for Huambo Province (‘000)

Area 2000 2005 2015 2025
Huambo urban (category A) 15 30 60 150
Huambo Periurban (category B) 0 0 30 60
Huambo Periurban (category C) 485 550 690 837
Huambo urban/periurban total 500 580 780 1,047
(Cunene basin)
Remaining Provincial Periurban and rural 800 928 1,245 1,674
(category C) in the Cunene basin
Province Total 1,300 1,508 2,025 2,721
(all in Cunene catchment)

The same default values for consumption and losses and their respective change over time
are assumed as in other provinces.

Table 7.33 Domestic Water Supply Forecasts for Huambo Province (m3 per day)
(actual consumption plus network losses)
Area 2000 2005 2015 2025
Huambo urban (category A) 1,800 4,200 9,000 32,100
Huambo Periurban (category B) 0 0 2,100 4,800
Huambo Periurban (category C) 7,275 8,250 20,700 25,110
Huambo urban/periurban total 9,075 12,450 31,800 62,010
(Cunene basin)
Remaining Provincial Periurban and rural 12,000 13,905 23,400 31,410
(category C) in the Cunene basin of Bie
Province Total 21,075 26,355 55,200 93,420
(all in Cunene catchment)

7.18 Uige Province

Uige Province, bordering on DRC, suffered considerably during the war and many people
fled the province. There is no available Water Master plan for Uige, and available population
estimates for the mid-1990s range from 7 to 900,000 with the corrected INE estimate of 1994
of 702,000 as the most recently adjusted one. However, with the ending of the war, lots of
people having fled the country are now returning, and a better 2005 estimate would be
1.2 million, and a growth rate of 3%. This estimate corresponds with the OCHA 2004
estimate of 1,321,000.

As regards urban population, the province capital Uige is estimated to have 152,000 people
in 1994, and 140,000 in the Water Strategy documents estimate for 2003. However, neither
estimate appears in line with what appears to be the city population. It is assumed for this
study to be 200,000 for 2005, up from 168,000 in 2000. There is no data to suggest growth
rates neither for the province nor for the city, but informed guesstimates would suggest 3.5%
due to the return of refugees and the potential for absorbing people.

It is further assumed that 10% of the city population enjoys housing category A, 20% live in
housing category B, and the rest in category C. So do the rest of the periurban and rural
population of the province.

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Table 7.34 Population Forecasts for Uige Province (‘000)

Area 2000 2005 2015 2025
Uige urban (category A) 17 20 28 40
Uige Periurban (category B) 34 40 56 80
Uige Periurban (category C) 117 140 198 278
Uige urban/periurban total 168 200 282 398
Remaining Provincial Periurban and rural 832 1,000 1,411 1,990
(category C)
Province Total 1,000 1,200 1,693 2,388

The same default values for consumption and losses and their respective change over time
are assumed as in other provinces.

Table 7.35 Domestic Water Supply Forecasts for Uige Province (m3 per day)
(actual consumption plus network losses)
Area 2000 2005 2015 2025
Uige urban (category A) 2,040 2,800 4,200 8,560
Uige Periurban (category B) 1,020 1,600 3,920 6,400
Uige Periurban (category C) 1,755 2,100 5,940 8,340
Uige urban/periurban total 4,815 6,500 14,060 23,300
Remaining Provincial Periurban and rural 12,480 15,000 42,330 59,700
(category C)
Province Total 17,295 21,500 56,390 83,000

7.19 Bengo Province

No report or Water Master Plan was available for Bengo province and its capital city Caxito.
The INE estimated population for 1994 was 215,000. There is no information as to
population development during the war, but the war resulted in significant redistribution of
people from the inner areas towards the areas near Luanda. Close to 100,000 such people
are now returning to their origins. OCHA estimates the 2004 population to be 322,000, but
this assessment applies a lesser population of 200,000 for 2000, growing to 220,000 by
2005. There are three main cities in the province, whose population was estimated in the
Water Strategy Paper for 2002: Caxito (20,000), Dondo (30,000) and Catete (10,000), and
these populations are assumed to grow at the same 3% annual rate as the province as a
whole.

Table 7.36 Population Forecasts for Bengo Province (‘000)

Area 2000 2005 2015 2025
Caxito urban (Category A) 5 6 9 13
Caxito Periurban (Category C) 15 17 22 30
Caxito urban/periurban total 20 23 31 43
(Dande basin)
Dondo/Catete urban (Category A) 5 6 9 13
(Cuanza Basin)
Dondo/Catete urban (Category C) 35 40 53 73
(Cuanza Basin)
Dondo/Catete urban/periurban 40 46 62 86
(Cuanza Basin)
Remaining Provincial Periurban and rural 140 163 219 302
(Category C)
Province total 200 232 312 431

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The same default values for consumption and losses and their respective change over time
are assumed as in other provinces.

Table 7.37 Domestic Water Supply Forecasts for Bengo Province (m3 per day)
(actual consumption plus network losses)
Area 2000 2005 2015 2025
Caxito urban (category A) 600 840 1,350 2,782
Caxito Periurban (category C) 225 255 660 900
Caxito urban/periurban total 825 1,095 2,010 3,682
(Dande Basin)
Dondo and Catete urban/periurban 600 840 1,350 2,782
(Category A)
Dondo and Catete urban/periurban 525 600 1,860 2,190
(Category C)
Dondo/Catete urban/periurban 1,125 1,440 3,210 4,972
(Cuanza Basin)
Remaining Provincial Periurban and rural 2,100 2,445 6,750 9,060
(Category C)
Province Total 4,050 4,980 11,970 17,714

7.20 Luanda
Estimates of Luanda’s population and growth rate vary substantially. The INE-corrected
estimate for 1994 concluded with 1.995 million people, The Water Master Plan estimated the
2000 population to be 2.894 million.

OCHA estimated a 2004 population of 2.935 million, while the Water Strategy Paper
concluded with 4 million for 2003. There now seems to be wide agreement that the 2005
Luanda population will be between 4 and 5 million. Based on this set of estimates, this
assessment concludes with 3 million for year 2000, and 4.2 million for 2005, growing to
6.2 million in 2015 and 8.3 million by 2025.

The latest Water Master Plan data available to the assessment team provides a forecast of
the distribution between “modern”, “transition” and “periphery/greenbelt” housing categories
of Luanda’s population for 2000, 2005 and 2010. These three categories are assumed to
correspond to categories A, B and C used for all other provinces in this assessment.

The Master Plan forecasts for Luanda assume the relative share of people living in “modern”
(category A) dwellings to decline from 9.2% in 2000, to 6.6% in 2005 and 4.9% in 2010. This
assessment assumes that future oil and diamond revenues of Angola - along with municipal
user charges and taxes - will provide the basis for increased urban infrastructure investments
so as to stop this deteriorating trend and stabilize the shares at the 2010 level for the
remaining 2010-2025 forecast period.

The transition population (Category B) declines from 17.2% in 2000, via 13.4% in 2005, to
10.7% in 2010, and is assumed to remain at that level. The category C population is
assumed to increase its share from 73.6% in 2000, via 80% in 2005, to 84.4% in 2010 and
remain there.

This leads to the following future distribution of the forecasted Luanda population as regards
water use categories:

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Table 7.38 Population Forecasts for Luanda (‘000)

Area 2000 2005 2015 2025
Luanda urban (category A) 288 277 304 407
Luanda Periurban (category B) 516 563 663 888
Luanda Periurban (category C) 2,196 3,360 5,233 7,005
Luanda urban/periurban Total 3,000 4,200 6,200 8,300

The same default values for consumption and losses and their respective change over time
are assumed as in other provinces.

Table 7.39 Domestic Water Supply Forecasts for Luanda (m3 per day)
(actual consumption plus network losses)
Area 2000 2005 2015 2025
Luanda urban (category A) 34,560 38,780 45,600 87,098
Luanda Periurban (category B) 15,480 22,520 46,410 71,040
Luanda Periurban (category C) 32,940 50,400 156,990 219,150
Luanda urban/periurban Total 82,980 111,700 249,000 368,288

7.21 Catchment-wise Representation of Household Water Use Forecasts

The domestic water supply forecasts as presented in the foregoing tables have been
designed for easy disaggregation into catchments. They were entered into the GIS water
resources database on a catchment basis by first splitting each province up into its various
catchments and, using the satellite maps of the locations of the towns, villages and
settlements in each catchment, allocating first the urban and periurban figures to the correct
catchment in the province.

Next the remaining rural population figures were distributed to the various catchments
proportionately to the intensity of settlements in each catchment as indicated by the satellite
imagery. The result is a catchment distribution of the forecasts within each province.

Catchments which straddle province boundaries were dealt with as sub catchments within
each province, the total of the various provincial sub catchments then being summed by the
GIS system to arrive at total catchment figures for further processing and presentation. The
catchment-wise population and domestic water consumption forecast breakdowns are given
in Table 7.40 and in Figure 7.1.

Close inspection of the figures in Table 7.40 shows that, in certain catchment areas, the
population their has growth to 2005 and declines thereafter towards 2025. There are good
reasons for such assumptions, namely that a substantial population location imbalance
caused by the civil war is in the process of being gradually rectified. This implies that a lot of
people will move within and between provinces (and hence catchments), and this results in
more than average population growth in some catchments and a decline in some others.
The individual population development numbers up towards 2025 for each catchment are
meant to reflect the gradual correction of such historic imbalances, but obviously, with the
poor population data at hand, such forecasts are highly uncertain. We do not, however,
know of any better or more reliable population forecasts at this level of geographic
disaggregation.

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Table 7.40 Catchment-wise Population and Domestic Water Supply Forecasts

NAME Population Domestic Water Use (m3/day)
2000 2005 2015 2025 2000 2005 2015 2025
1 Lubinda 3,200 4,907 5,120 3,413 48 74 154 102
2 Chiloanga 24,000 36,800 38,400 25,600 360 552 1152 768
3 Lulondo 2,000 3,067 3,200 2,133 30 46 96 64
4 Lucula 172,000 204,000 288,000 406,000 7,215 11,380 21,035 34,680
5 Zaire 1,177,731 1,270,671 1,643,190 2,164,831 22,226 22,685 62,126 90,549
6 Zombo 2,472 2,472 1,625 1,792 37 37 49 54
7 Luela 2,472 2,472 1,625 1,792 37 37 49 54
8 Lucolo 17,306 17,306 11,375 12,542 260 260 341 376
9 Sange 4,944 4,944 3,250 3,583 74 74 98 108
10 Lucunga 19,778 19,778 13,000 14,333 297 297 390 430
11 M'Bridge 505,076 580,180 725,269 998,155 9,871 12,203 27,358 41,305
12 Sembo 7,417 7,417 4,875 5,375 111 111 146 161
13 Loge 86,938 104,222 146,491 206,249 1,304 1,563 4,404 6,187
14 Uezo 601 700 940 1,296 9 10 29 39
15 Onzo 9,614 11,193 15,039 20,738 144 168 464 622
16 Lifune 19,828 23,086 31,017 42,773 297 346 956 1283
17 Dande 632,509 839,857 1,203,740 1,607,959 15,856 20,840 46,939 68,983
18 Bengo 2,151,693 2,985,128 4,376,232 5,839,697 58,569 78,492 174,923 257,775
19 Cuanza 2,844,186 3,411,304 4,622,503 6,221,152 52,916 67,412 160,486 277,347
21 Sangando 601 700 940 1,296 9 10 29 39
22 Cabo Ledo 601 700 940 1,296 9 10 29 39
23 Mengueje 601 700 940 1,296 9 10 29 39
25 Longa 67,900 74,286 69,387 63,717 1,018 1,114 2,097 1,912
27 Quiteta 657 709 595 445 10 11 18 13
30 Oueve 230,241 302,212 291,044 275,906 3,454 4,533 8,731 8,277
31 N'Gunza 184,706 198,235 242,471 301,235 4,661 5,599 11,274 16,705
32 Quicombo 83,871 90,823 79,036 63,612 1,258 1,362 2,371 1,908
34 Evale 12,868 14,214 14,759 15,591 193 213 443 468
35 Balombo 73,647 84,086 110,209 146,242 1,105 1,261 3,306 4,387
36 Cuhula 3,319 3,801 5,078 6,837 50 57 152 205
37 Cubal Da 43,149 49,418 66,014 88,879 647 741 1,980 2,666
Hanha
38 Catumbela 657,503 721,955 961,294 1,282,159 27,659 40,553 67,212 117,574
39 Cavaco 377,915 480,809 648,468 869,021 17,639 35,837 56,534 102,247
40 Curinge 830 950 1,270 1,709 12 14 38 51
42 Mormolo 1,660 1,901 2,539 3,418 25 29 76 103
43 Pima 830 950 1,270 1,709 12 14 38 51
46 Coporolo 32,439 42,728 49,812 56,258 538 740 1,707 2,045
48 Lua 830 950 1,270 1,709 12 14 38 51
49 Equimina 1,660 1,901 2,539 3,418 25 29 76 103
51 Calongolo 830 950 1,270 1,709 12 14 38 51
53 Catara 4,760 5,200 7,000 9,320 71 78 210 280
57 Carunjamba 7,140 7,800 10,500 13,980 107 117 315 419
58 Inamagando 4,760 5,200 7,000 9,320 71 78 210 280
60 Bentiaba 21,420 23,400 31,500 41,940 321 351 945 1,258
62 Chilulo / 2,380 2,600 3,500 4,660 36 39 105 140
Chapéu
Armado
64 Mutiambo 9,520 10,400 14,000 18,640 143 156 420 559
66 Giraul 28,318 32,893 42,105 53,130 439 522 1,324 1,696

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NAME Population Domestic Water Use (m3/day)

2000 2005 2015 2025 2000 2005 2015 2025
67 Bero 164,319 204,317 264,722 344,316 8,711 11,442 18,296 30,692
69 Subida 2,380 2,600 3,500 4,660 36 39 105 140
Grande
72 Curoca 55,239 65,388 80,878 97,817 872 1,066 2,609 3,240
73 Cunene 2,501,644 3,020,716 4,022,883 5,346,401 47,286 63,165 143,188 232,963
74 Zambeze 220,412 242,963 326,373 439,089 5,466 6,769 14,591 22,261
75 Cubango 391,886 461,034 548,868 650,883 8,220 9,257 20,991 30,349
76 Cuando 53,640 67,496 81,825 102,049 805 1012 2,455 3,061
77 Cuvelai 142,760 181,513 221,313 293,916 3,296 5,298 12,359 25,660

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Figure 7.1 Catchment-wise Domestic Water Supply Forecasts

(For catchment names/numbers see Figures 12.1 a, b, c and d. Catchments shown in white are areas
with no available population distribution data.)

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8. INDUSTRY & MINING ACTIVITIES

8.1 The Challenge of Accessing Reliable Data for Industry and Mining
Updated information on water intensive industrial and mining activities is very difficult to
obtain in Angola. There is some information on the government website Angola.org, this is,
however, dated from 1995. In order to secure more detailed and up-to-date information and
data, meetings were planned with three main institutions:

• Ministry of Industry
• Ministry of Geology and Mines
• Endiama, the national diamond mining company

At the time of writing this report, the meetings with the Ministry of Industry and Endiama were
still pending. A meeting was held with the Ministry of Geology and Mines but no information
could be given. This was due to the Ministry’s request for payment for supplying such
information for which there is no facility under the Consultant’s contract. This has been
brought to the attention of DNA and it is hoped that this matter can be resolved in the future
development of the assessment by DNA.

As a result of the lack of available data on this issue, it has not been possible to develop firm
scenarios of the growth of industrial and mining industries, let alone forecasts for the use of
water resources for production and as a recipient for wastes and effluents. This is a
bottleneck that should be prioritized in the further development of the assessment. One line
of action for achieving this could be ministerial collaboration between the Ministry of Energy
and Water and the Ministry of Geology and Mines. Mutual exchange of information and data
could be beneficial to both parties in this respect.

8.2 Location of Industries and Mines

Besides the dominating petroleum sector activities, Angola’s main industrial activity is mining
of diamonds, for the most part in the sparsely populated provinces of Lunda Norte and Lunda
Sul. The activity is apparently concentrated along the Tchicapa river where two diamond
mining companies, Catoca and Alrosa, are active in building hydropower dams (24 MW and
16 MW respectively) to supply their mining operations, and for selling surplus power to the
province.

However, the country is rich in minerals and extraction takes place for iron ore, phosphates,
feldspar, bauxite, uranium, and gold at various locations.

Industrial production includes refining and downstream petroleum-related production,

cement, metal products, fish processing, brewing, tobacco products, sugar and textile.
However, as a result of the war, almost all industrial activity was closed down. Those that
still operate are found in the large cities, such as Luanda, or they are rather self-sufficient
mining operators with their own water supply systems, e.g. along the Tchicapa river in
Luanda Sul.

The Fina Petroleos de Angola refinery in Luanda processes crude oil, and shall have the
capacity to process 60,000 bbl/d as of the end of 2004, and it produces virtually all of
Angola’s domestic requirements for gasoline, kerosene and jet fuel, as well as a small
amount of products for exports, according to the EIA web-page.

Another refinery, this one planned for 200,000bbl/d capacity is to be built near Lobito in
Benguela Province, and is scheduled for operation by 2007 at the earliest.

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The one specific water use estimate related to industrial production is from the Water Master
plan document for Huambo city. For this city there are four industrial sectors listed, with each
enterprise identified. For each enterprise, the daily production capacity is presented along
with the water consumption per m3 of output, such as 20 m3 per m3 of daily output of beers
and fresh drink output, totalling 5,000 m3 of water use per day for this industry. For the
conserves industry in Huambo, the water use per tonne of output is also 20 m3, totalling
160 m3 per day. For the casting industry water consumption is 85 m3 per tonne, totalling
127.5 m3 per day, and finally for production of soaps and detergents, where 2 m3 per tonne is
required, the daily water use is 61.2 m3. Ink is also produced in Huambo, but the quantity is
so small (1.1 tonne per day) that with a water need of 1.6 m3 per tonne, the daily use is
1.7 m3.

8.3 Industrial Water Use

The specific industrial water use estimates from the Water Master Plan data for Huambo city
could be interesting and useful for use as default parameters for other cities if their relative
order of magnitude to category A urban water users could be assumed to be transferable
from the Huambo setting to other Angolan cities. In that case, similar estimates and data
could be prepared for all major cities, but so far data is available for Huambo only, and
furthermore, it is not quite clear for what year these industrial water use data apply (although
it says 2025) in the Huambo document by COBA et al). Regardless of year, what is clear is
that compared to overall domestic water consumption, industrial use in Huambo is a
relatively minor public network water user. It has not therefore been possible/practicable to
include industrial water use in the Rapid Water Use Assessment Database.

On the other hand, there is no reason – given the very modest role of processing industry
and manufacturing in Angola at present – to assume the industry use of the capacity of water
networks in other cities to be much different from that observed in the Water Master Plan
preparations for Huambo. If that can be assumed to hold as a valid hypothesis, industry
water use is not a constraining demand factor that will lead to water deficits during the
forecasting period.

8.4 Water Quality

According to Neto and Mendes1, during the war periods, there was no substantial pollution of
land water because industrial production was insignificant. A certain amount of pollution
does, however, exist in the rivers of Lunda-Norte Province because of diamond mining, the
recipient rivers being tributaries of the Casai River in Zaire. An increase in manufacturing
and mining after the war could, however, create higher levels of water pollution.

In Luanda, the EPAL water analysis laboratory, located at Marçal, monitors the water quality.
Raw water for drinking water production is taken either from the Rio Bengo (at Marçal and
Kifangondo plants) or from Rio Kwanza (at the Kikuxi plant). Both rivers have regulating
dams upstream and for this reason the water quality is relatively stable over the year.
Apparently only the Bengo River intake water is analysed, testing for turbidity, O2, colour,
mineral salts, hardness, alkalinity and conductivity. Although heavy metal content is not
monitored, these rivers, lacking any heavy industry, are not expected to bear such pollutants.
Consequently, the Rio Bengo water is said to be satisfactory for human consumption after
normal coagulation-sedimentation-filtration, giving water of low salt content.

1 Water Resources Management in Angola; Water Resources Management in Sub-Saharan Africa, Nairobi, 12-15 February 1996, Felix M. Neto and Paulo
Emilio Mendes.

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9. NON-CONSUMPTIVE USE OF WATER RESOURCES

9.1 Hydropower

9.1.1 Introduction
Hydropower is a major activity in Angola but it is a non-consumptive water user. By building
dams it may provide for leisure activities, which are also non-consumptive, and such projects
may also contribute to river flow controls, including flood control, which in the next phase
could provide more stable flows of water for agriculture.

9.1.2 Overview of Existing Hydropower plants

Northern Supply System:

Cambambe Dam (Middle Cuanza River)

Basin Area: 115500 km2
Mean Flow: 728 m3/s
Low Flow: 122 m3/s (i.e. without Capanda which is located u/s Cambambe; Capanda is a
gravity dam for hydropower generation and irrigation use.)
Dam crest length: 107 m
Run-of-river concrete gravity dam.
4 x 60 MW turbines (each turbine produces only 45 MW because of lower head than
designed (Projected dam height was 110 m but only height of 86 m was achieved.)
Constructed in 1958, First two turbines installed in 1963; 3rd turbine in 1972; 4th turbine in
1973.

Mabubas Dam (Dande River)

Basin Area: 7.5 km2
Mean Flow: 62 m3/s
Low Flow: 12 m3/s
17.8 MW installed capacity
Average Production 60 GWh/annum
Dry Season production 40 GWh/annum
Out of operation since 1992

Capanda Dam (Cuanza River) is managed by GAMEK1

1:10,000 year design flood is 11000 m3/s
Reservoir Capacity 4.7x109 m3
First Phase 2x130 MW
Turbine 1 installed Dec.2003, turbine 2 installed May 2004
Second Phase (not yet decided)
Minimum regulated flow downstream of Capanda is 500 m3/s
GAMEK will own/operate this plant for 2 years. After that the Government will decide how or
by whom it shall be run/owned.

1 GAMEK was created to deal with the construction of Capanda hydropower scheme. When the construction is over GAMEK may either be disbanded or
converted into a joint venture that will be in charge of power generation. The transport of energy (high tension) is the responsibility of ENE while the
distribution of lower tension energy is the responsibility of EDEL, in the case of Luanda Province, or the responsibility of other private companies in the case
of other provinces.

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Central System (2 hydropower schemes)

Lomaum Hydropower plant on Catumbela River
Installed Capacity 35 MW
(1964 – 20 MW; 1973 – 15 MW)
Average Energy Production 107 GWh/annum
Basin Area: 8296 km2
Mean Flow: 86.3 m3/s
Out of order since 1983/84

Biopio Hydropower Plant

Installed Capacity 4x3.6 MW
All installed in 1957, and still in operation
Average Energy Production 35 GWh/annum
Basin Area: 15550 km2
Mean Flow: 117.3 m3/s

Southern System

Matala Hydropower Plant

Installed Capacity 3x13.6 MW
All installed in 1959, and still in operation
Average Energy Production 100 GWh/annum
Basin Area: 28037 km2
Mean Flow: 147.2 m3/s
Also feeds an irrigation channel of 5.0 m3/s, which was recently rehabilitated.

Gove Dam
Mainly for downstream flow regulation, built in 1975, Turbines not yet installed.
There is a project to install 3x20 MW
According to the 1969 agreement between Portugal and South Africa, and endorsed by
Angola and Namibia after their independence, the minimum flow across the border should be
40 m3/s. The minimum regulated flow by Gove dam is 80 m³/s. At the border Angola should
release 40 m³/s to Namibia.

Small scale hydro:

Uige Province – Rio Luquixi

1 MW Constructed in 1957 will be expanded to 3 MW. Rehabilitated in 2003
Owned by ENE

Bie Province – Kunje Mini Hydro Project on Rio Kunje

Commissioned in 1971, out of order, although there are plans to rehabilitate it.
Installed capacity 1.5 MW

Bie Province – Kuito Ceramica Mini Hydro Project

1x100 MW turbine
Rehabilitated in 2003 and now in operation again. The project was approved because of the
difficulty of extending the transmission system to this area.

Huambo Province – Cuando Mini Hydro Project on Cuando River (Cuando is a tributary of
the Cunene river). 4 x 250 kW turbines (2 turbines were out of order during the time of the
consultant’s field visit). The plant is owned by CFB - Caminho de Ferro de Benguela (the
Benguela Railway Company). Cuando Mini Hydro Project is partially operational. It provides
energy for the CFB compound and CFB workshop, both located in the outskirts of Huambo
City.

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In addition there are many other minihydro schemes waiting to be implemented. The main
hydro schemes are government financed and government owned projects. The new energy
law does, however, allow for private investment in production and distribution. But the major
projects are still government owned – but smaller projects are open to private participation.
For example Hydrochicapa Consortium that is a Joint Venture between ENE and Alrosa on
Rio Chicapa in Lunda Sul Province. It is now under construction and is due to be completed
by the end of 2005. With an installed capacity of 18 MW, it will mostly provide energy to the
diamond mining industry and the local population. There are also a number of development
projects in the northeast of Angola. Other examples are the Luapasso Project, a Joint
Venture between ENE and another enterprise and the Luachimo project. Further details of
hydropower potentials in Angola are given in the appendix (Bacias Hidrograficas) which was
kindly provided by ENE.

9.1.3 GAMEK – The Office for Development of Middle Cuanza River

GAMEK under the Ministry of Energy and Water (MINEA) has its mandate to develop the
hydropower resources of the middle Cuanza River Basin. The Cuanza River has its source
in the Bie Province and its mouth is at Barra de Cuanza in Luanda province. The Upper
Cuanza River basin starts in Bie and finishes near Salto do Cavalo in Malanje province. The
middle Cuanza Basin is the responsibility of GAMEK from Salto do Cavalo in Malanje
province to Dondo municipality, nearby the section of Cambambe dam in Kuanza Norte
province. So the downstream limit is actually the Cambambe dam. Thus the Cuanza Basin
(lower) stretches from Capanda dam to the river mouth. As regards hydropower, the Middle
Cuanza Basin is most relevant.

The head drop through the middle Cuanza Basin is some 800 m over a reach of 134 km.
The main existing dam is CAPANDA at the upstream end. In addition is the Cambambe
Dam/Hydro station (180 MW) at the downstream reach of the Middle Cuanza Basin. There
are also 7 other potential hydropower sites in between these two dams along the entire reach
of the Middle Cuanza Basin.

CAMBAMBE Dam was built in 1958-59, is 60 m high and due to its heavy siltation it may be
heightened by some 20 m as part of the rehabilitation of the power plant. Construction of a
second powerhouse is foreseen. This would increase the total installed capacity to 780 MW.
At the moment Cambambe is functioning as a run-of-river plant since its reservoir is almost
full of sediments. It was built in 1960. The original total storage volume was 50 million m3
with a live storage of 50 million m3. Measurements and calculations from a bathymetric
survey carried out in 2001 showed that the siltation is quite excessive, the new measured
volumes being then some 24 million m3 total storage including somewhat under 19 million m3
of live storage.

CAPANDA hydropower project and dam was planned as a 520 MW station. The head is
110 m, the length of the dam crest is 1470 m, the fetch is 50 km (from Capanda section up to
Salto do Cavalo Section), and the reservoir area is 160 km2. The reservoir storage volume is
4700 million m3. The fetch of the reservoir is 50 km, the live storage volume is 3500
million m3. The reservoir was filled in 2002, and therefore there is no data or measurements
of sedimentation available. They have planned a bathymetric survey of the Capanda
reservoir. Capanda plant does have regulation rules, but they are still trying to find the
optimum operation policies. It has a surface spillway, four gates, and a bottom outlet
discharge. The design flood was initially 9,700 m3/s and was later adjusted to 11,000 m3/s,
which corresponds to a 1 in 10,000 year flood. Now, however, as a recommendation from
the World Commission on High Dams, they are to use the PMF flood in Angola, which for

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Capanda is 14,000 m3/s, and they are currently studying possibilities to handle the excess
water by constructing a supplemental spillway.

The Malanje Province has a large agricultural potential and therefore the dam also has a
water intake for irrigation supply. This is a low intake in the dam, which can supply water
through an (unfinished) tunnel, back up the valley. The flow capacity of this irrigation tunnel
will be 20 m3/s. The irrigation project is as yet not complete because of lack of financing.
Only the underwater intake structure and the first 15 m of the tunnel are in place. It is not
known when this will be completed. The irrigation project is planned to supply three irrigated
areas of a total of 15,700 hectares in the same catchment, upstream of the reservoir.

Capanda hydropower station has 4 turbines of 190 m3/s design flow each. In the current first
phase, however, only two of these are installed. The remaining two turbines will be installed
in the second phase of the project. At the moment they have 260 MW available from the
combination of the two installed turbines, but the power transmission line to Luanda is only
designed to take 200 MW. In addition, due to instability in the net, they can in fact only
produce a maximum of 160 MW from Capanda Plant. The other units on the net are
Cambambe and the thermal units in Luanda. Before Capanda hydropower plant came on
line, energy was rationed, but now they have sufficient - except for the constraints caused by
the net capacity/instability. Capanda turbine flow for a production of 160 MW is 190 m3/s.
The Capanda spillway capacity is 7,700 m3/s, bottom discharge capacity 640 m3/s, turbine
design flow 2 x 190 m3/s and mean annual flow 380 m3/s.

Between Capanda and Cambambe there are 7 possible future hydropower schemes. Some
of them are run-of-river plants others have regulation reservoirs. The total hydropower
potential of the middle Cuanza River Basin is 6180 MW.

9.1.4 Planning Scenarios for Rehabilitation & Construction of Hydropower Schemes

Presently the existing hydropower schemes in Angola generate only a small percentage of
the real potential of the country, which was estimated to be 75,600 GWh/year. Based on the
available information it can be assumed that only 4% of the theoretical hydropower potential
in Angola is being used.

The river with the majority of Angola’s hydropower resources is the Cuanza, containing some
45% of the country’s hydropower potential. In all 11 hydropower schemes are planned for
construction along the entire reach of the Cuanza River, which would produce 30,000
GWh/annum of hydroelectric energy. Two schemes, namely Cambambe and Capanda are
already built as detailed earlier in this Chapter. As far as Capanda hydropower scheme is
concerned, its first phase is concluded. The second phase will start when the Government of
Angola makes funds available.

In the Central Plateau area (the upstream of the Cuanza, Cunene and Cubango rivers) only
dams for agriculture purposes are likely to be constructed. However, the installation of
turbines for energy generation is planned at least for Gove and Calueque dams. Most
hydropower production will occur in the central-eastern region of the country, where rivers fall
rapidly before reaching the Atlantic Ocean. The region between the Cuanza and Catumbela
rivers contains 80% of the inventoried hydropower potential of the country. According to an
inventory provided by ENE (see appendices), most of the Angolan hydropower schemes are
located in the following river basins: Cuanza (Upper Cuanza and Middle Cuanza), Lucala,
Catumbela,Cunene (Angola), Cunene (international), Cubango, Queve, Longa, Ngunza,
Quicombo, Evale and Balombo. This inventory was carried out during the colonial period
and obviously needs to be updated by the Angolan authorities.

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A description of the disaggregation of planned hydropower schemes by river basins is given

below.

Bengo
As far as the Consultant was informed, Quiminha is the only dam built on the Bengo River.
Although it was built primarily for downstream flow regulation, the second phase of Quiminha
Dam foresees the installation of turbines. The dam has structural problems that require
rehabilitation. It is assumed that turbines will be installed by the year 2015.

Upper Cuanza
There are eighteen hydropower schemes planned for the Upper Cuanza, namely: Tassongue
(3 MW), Quipeio (15 MW), Banza–Tombe (40 MW), Muanga–Tumbo (20 MW), Lunga
(10 MW), Embala Andulo (15 MW), Salamanca (5 MW), Cambungo (60 MW), Cunhinga
(unknown), Chivava (15 MW), Cundende (1 MW), Chibemba (1 MW), Coemba (15 MW),
Salamba (20 MW), Quissol (3 MW), Cativa (15 MW), Dando (70 MW) and Quissande
(120 MW).

None of these hydropower schemes are expected to be constructed in the near future.

Middle Cuanza:
There are nine hydropower schemes planned or constructed in the Middle Cuanza, namely:
Capanda (450 MW), N’Hangue (450 MW), Lihaúca (2,120 MW), Caculo-Cabaça (1,560 MW),
Zenza-I (450 MW), Zenza-II (120 MW), Túmulo do Caçador (450 MW), Luime (330 MW) and
Cambambe (580 MW).

The first phase of Capanda hydropower scheme is complete, however, the construction of
the second phase is dependent on the availability of funds, probably by the year 2015. Due
to heavy siltation of its reservoir, the dam of Cambambe hydropower scheme is planned
heightened. This may be achieved by the year 2015.

Conzo / Zaire:
There are three hydropower schemes planned or constructed in the Congo/Zaire River basin,
namely: Luachimo (unknown), Lucapa (unknown) and Chicapa (16 MW). The
implementation of the Chicapa hydropower scheme is planned for the end of 2005.

Catumbela:
There are four hydropower schemes planned or constructed in the Catumbela river basin,
namely: Chicuma (53 MW), Cuvera (25 MW), Lomaún (25 MW) and Biópio (34 MW).
Chicuma and Cuvera hydropower schemes are still in the planning stage. Biópio and
Lomaún hydropower schemes were constructed during colonial time. The equipment
installed in Biópio hydropower scheme became obsolete and the Brazilian contractor
ODEBRECHT carried out the rehabilitation work. The rehabilitation of Biópio hydropower
scheme was concluded in December 2004. Lomaún hydropower scheme was destroyed
during the war and its rehabilitation is expected to take place by the year 2015.

Cunene (Angolan side):

There are fifteen hydropower schemes planned or constructed on the Angolan side of the
Cunene river basin, namely: Gove (25 MW), Jamba-Ia-Oma (50 MW), Chivôndua (15 MW),
Jamba-Ia-Mina (130 MW), Matala (45.5 MW), Matunto (10 MW), Chissola (6.5 MW), Caringo
(5 MW), Gunge (4 MW), Lucunde (6.5 MW), Cambundi (14.5 MW), Catembulo (unknown),
Rega (5 MW), Calueque (20 MW) and Cuando (1 MW). Matala is the only existing
hydropower scheme constructed on the river. The Government of Angola has plans to install
turbines at Gove Dam. After damage during the war, the structure of Gove Dam was
rehabilitated in December 2003. The installation of turbines may be achieved by the year
2015.

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The Matala hydropower scheme is in need of rehabilitation and an attempt to rehabilitate the
scheme by the Brazilian contractor ODEBRECHT in 2003 was unsuccessful. The
rehabilitation of Matala hydropower scheme may be expected at any time within.

Cuando mini hydropower scheme is working half installed capacity. The rehabilitation of
CFB, the Benguela Railway Company, may advance the rehabilitation of the Cuando
scheme.

Cunene (international reach):

Thre are twelve hydropower schemes planned or constructed on the international reach of
Cunene river basin, namely: Jacavale (60 MW), Luandege (195 MW), Ruacana (300 MW),
Ondurusu (70MW), Zebra (60 MW), Epupa I (120 MW), Epupa II (325 MW), Baynes
(260 MW), Marienflus (300 MW), Hartman (140 MW), Hombolo (195 MW) and Mcha
(90 MW). With the exception of Ruacana hydropower scheme which is located in Namibian
territory and provides energy for that country, the remaining hydropower schemes are only in
the planning stage.

A Feasibility Study and an Environmental Impact Assessment Study were carried out at
Epupa for construction of a hydropower scheme. According to the studies the most suitable
places for construction of a hydropower scheme in the Lower Cunene should be either
Baynes or Marienflus. A decision on this is still pending by both the Government of Angola
and the Government of Namibia.

Cubango:
There are ten planned hydropower schemes in the Cubango river basin, namely: Cavango
(7 MW), Chazenga (15 MW), Mangonga (26 MW), Mumba (40 MW), Muculungungo
(54 MW), Mucundi (74 MW), Mbambi (unknown), Calemba (13 MW), Cutato (80 MW) and
Malobras (58 MW).

According to ENE one mini hydropower scheme will be constructed on the Cúebé River, in
Menongue.

Lucala:
There are ten planned hydropower schemes in Lucala river basin, namely: Duque (30 MW),
Carianga (240 MW), Bembeze (250 MW), Cangala Gala (105 MW), Cambondo (60 MW),
Mungongo (60 MW), Cababanga (45 MW), Tabanga (45 MW), Caango (160 MW) and
Quituto (16 MW).

Longa:
There are eight planned hydropower schemes in the Lucala river basin, namely: Quissuca
(110 MW), Cuteca (185 MW), Cacula (170 MW), Lundo (17 MW), Cassongo (110 MW),
Lungo (50 MW), Murimbo (170 MW) and Quissonhe (395 MW).

Mbridge:
According to ENE one mini hydropower scheme will be constructed on the Mbridge River.
The installed capacity of Luquixi mini hydropower scheme on the Luquixi River in Uíge
province will be expanded from the existing 1 MW to 3 MW.

Ngunza, Quicombo, Evale and Balombo:

There are eight planned hydropower schemes in these river basins, namely: Chiongo
(15 MW), Ganja (20 MW), Calixa (90 MW), Cumbe (295 MW), Gangaue (49 MW), Cavonde
(25 MW), Sungo (352 MW) and Camama (240 MW).

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Queve:
There are eight planned hydropower schemes in Queve river basin, namely: Caiovole
(70 MW), Cafula (540 MW), Ntiundumbo (235 MW), Dala (50 MW), Benga (815 MW),
Capunda (380 MW), Balalunga (275 MW) and Cachoeiras da Binga (195 MW).

The Cachoeiras da Binga hydropower scheme may be constructed by the year 2025.

Zambezi:
There is one hydropower plant under construction in the Zambezi basin - the Luapasso
scheme that will provide energy for a mining project in Luanda Sul province.

Table 9.1 summarises the scenarios for planning and development scenarios of hydropower
projects known to the study team.

Table 9.1 Planning Scenarios for Construction or Rehabilitation of Hydropower Plant

Scheme River Basin 2005 2015 2025 Remarks
Mabubas Dande Dande R
Lomaúm Catumbela Catumbela R
Capanda(fase Cuanza Cuanza C Installation of 2 additional
II) turbines
Matala Cunene Cunene R
Chicapa Chicapa Congo C The conclusion of this
hydropower scheme is
planned for 2006
Luapasso Luapasso Zambezi C
Gove Cunene Cunene R Installation of turbines
Mbridge Mbridge Mbridge C Mini hydropower scheme
Luquixi Luquixi C Mini hydropower scheme
with one existing turbine.
To be expanded with two
more turbines
Menongue Cuébé Cubango C Mini hydropower scheme
Quiminha Bengo Bengo R Rehabilitation and
installation of turbines
Cambambe Cuanza Cuanza R Heightening of dam wall
Cachoeiras Queve Queve C
de Binga
C = Construction R = Rehabilitation

9.2 Other Non-consumptive Uses

According to the “Country Situation Report” on water resources by Africonsult (1998), there is
no tradition of fluvial navigation as regular transport on Angola’s extensive hydrographic
network. Tourism and tourist use of rivers, lakes etc. are very limited in Angola. However,
one can foresee some use of small boats for inland river sports and tourism in the future, but
no foreign tourism will develop so long as the present cumbersome and costly visa
regulations, the lack of good road infrastructures, the lack of good tourism infrastructures like
hotels etc. and the prohibitive costs practised by tourism agents are maintained which
hamper the development of the tourism sector in Angola. This situation will hopefully be
improved in the future since Angola has a vast untapped potential in this respect.

There is no tradition of inland fisheries for commercial purposes, but aquaculture could
become an inland industry on some rivers and lakes in the future.

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10 AGRICULTURAL WATER USE

10.1 Areas of Key Irrigated Cultivation Activities by Crop Type and Province
Due to insufficient annual rainfall most irrigation in Angola is developed in the coastal area
and in the southern provinces. In these two zones of the country, the alluvial “spots” of
important rivers like Dande, Bengo, Cuanza, Longa, Queve, Cunene and Cubango can be
found. Due to the high fertility of the soils in these areas, they will eventually be planned for
development of irrigated agriculture. Irrigated agriculture will also be planned in zones
located in the eastern side of Malanje province and in the area of Baixa de Cassanje, also in
Malanje province, were local agro-ecological conditions favour such a development. In some
areas of the Plateau (Huambo, Malanje, Uíge and Kuanza Norte), where the mean annual
rainfall is sufficient, supplementary irrigation is practised.

Irrigation is the largest agricultural user of water, as livestock water developments is limited
in importance and in area (mainly concentrated in southern provinces like Huila, Namibe and
Cunene). Despite the dominance of rainfed agriculture in Angola, irrigation is important to
maintain year-round production of food and vegetables. The sharp and rapid transition
between the coastal plain and the Plateau provides a great number of potential sites to
establish reservoirs and major diversion structures to regulate flows and to irrigate the
extensive floodplains. The morphology of the Planalto and eastern zone present a high
potential for small river diversion structures and small storages tanks.

Three main types of irrigation prevail in the country, namely: a) large to medium scale
irrigation schemes fully or partly equipped with water control works; b) small scale gravity or
pumped schemes and; c) Low lands and depressions utilising water conservation farming
practices. More recently private farmers are introducing sprinkler, micro-sprinkler and trickle
irrigation techniques into the country.

In 1989, M. Quintino referred to previous studies which have identified about 420,000
hectares of potentially irrigable land distributed as follows: 174,000 hectares in Dande,
Bengo, Cuanza, Longa and Queve river basins; 186,000 hectares in Cunene and Cubango
river basins and 60,000 hectares in Malanje province (cf. SADC Regional Irrigation
Development Strategy). H. Loze, in his draft report dated May 2004, mentioned that: “of the
approximately 425,000 hectares that were partially or completely during colonial time, some
64,750 hectares seems to be irrigated at the present. However, there is no detailed survey
of existing schemes exists and there is no accurate information on the effective level of these
schemes and on the efficiency of the irrigation being conducted” (cf. ANGOLA – Irrigation
and Water Management Study).

Within the framework of the Rapid Water Resources and Water Use Assessment for Angola,
our findings tell us that presently there are 340,478 hectares under irrigated agriculture or
partially under irrigated agriculture and 783,338 hectares under rehabilitation or planned for
irrigation in Angola. This gives a total of 1,123,816 hectares under irrigated agriculture or to
be under irrigated agriculture in the entire country. Most of the crops grown under irrigation
are bananas, vegetables, fruits, olives, rice and sugarcane. Irrigation of cereals and other
staple crops has not received much attention by farmers in general, as they are usually
grown under rainfed conditions.

Table 10.1.1 summarises the irrigated areas in Angola sorted by province. Areas actually
under irrigation and areas planned for irrigation/rehabilitation are shown separately. The
overview is shown graphically in Figure 10.1.1.

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Table 10.1.1 Areas under irrigation (or partially under irrigation) and areas under
rehabilitation (or planned for irrigation)
Province Area under irrigation/ Area under rehabilitation/
partially under irrigation, planned for irrigation
(hectares) (hectares)
Benguela 38,521 25,300
Bengo 70,614 19,000
Cunene 28,500 572,400
Huambo 6,618 -
Huíla 6,832 12,023
Kuando Kubango 4,000 5,000
Kuanza Norte 9,620
Kuanza Sul 109,700 11,900
Luanda 35,830 7,120
Lunda Norte n.a. n.a.
Lunda Sul n.a. n.a.
Malanje 3,700 86,500
Moxico 500 500
Uíge - 3,000
Zaire - 21,000
Namibe 26,801 9,975
Bié n.a. n.a.
Cabinda 8,862 -
Angola’s total: 340,478 783,338

Figure 10.1.1 Areas under irrigation (or partially under irrigation) and areas planned for
irrigation (or under rehabilitation)

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10.1.1 Benguela Province

In Benguela there are 38,521 hectares under irrigated agriculture or partially under irrigated
agriculture and 25,300 hectares under rehabilitation or planned for irrigated agriculture. The
disaggregation of these areas by irrigation schemes is as follows: Cavaco (6,000 ha),
Catumbela (3,000 ha), Dombe Grande (3,000 ha), Hanha do Norte (6,000 ha), Canjala
(2,000 ha), Equimina (1,821 ha), Hanja (6,000 ha), Impulo (1,800 ha), Alto Coporolo
(14,900 ha), Baixo Coporolo (11,200 ha) and Foz do Coporolo (5,300 ha). The main
irrigated crops cultivated in this province are banana, vegetables, fruits and sugarcane.

10.1.2 Bengo Province

In Bengo there are 70,614 hectares under irrigated agriculture or partially under irrigated
agriculture and 19,000 hectares under rehabilitation or planned for irrigated agriculture. The
disaggregation of these areas by irrigation schemes is as follows: Bom Jesus (1,300 ha),
Caquila (1,250 ha), Quiminha Valley (35,000 ha), Caxito (4,000 ha), Kala-Kala (800 ha),
Lifune (3,900 ha), Musserra/Onzo (4,350 ha), Loge (2,450 ha), Uezo (3,800 ha), Onzo
(5,750 ha), Alto Dande (13,500 ha), Cunga-Quiria (10,450 ha), Muzondo (3,000 ha) and
AGRINVEST (14 ha). The main irrigated crops cultivated in Bengo are banana, vegetables,
maize and fruits.

10.1.3 Bié Province

The development of irrigated agriculture in Bié province is not significant. This province
benefits from an annual volume of rainfall (1,252 mm/year) that enables the development of
rainfed agriculture.

10.1.4 Cabinda Province

There are in Cabinda 8,862 hectares under irrigated agriculture. 8,809 hectares exist in Yabi
Valley, while in Chiadede there are 53 hectares. The main crops are fruits and vegetables.

10.1.5 Cunene Province

Due to low annual precipitation (200-700 mm) Cunene is one of the Angolan provinces with a
high irrigation potential. There are presently 28,500 hectares under irrigated agriculture or
partially under irrigated agriculture in Cunene and 572,400 hectares planned for irrigation.
The disaggregation of the areas by irrigation schemes is as follows: Matunto (92,800 ha),
Quiteve-Humbe (Mânquete) (120,000 ha), Cafu (40,200 ha), Catembulo (187,000 ha), Cova
do Leão (104,900 ha), Ndonguena (20,000 ha), Calueque (16,000 ha) and Upper Cuvelai
(20,000 ha). The main crops are fruits and vegetables. There are possibilities for the
introduction of sugarcane plantations in Cunene province.

10.1.6 Huambo Province

Despite significant annual rainfall (over 1,200 mm), irrigation is also developed in Huambo
province as a supplementary activity. Most irrigation is carried out during the dry season
(May–October). There are 6,618 hectares of land under irrigated agriculture or partially
under irrigated agriculture in Huambo. The disaggregation of the areas by irrigation schemes
is: Chissola IV (618 ha) and Kalima (6,000 hectares). The main crops under irrigation are
fruits and vegetables. In the Chissola IV irrigation scheme there is introduction of
grapevines.

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10.1.7 Huila Province

In Huila province there are 6,832 hectares under irrigated agriculture or partially under
irrigated agriculture and 12,023 hectares under rehabilitation or planned for irrigation. The
disaggregation of the areas by irrigation schemes is as follows: Gandjelas (1,000 ha),
Chimúcua I (50 ha), Chimúcua II (60 ha), Bata-Bata (45 ha), Neves (1,300 ha),
Mapunda/Tundavala (830 ha), Matala (10,000 ha), Chicungo (400 ha), Quipungo (200 ha),
Sendi (1,500 ha) and Pira-Babaera (3,900 ha). The main crops under irrigation are fruits and
vegetables.

10.1.8 Kuanza Norte Province

In Kuanza Norte province there are 9,620 hectares either under rehabilitation or planned for
irrigated agriculture. The disaggregation of the areas by irrigation schemes is as follows:
Luinga (5,000 ha), Camaloa (54 ha), Calemba (156 ha), Uambaca do Luando (59 ha), Luachi
(205 ha), Tombo (1,290 ha), Caquelosso (226 ha), Quindúa (149 ha), Quissomona (151 ha),
Sesse Pequeno (273 ha), Cambaba (55 ha), Cabaça (95 ha), Catende (169 ha), Quibezo
(51 ha), Gola (82 ha), Zanda (311 ha), Lufuco (115 ha), Alá (96 ha), Camaia (20 ha), Luando
(20 ha), Mutanda (186 ha), Luquelo (13 ha), Cequete (43 ha), Maloa (21 ha), Mazozo
(500 ha) and Lucala (280 ha). The main crops are fruits and vegetables.

10.1.9 Kuanza Sul Province

There are 109,700 hectares of land under irrigated agriculture or partially under irrigated
agriculture and 11,900 hectares of land under rehabilitation or planned for irrigated
agriculture in Kuanza Sul province. The disaggregation of the areas by irrigation schemes is
as follows: Cela (6,000 ha), Quicombo (6,900 ha), Sumbe/Ngunza (4,000 ha), Porto Amboím
(5,000 ha), Lower Longa (57,200 ha), Lower Queve (33,000 ha) and Evale Guerra
(9,500 ha). The main crops under irrigation are fruits and vegetables.

10.1.10 Cuando Cubango Province

In Cuando Cubango there are 4,000 hectares of land under irrigated agriculture or partially
under irrigated agriculture and 5,000 hectares under rehabilitation. The disaggregation of
these areas by irrigation schemes is: Menongue I (3,000 ha), Menongue II (1,000 ha) and
Cuchi (5,000 ha). The main crops under irrigation are fruits, vegetables and rice.

10.1.11 Luanda Province

In Luanda province 35,830 hectares of land exists under irrigated agriculture or partially
under irrigated agriculture and 7,120 hectares of land is planned for irrigation. The
disaggregation of the areas by irrigation schemes is as follows: Funda (200 ha), Kikuxi
(6,000 ha), Fazenda Experimental (300 ha), Calumbo (700 ha), Banda (1,180 ha), Cabiri
(540 ha), Mabuia (500 ha), Bita (1,000 ha), Sequel (300 ha), COPINOL (30 ha), Sapú
(2,000 ha) and Tombo (30,000 ha). The main crops are fruits, vegetables and maize.

10.1.12 Lunda Norte Province

As far as irrigated agriculture is concerned, figures are not available for Lunda Norte
province.

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10.1.13 Lunda Sul Province

As far as irrigated agriculture is concerned figures are not available for Lunda Sul province.

10.1.14 Malanje province

There are presently in Malanje province 3,700 hectares of land under irrigated agriculture or
partially under irrigated agriculture and 86,500 hectares of land planned for irrigation. The
disaggregation of the areas by irrigation schemes is as follows: Capanda (13,500 ha), Kissol
(700 ha), Kamatende (2,000 ha), Vânvala (1,000 ha), Ngangassol (1,000 ha), Lutau (22,000
ha), Cole I (15,000 ha), Cole II (15,000 ha) and Cole III (20,000 ha). The main crops are
vegetables and fruits.

10.1.15 Moxico Province

In Moxico province there are 500 hectares of land under irrigation and 500 hectares of land
under rehabilitation. The main crops are fruits and vegetables.

10.1.16 Namibe Province

In Namibe province there are 26,801 hectares of land under irrigated agriculture or partially
under irrigated agriculture and 9,975 hectares of land under rehabilitation or planned for
irrigation. These areas are disaggregated by irrigation schemes as follows: Bero (1,000 ha),
Betiaba /São Nicolau (5,000 ha), Curoca (3,000 ha), Carunjamba (2,625 ha), Giraúl
(2,650 ha), Inamangando (1,000 ha), Bibala (19,231 ha), Chibiba (100 ha), Tampa
(1,500 ha), Lola (300 ha) and Capangombe (370 ha). The main crops are banana,
vegetables and olive trees.

10.1.17 Uíge Province

In Lusselúa irrigation scheme there are 3,000 hectares of land awaiting rehabilitation. Rice is
the main crop used in that area.

10.1.18 Zaire Province

There are 21,000 hectares planned for future irrigation activity in Pedra do Feitiço in Zaire
province. The crops to be used under irrigation will be fruits and vegetables.

10.2 Rainfed Cultivated Areas by Crop Type and Province

Rainfed agriculture is practised in those Angolans provinces where the mean annual rainfall
is at least 1,000 mm. According to estimates produced in 1986/1987 by the former
Coordination Group (cf. Avaliação dos Recursos de Investigação Agrária nos Países da
SADC, Volume II – Relatório de Angola) the small farming sector cultivated a total of
2,330,000 hectares of land. The disaggregation of cultivated lands by crops and by area is
as follows: wheat (500 ha), rice (2,000 ha), millet (125,000 ha), sorghum (100,000 ha), maize
(1,250,000 ha), beans (100,000 ha), potato (10,000 ha), cotton (2,500 ha), cassava
(600,000 ha), groundnuts (40,000 ha) and coffee (100,000 ha). Maize, the staple crop in the
central area of the country, occupied approximately 54% of cultivated land, while cassava,
the staple crop in the northern and eastern zones of Angola, occupied approximately 26% of
cultivated land. Millet and sorghum, the staple crops in southern provinces of the country
occupied approximately 5% and 4% respectively.

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According to the IFAD working document on Angola, in its chapter II-B-O Sector Rural,
Angola has a rich potential in agriculture of about 5 to 8 million hectares of available arable
land, from which 2,5 million hectares were cultivated during 2002-2003, meaning an increase
of approximately 14% in relation to 2001. Around 40% of cultivated land is located in the
central provinces, where the agro-climatic conditions allow the development of rainfed
agriculture. In the highlands of the central provinces there are vast areas with good rainfall
regime and moderate temperatures, although soils are acid and non-productive.

MINADER, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, estimates that around
1,8 million rural families do small-scale agriculture. Most of these families conduct rainfed
agriculture. The average size of a family plot that uses hand-tools for land preparation under
rainfed condition normally varies between 2 and 3 hectares. In the rainfed agriculture sub-
sector, land can lie fallow for about 8 to 10 years, although this period can be reduced in
places where land resources are not abundant.

10.2.1 Benguela Province

Benguela is a province where, in the coastal strip, it its necessary to irrigate crops for
successful agriculture. Moving from the coast to the interior, and also in the south-eastern
part of the province, it is possible to practise rainfed agriculture due to an increase of the
mean annual precipitation, mainly in the Balombo, Bocoio, Chongorói, Cubal and Ganda
municipalities. According to A. Castanheira Diniz (cf. Angola – O Meio Físico e
Potencialidades Agrárias) the main crops under rainfed agriculture are maize, beans,
cowpea, sorghum, sweet potato, groundnuts, cotton, tobacco and coffee. There is no data
about the available area under rainfed agriculture.

10.2.2 Bengo Province

Bengo province is also located in the coastal area. As such, crops must be irrigated. Moving
from the coast to the interior of the province it is possible to practise rainfed agriculture due
to an increase of the mean annual rainfall. This is mainly in the municipalities of Pango-
Aluquém and Nambuagongo. According to A. Castanheira Diniz (cf. Angola – O Meio Físico
e Potencialidades Agrárias), the main crops under rainfed agriculture are cassava, beans,
palm oil and sweet potato. There is no data about the available area under rainfed
agriculture.

10.2.3 Bié Province

In this province the mean annual rainfall is 1,252 mm. This amount of water allows the
development of rainfed agriculture in the province. According to A. Castanheira Diniz (cf.
Angola – O Meio Físico e Potencialidades Agrárias) the main crops under rainfed agriculture
are maize, beans, coffee, groundnuts, rice, sweet potato and wheat. There is no data about
the available area under rainfed agriculture.

10.2.4 Cabinda Province

The mean annual rainfall (1,084 mm) in the province allows the development of rainfed
agriculture. Most of the rainfed agriculture activities are carried out in the interior of the
province, mainly in the municipalities of Belize, Buco Zau and Lândana. According to A.
Castanheira Diniz (cf. Angola – O Meio Físico e Potencialidades Agrárias), the main crops
under rainfed agriculture are cassava, beans, groundnuts, palm tree and sweet potato.
There are no data about the available area under rainfed agriculture.

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10.2.5 Cunene Province

This is a province with a low mean annual rainfall (200-700 mm). For the success of
agriculture, irrigation is highly recommended. Even though it is possible to practise rainfed
agriculture by resorting to drought-tolerant varieties of crops. According to A. Castanheira
Diniz (cf. Angola – O Meio Físico e Potencialidades Agrárias), the main crops under rainfed
agriculture are millet and sorghum. There are no data about the available area under rainfed
agriculture.

10.2.6 Huambo Province

This province has a mean annual rainfall of over 1,299 mm, allowing the development of
rainfed agriculture. According to A. Castanheira Diniz (cf. Angola – O Meio Físico e
Potencialidades Agrárias), the main crops under rainfed conditions are maize, beans, Soya,
potato, sweet potato, coffee and wheat. There are no data about the available area under
rainfed agriculture.

10.2.7 Huila Province

The mean annual rainfall in Huíla province is some 600 – 1,100 mm. When moving to the
interior and to the northern zone of the province, the increased rainfall makes it is possible to
practise rainfed agriculture in the municipalities of Caconda, Caluquembe, Chipindo,
Chicomba, Cuvango, Cacula, Chiange, Hoque, Lubango, Matala and Quipungo. According
to A. Castanheira Diniz (cf. Angola - O Meio Físico e Potencialidades Agrárias), the main
crops grown under rainfed conditions are maize, beans, cowpea, millet, sorghum, soybeans,
sweet potato and wheat. There are no data about the available area under rainfed
agriculture.

10.2.8 Kuanza Norte Province

The mean annual rainfall in Kuanza Norte province is just under 1,000 mm. This places the
province in a kind of transition zone, requiring supplementary irrigation, although there are
some crops grown under rainfed conditions. According to A. Castanheira Diniz (cf. Angola –
O Meio Físico e Potencialidades Agrárias), the main rainfed crops are cassava, coffee,
beans, groundnuts, pineapple, palm tree, sweet potato and avocado. There are no data
about the available area under rainfed agriculture.

10.2.9 Kuanza Sul Province

This is a coastal province. Its annual rainfall is just over 1,000 mm. According to A.
Castanheira Diniz (cf. Angola – O Meio Físico e Potencialidades Agrárias), the main rainfed
crops are maize, beans, cassava, coffee, cotton, cowpea, groundnuts, palm tree, pineapple,
potato, rice, soybeans, sunflower and sweet potato. There are no data about the available
area under rainfed agriculture.

10.2.10 Cuando Cubango Province

The mean annual rainfall of Cuando Cubango province is some 750 mm. According to A.
Castanheira Diniz (cf. Angola – O Meio Físico e Potencialidades Agrárias), the main rainfed
crops are maize, beans, millet, sorghum, soybeans, tobacco and wheat. There are no data
about the available area under rainfed agriculture.

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10.2.11 Luanda Province

The mean annual rainfall of Luanda province is some 500 mm. Here most of the crops must
be irrigated. Even though crops like cassava, beans, maize and sweet potato are grown
under rainfed conditions. There are no data about the available area under rainfed
agriculture.

10.2.12 Lunda Norte Province

The mean annual rainfall in Lunda Norte province is some 1,450 mm. The natural conditions
of the province enable the development of rainfed agriculture. The main rainfed crops in the
province are cassava, groundnuts, sweet potato and rice. According to Henri Loze (cf.
ANGOLA – Irrigation and Water Management Study), during the year 2003 the government
of Angola has been promoting 2,859 hectares of rice production.

10.2.13 Lunda Sul Province

The mean annual rainfall of Lunda Sul province is 1,377 mm. According to A. Castanheira
Diniz (cf. Angola – O Meio Físico e Potencialidades Agrárias), the main rainfed crops are
cassava, avocado, groundnuts, sweet potato and rice. There are no data about the available
area under rainfed agriculture.

10.2.14 Malanje Province

Malanje province has good natural conditions for development of rainfed agriculture. Despite
this fact, in some zones of the province crops must be supplementary irrigated. The mean
annual rainfall of Malanje province is some 1,200 mm. According to A. Castanheira Diniz (cf.
Angola – O Meio Físico e Potencialidades Agrárias), the main rainfed crops are cassava,
beans, cotton, avocado, groundnuts, maize, pineapple, potato, soybeans, sunflower, sweet
potato, tobacco and rice. There are no data about the available area under rainfed
agriculture.

10.2.15 Moxico Province

This province has a mean annual rainfall of 1,168 mm. According to A. Castanheira Diniz
(cf. Angola – O Meio Físico e Potencialidades Agrárias), the main crops grown under rainfed
conditions are cassava, beans, cowpea, groundnuts, maize, sweet potato, tobacco and rice.
Henri Loze in his report (cf. ANGOLA – Irrigation and Water Management Study) quoting
MINADER says that during the year 2003 the government of Angola has been promoting
4,836 hectares of rice production.

10.2.16 Namibe Province

This is a very dry province and is located on the coast. Its mean annual rainfall is 287 mm.
According to A. Castanheira Diniz (cf. Angola – O Meio Físico e Potencialidades Agrárias),
the main crops grown under rainfed conditions are cowpea, millet and sorghum. There is no
data about the available area under rainfed agriculture.

10.2.17 Uíge Province

The mean annual rainfall in Uíge province is 1,214 mm. According to A. Castanheira Diniz
(cf. Angola – O Meio Físico e Potencialidades Agrárias), the main crops grown under rainfed
conditions are cassava, coffee, beans groundnuts, avocado, cashew, maize, palm tree,

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pineapple, sweet potato and rice. There are no data about the available area under rainfed
agriculture.

10.2.18 Zaire Province

The mean annual rainfall in Zaire province is 900 mm. According to A. Castanheira Diniz (cf.
Angola – O Meio Físico e Potencialidades Agrárias), the main crops grown under rainfed
conditions are cassava, beans, groundnuts, coffee, avocado, cashew, cotton, palm tree,
pineapple and sweet potato. There are no data about the available area under rainfed
agriculture.

10.3 Livestock Volumes and their Water use by Province

Estimates on livestock and poultry were received from the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Development (MINADER). These estimates are referred to 2001 and are related mostly to
three provinces on southern zone of Angola, namely Cunene, Huíla and Namibe provinces.
The figures are shown in the table 10.3.1.

Table 10.3.1 Estimation of Livestock and Poultry in the Country During 2001
Type of animal Estimated Numbers
Cattle 3,500,000
Pigs 800,000
Small ruminants 1,500,00
Poultry 10,000,000
Source: Department of Animal Production of the National Directorate of Livestock (MINADER)

Based on the estimates provided by MINADER, projections were made for the entire country,
bearing in mind those provinces (catchment areas) with potential for livestock and poultry
production. The catchment areas considered to have a potential for livestock and poultry
development are Cunene, Cuanza, Cubango, Cavaco, Catumbela, Queve, Longa, Bengo,
Bero, Giraúl, Curoca, Coporolo, Sumbe/Ngunza, Quicombo, Equimina, Cuvelai and
Congo/Zaire. For the future projections it was assumed that cattle would grow in numbers by
3% per annum, whereas pigs, sheep, goats and poultry will have an increase of 4% per
annum. In some provinces (catchment areas) the number of animals was neglected as the
amount was assumed to be insignificant. The projections made are shown in table 10.3.2.

Table 10.3.2 Animal Projections

Catchment Type of Year 2000 Year 2005 Year 2015 Year 2025
Animal
Cunene Cattle 1,150,000 1,333,165 1,791,662 2,407,844
Cunene Sheep 50,000 60,833 90,048 133,293
Cunene Goats 50,000 60,833 90,048 133,293
Cunene Pigs 50,000 60,833 90,048 133,293
Cunene Poultry - - - -
Cuanza Cattle 150,000 173,891 233,695 314,067
Cuanza Sheep 30,000 36,500 54,029 79,976
Cuanza Goats 30,000 36,500 54,029 79,976
Cuanza Pigs 150,000 182,498 270,142 399,876
Cuanza Poultry 2,500,000 2,898,186 3,894,920 5,234,447
Cubango Cattle 80,000 92,742 124,638 184,495
Cubango Sheep 20,000 24,333 36,019 53,317
Cubango Goats 20,000 24,333 36,019 53,317
Cubango Pigs 20,000 24,333 36,019 53,317
Cubango Poultry - - - -

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Catchment Type of Year 2000 Year 2005 Year 2015 Year 2025
Animal
Cavaco Cattle 70,000 81,149 109,058 146,565
Cavaco Sheep 100,000 115,927 155,796 209,377
Cavaco Goats 70,000 85,166 126,067 186,610
Cavaco Pigs 70,000 85,166 126,067 186,610
Cavaco Poultry 2,000,000 2,318,549 3,115,936 4,187,558
Catumbela Cattle - - - -
Catumbela Sheep 20,000 24,333 36,019 53,317
Catumbela Goats 20,000 24,333 36,019 53,317
Catumbela Pigs 100,000 115,927 155,796 209,377
Catumbela Poultry 500,000 579,637 778,984 1,046,890
Queve Cattle 30,000 34,778 46,739 62,813
Queve Sheep 150,000 182,498 270,142 399,876
Queve Goats 150,000 182,498 270,142 399,876
Queve Pigs 100,000 115,927 155,796 209,377
Queve Poultry 2,000,000 2,318,549 3,115,936 4,187,558
Longa Cattle 3,000 3,478 4,674 6,282
Longa Sheep 75,000 91,249 135,071 199,938
Longa Goats 75,000 91,249 135,071 199,938
Longa Pigs 60,000 73,000 108,058 159,952
Longa Poultry 1,000,000 1,159,274 1,557,968 2,093,779
Bengo Cattle 1,600 1,855 2,493 3,351
Bengo Sheep 15,000 18,250 27,015 39,989
Bengo Goats 15,000 18,250 27,015 39,989
Bengo Pigs 50,000 60,833 90,048 133,293
Bengo Poultry 1,000,000 1,159,274 1,557,968 2,093,779
Bero Cattle 300,000 348,782 467,390 628,133
Bero Sheep 25,000 30,417 45,025 66,648
Bero Goats 25,000 30,417 45,025 66,648
Bero Pigs 50,000 60,833 90,048 133,293
Bero Poultry - - - -
Giraúl Cattle 450,000 521,673 701,085 942,200
Giraúl Sheep 50,000 60,833 90,048 133,293
Giraúl Goats 50,000 60,833 90,048 133,293
Giraúl Pigs 20,000 24,333 36,019 53,317
Giraúl Poultry - - - -
Curoca Cattle 550,000 637,601 856,883 1,147,548
Curoca Sheep 50,000 60,833 90,048 133,293
Curoca Goats 50,000 60,833 90,048 133,293
Curoca Pigs - - - -
Curoca Poultry - - - -
Coporolo Cattle 200,000 231,855 311,594 418,757
Coporolo Sheep 30,000 36,500 54,029 79,976
Coporolo Goats 30,000 36,500 54,029 79,976
Coporolo Pigs 80,000 97,333 144,077 213,270
Coporolo Poultry - - - -
Ngunza Cattle - - - -
Ngunza Sheep 25,000 30,417 45,025 66,648
Ngunza Goats 25,000 30,417 45,025 66,648
Ngunza Pigs 20,000 24,333 36,019 53,317
Sumbe Poultry 500,000 579,637 778,984 1,046,890
/Ngunza
Quicombo Cattle - - - -
Quicombo Sheep - - - -
Quicombo Goats - - - -
Quicombo Pigs 20,000 24,333 36,019 53,317

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Catchment Type of Year 2000 Year 2005 Year 2015 Year 2025
Animal
Quicombo Poultry - - - -
Equimina Cattle 200,000 231,855 311,594 418,757
Equimina Sheep 30,000 36,500 54,029 79,976
Equimina Goats 30,000 36,500 54,029 79,976
Equimina Pigs - - - -
Equimina Poultry - - - -
Cuvelai Cattle 400,000 463,710 537,657 722,446
Cuvelai Sheep 50,000 60,833 90,048 133,293
Cuvelai Goats 50,000 60,833 90,048 133,293
Cuvelai Pigs - - - -
Cuvelai Poultry - - - -
Congo / Zaire Cattle 30,000 34,778 46,739 62,813
Congo / Zaire Sheep 30,000 36,500 54,029 79,976
Congo / Zaire Goats 30,000 36,500 54,029 79,976
Congo / Zaire Pigs 10,000 12,167 18,010 26,660
Congo / Zaire Poultry 500,000 579,637 778,984 1,046,890

For the calculation of animal water needs, daily water consumption values recommended by
MINADER and by AGRODOK series No. 27 “ Criação e Maneio de Pontos de Água para o
Gado da Aldeia”, MINADER recommends that each bird consumes 0.25 litres per day, while
AGRODOK recommends a daily consumption unit of 60 litres per day for cattle and 12 litres
per day for sheep, goats and pigs. Table 10.3.3 shows water needs for cattle in the
catchments.

Table 10.3.3 Water use by Livestock and Poultry

Catchment Amount of Amount of Amount of Amount of
water in 2000, water in 2005, water in 2015, water in 2025,
m³/day m³/day m³/day m³/day
Cunene 70,800 82,180 110,742 149,269
Cuanza 12,145 14,225 19,535 26,871
Cubango 5,520 6,441 8,776 12,990
Cavaco 7,580 8,884 12,218 16,833
Catumbela 1,805 2,120 2,929 4,054
Queve 7,100 8,438 11,397 16,926
Longa 2,950 3,565 5,210 7,619
Bengo 1,306 1,570 2,229 3,284
Bero 19,200 22,327 30,205 40,887
Giraúl 28,440 33,053 44,659 60,371
Curoca 34,200 39,716 53,574 72,052
Coporolo 13,680 15,956 21,722 29,604
Sumbe/ Ngunza 965 1,161 1,708 2,501
Quicombo 240 292 433 640
Equimina 12,720 14,788 19,993 27,045
Cuvelai 25,200 29,283 34,145 46,546
Congo/Zaire 2,765 3,254 4,512 6,270
Total: 246,616 287,253 383,987 523,762

10.4 Present Agriculture Water Use Estimates (As Input and Water Discharges)
Angola has a huge potential for intensification of agriculture activities. This intensification will
necessarily pass through the use and development of irrigation. According to both past and

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recent studies, irrigation is either planned or is being developed in the coastal areas and in
the southern provinces of the country.

The SADC Regional Irrigation Development Strategy estimates 15,000 m3 per hectare as net
annual water requirements for irrigation. According to the same SADC report, it would
appear theoretically possible to irrigate almost 2.0 million hectares within Angola, at an
average of 15,000 m3 per hectare. For estimating water use for agriculture in different
provinces (catchment areas), different net annual water requirements for crops were
considered due to different agro-climatic zones within Angola, based on various reports
available within the country. As a matter of computation the water use by catchment is a
result of a multiplication between the irrigable area and the net annual water requirement of
the main crop. In the case of Cunene catchment area, a daily additional volume of water
equal to 518,400 m3 per day (6 m3/s) was considered abstracted from the Calueque dam on
the Cunene River for water supply and irrigation of the northern region of Namibia. This
abstraction of water is done within the framework of an agreement signed in January of 1969
between the former South African government and the Portuguese government during the
colonial period. The government of Angola and the government of Namibia subsequently
endorsed the agreement after their independence.

The present agricultural water use estimates are based on existing operational irrigation
schemes. As many crops are grown in one irrigation scheme for the estimation of
agricultural water uses, the annual net requirement of the main crop was considered in the
scheme under consideration. In practise there will be little difference between the present
agricultural water use estimates and the estimates projected for the year 2005. So figures
for the year 2005 were taken as of present. Table 10.4.1 will show the present agricultural
water use estimates.

Table 10.4.1 Present Agricultural Water Use Estimates

Catchment Area Amount of Water in 2005
(m3/day)
Bengo 549,416
Bero 324,940
Bentiaba 15,460
Balombo 211,233
Cavaco 422,466
Cuanza 808,523
Cubal da Hanha 140,822
Coporolo 262,329
Cunene 1,101,023
Cubango 164,384
Longa 940,274
Queve 1,013,699
Quicombo 49,315
Evale 260,274
Onzo 20,548
Dande 394,835
Loge 167,466
Lucula 1,598
Catumbela 211,233
Zambeze 15,110
Congo / Zaire -
Lifune 80,137
Lulondo 280,923

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Cuvelai 465,754
Equimina -
Sumbe / Ngunza 109,589
Curoca 40,973
Giraúl 45,096
Inamangando -
Carujamba -
Total: 8,097,420

10.5 Agricultural Sector Development Water Use Assumptions

Most irrigated agriculture is developed in the coastal areas and in the southern zones of
Angola where annual rainfall is insufficient for rainfed agriculture. These are areas where the
mean annual precipitation ranges from 100 mm to 800 mm. Irrigated agriculture can also be
carried out in the so-called transition zone, where the mean annual precipitation varies
between 800 mm and 1,000 mm.

The assumptions made are that most operational or partially operational irrigation schemes
will continue to perform well and that all planned irrigation schemes will be fully operational
by the year 2025.

10.6 Future Water Demand for Agriculture by Province

For the future water demand for provinces the development of irrigation in the period
between 2015 and 2025 was considered. In areas, where irrigation is carried out over the
entire year, 365 days of activity per year was considered, while in areas were irrigation is
carried out during the dry season only, a dry period of 182 days was considered. For those
irrigation schemes only partially operational, between 50% and 75% of their potential was
considered during the year 2015. For the year 2025 all irrigation schemes were considered
to be working at their full potential (100%).

10.6.1 Benguela Province

Irrigated agriculture in Benguela province is carried out all year round. The demand for water
in the province will be shared by the 11 existing irrigation schemes. With the exception of
Cavaco and Catumbela irrigation schemes that are presently working at their full potential, by
the year 2015 the remaining irrigation schemes are considered to be working online at 50%
to 75% of their potential, while in 2025 they are assumed to work at their full potential
(100%).

The net annual water requirement varies between 15,000 m3 for vegetables and 25,700 m3
for banana. All irrigation schemes surface (using earth open canals).

Table 10.6.1.1 Demand of Water for Irrigation in Benguela Province

Demand in 2015 Demand in 2025

(m3/day) (m3/day)

3,365,165 3,365,165

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10.6.2 Bengo Province

Irrigated agriculture is carried out throughout the year in Bengo province. The demand of
water in the province will be shared by the 14 existing irrigation schemes. The Bom Jesus,
Caquila, Quiminha Valley, Caxito, Alto Dande, Muzondo, AGROINVEST, Kala-Kala and
Lifune irrigation schemes are presently operational or partially operational. The remaining
five irrigation schemes are in the planning stage. It is assumed that in the year 2015 all
irrigation schemes would be working at 50% to 75% of their potential, while in 2025 they will
work at their full potential (100%). The net annual water requirement varies between
8,000 m3 for vegetables and fruits when using micro-sprinkler, sprinkler or drip irrigation
schemes and 15,000 m3 when using surface irrigation schemes for the same crops. There
are micro-sprinkler, sprinkler, drip and surface irrigation schemes (using earth open canals)
in the province.

Table 10.6.2.1 Demand of Water for Irrigation in Bengo Province

Demand in 2015 Demand in 2025

(m3/day) (m3/day)

2,646,673 2,864,379

10.6.3 Bié Province

Information is not available for Bié province.

10.6.4 Cabinda Province

In Cabinda province the demand of water for agriculture will be shared by two irrigation
schemes, namely Yabi Valley and Chiadede.

The net annual water requirement was assumed to be 11,000 m3 for vegetables and all
irrigation schemes are surface (using earth open canals).

Table 10.6.4.1 Demand of Water for Irrigation in Cabinda Province

Demand in 2015 Demand in 2025

(m3/day) (m3/day)

331,268 534,010

10.6.5 Cunene Province

For Cunene province, apart from the daily volume of water required by the irrigation
schemes, an additional volume of 518,400 m3/day (6 m3/s) was considered as a result of
abstraction of water from the Cunene River at Calueque dam. This abstraction was agreed

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in January of 1969 between South Africa and Portugal. The agreement was later endorsed
by Angola and Namibia after their independence.
The net annual water requirement was assumed to be 17,000 m3 for all the crops and all
irrigation schemes are surface (using earth open canals).

Table 10.6.5.1 – Demand of Water for Irrigation in Cunene Province

Demand in 2015 Demand in 2025

(m3/day) (m3/day)

12,223,650 22,096,162

10.6.6 Huambo Province

In Huambo province the demand of water for agriculture will be shared by two irrigation
schemes, namely Chissola 4 and Kalima. Most of the irrigation to be developed in this
province will be supplementary irrigation. The net annual water requirement varies between
10,000 m3 for vegetables when using drip or micro-sprinkler irrigation schemes and
12,000 m3 when using surface irrigation schemes (earth open canals).

Table 10.6.6.1 Demand of water for Irrigation in Huambo Province

Demand in 2015 Demand in 2025

(m3/day) (m3/day)

36,759 66,923

10.6.7 Huila Province

Irrigated agriculture in Huíla province is carried out all year round, although in some areas
irrigation is of a supplementary character. The demand of water in the province will be
shared by the nine existing irrigation schemes. Pira-Babaera irrigation scheme is in the
planning stage. Chimúcua I, Chimúcua II, Bata-Bata, Chicungo and Gandjelas irrigation
schemes are presently under rehabilitation. The remaining irrigation schemes are presently
operational or partially operational. It is assumed that by the year 2015 the irrigation
schemes will be working at 50% to 75% of their potential, while in 2025 they should work at
their full potential (100%).

The net annual water requirement varies between 12,000 m3 for vegetables and fruits when
using micro-sprinkler or sprinkler irrigation systems and 15,000 m3 when using surface
irrigation schemes (earth open canals) for the same crops.

Table 10.6.7.1 Demand of Water for Irrigation in Huíla Province

Demand in 2015 Demand in 2025

(m3/day) (m3/day)

484,795 658,028

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10.6.8 Kuanza Norte Province

All irrigation schemes in Kuanza Norte province are either under rehabilitation or still in the
planning stage. It has been assumed that, by year 2015, the schemes would be constructed
and working at 50% to 75% of their potential. It was also assumed that by the year 2025 the
schemes would be working at their full potential (100%). In Kuanza Norte province the net
annual water requirement was assumed to be 11,000 m3 for vegetables and fruits and
13,000 m3 for banana. All irrigation are surface (using earth open canals).

Table 10.6.8.1 Demand of Water for Irrigation in Kuanza Norte Province

Demand in 2015 Demand in 2025

(m3/day) (m3/day)

125,115 250,232

10.6.9 Kuanza Sul Province

Irrigated agriculture in Kuanza Sul province is carried out the all year round. The demand for
irrigation water will be shared by the 7 existing irrigation schemes. With the exception of
Cela irrigation scheme which is presently under rehabilitation, the remaining irrigation
schemes are either operational or partially operational. It is assumed that by the year 2015
all irrigation schemes would be working at 50% to 75% of their potential, while in 2025 they
would all work at their full potential (100%).

The net annual water requirement in Kuanza Sul province was assumed to be 15,000 m3 for
vegetables and 20,000 m3 for banana. All irrigation schemes are surface (using earth open
canals).

Table 10.6.9.1 Demand of water for irrigation in Kuanza Sul province

Demand in 2015 Demand in 2025

(m3/day) (m3/day)

3,745,206 5,227,398

10.6.10 Cuando Cubango Province

In Cuando Cubango province the demand of water for agriculture will be shared by three
irrigation schemes, namely Menongue I, Menongue II and Cuchi. The net annual water
requirement was assumed to be 15,000 m3 for vegetables and fruits and 11,000 m³ for rice.
All irrigation schemes are surface (using earth open canals).

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Table 10.6.10.1 Demand of Water for Irrigation in Cuando Cubango Province

Demand in 2015 Demand in 2025

(m3/day) (m3/day)

239,726 315,069

10.6.11 Luanda Province

Irrigated agriculture in Luanda province is carried out throughout the year. The demand for
water in the province will be shared by the 12 existing irrigation schemes. The Kikuxi,
Tombo, COPINOL, Fazenda Experimental and Bita irrigation schemes are presently
operational or partially operational. By the year 2015 the remaining irrigation schemes are
considered to be working at 50% to 75% of their potential, and in 2025 all schemes are
assumed to operate at their full potential (100%). In Luanda province the net annual water
requirement varies from 8,000 m3 when using micro-sprinkler or drip irrigation schemes for
vegetables and fruits and 23,730 m3 when using surface irrigation (earth open canals) for the
same crops. There are micro-sprinkler, sprinkler and surface irrigation schemes (earth open
canals) in the province.

Table 10.6.11.1 Demand of Water for Irrigation in Luanda Province

Demand in 2015 Demand in 2025

(m3/day) (m3/day)

1,113,793 1,495,491

10.6.12 Lunda Norte Province

Information is not available for Lunda Norte province.

10.6.13 Lunda Sul Province

Information is not available for Lunda Sul province.

10.6.14 Malanje Province

Irrigated agriculture is carried out the all year round in Malanje province. The demand for
agricultural water in the province will be shared by the nine existing irrigation schemes. The
Kissol, Kamatende, and Vânvala irrigation schemes are presently operational or partially
operational, and by the year 2015 the remaining irrigation schemes are considered to be
working at 50% to 75% of their potential, while in 2025 they are all assumed to work at their
full potential (100%). In Malanje province the net annual water requirement was assumed to
vary from 11,000 m3 to 13,000 m3 for vegetables and fruits. All irrigation schemes are
surface (using earth open canals).

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Table 10.6.14.1 Demand of Water for Irrigation in Malanje Province

Demand in 2015 Demand in 2025

(m3/day) (m3/day)

2,464,612 5,651,649

10.6.15 Moxico Province

There is only one irrigation scheme in Moxico province. So Perímetro do Luena will
consume the demand of water for agriculture. The net annual water requirement was
assumed to be 11,000 m3 for all crops in Moxico Province. The existing irrigation schemes
are surface (using earth open canals).

Table 10.6.15.1 Demand of Water for Irrigation in Moxico Province

Demand in 2015 Demand in 2025

(m3/day) (m3/day)

30,220 60,440

10.6.16 Namibe Province

Irrigated agriculture in Namibe province is carried out throughout the year. The demand for
water in the province will be shared by the eleven existing irrigation schemes. With the
exception of the Carunjamba and Inamagando irrigation schemes that presently are not
working, the remaining irrigation schemes are either operational or partially operational. It is
assumed that in the year 2015 all irrigation schemes would be working at 50% to 75% of
their potential, while in 2025 they will all work at their full potential (100%).

The net annual water requirement varies between 9,970 m3 for olive trees and 15,000 m3 for
fruits and vegetables. All irrigation schemes are surface (using earth open canals).

Table 10.6.16.1 Demand of Water for Irrigation in Namibe Province

Demand in 2015 Demand in 2025

(m3/day) (m3/day)

679,485 967,260

10.6.17 Uíge Province

There is only one irrigation scheme in Uíge province, Perímetro do Lusselúa. This scheme
thus represents the demand for water for agriculture.

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The net annual water requirement figure for rice for Uíge province was assumed to be
11,000 m3. The existing irrigation scheme is surface (using earth open canals).

Table 10.6.17.1 Demand of Water for Irrigation in Uíge Province

Demand in 2015 Demand in 2025

(m3/day) (m3/day)

45,206 90,411

10.6.18 Zaire Province

There is only one irrigation scheme in Zaire province, Perímetro do Soyo-Benza. This thus
constitutes the demand for irrigated agriculture water for the province.

In Zaire province the net annual water requirement was assumed to be 13,000 m3 for all
crops. The existing irrigation scheme is surface (using earth open canals).

Table 10.6.18.1 Demand of Water for Irrigation in Zaire Province

Demand in 2015 Demand in 2025

(m3/day) (m3/day)

373,973 747,945

10.7 Future Agricultural Water Demand by Catchment

It is assumed that beginning, from the year 2015, the existing and the planned irrigation
schemes will perform at 50% to 75% of their potential, and that by year 2025 all irrigation
schemes will perform at 100% of their potential. Here it is important to mention that, due to
the lack of information on irrigation activities in provinces like Bié (Cuanza catchment area),
Lunda Norte (Congo/Zaire catchment area) and Lunda Sul (Congo/Zaire catchment area),
the given data might not be to representative, although efforts have been made to assess
this.

Table 10.7.1 lists the future irrigated agriculture water demand estimates by catchment.
These are illustrated graphically in Figure 10.7.1.

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Table 10.7.1 Future Irrigated Agriculture Water Demands by Catchment

Catchment Amount of water in 2015 Amount of water in 2025

(m3/day) (m3/day)
Bengo 808,628 1,064,359
Bero 487,710 649,880
Bentiaba 21,151 26,831
Balombo 211,233 211,233
Cavaco 422,466 422,466
Cuanza 4,470,323 4,670,262
Cubal da Hanha 711,151 711,151
Coporolo 1,830,138 1,894,521
Cunene 11,311,734 22,096,162
Cubango 239,726 315,069
Longa 1,643,836 2,350,685
Queve 1,571,233 2,075,343
Quicombo 212,672 283,562
Evale 328,767 520,548
Onzo 236,302 236,302
Dande 672,959 672,959
Loge 435,617 435,617
Lucula 1,598 1,598
Catumbela 211,233 211,233
Zambeze 30,220 60,440
Congo / Zaire 419,178 838,356
Lifune 160,274 160,274
Lulondo 329,671 532,412
Cuvelai 652,055 931,507
Equimina 74,836 74,836
Sumbe / Ngunza 164,384 219,178
Curoca 61,459 81,946
Giraúl 68,493 108,904
Inamangando 13,658 27,315
Carujamba 27,315 72,385
Total: 27,830,020 42,039,280

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Figure 10.7.1 Future Irrigated Agriculture Water Demand by Catchment

(For catchment names/numbers see Figures 12.1 a, b, c and d)

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Table 10.7.2 lists the future irrigation and animal watering water demand estimates sorted by
catchment. These are illustrated graphically in Figure 10.7.2.

Table 10.7.2 Water Use Assumptions by Catchments (Irrigation and Animal watering)
Catchment Amount of Amount of Amount of Amount of
water in 2000 water in 2005 water in 2015 water in 2025
(m3/day) (m3/day) (m3/day) (m3/day)
Bengo 545,711 550,986 810,856 1,067,643
Bero 181,667 347,267 517,915 690,767
Bentiaba 7,735 15,460 21,150 26,831
Balombo 211,233 211,233 211,233 211,233
Cavaco 430,046 431,350 434,684 439,299
Cuanza 509,778 822,747 4,489,858 4,697,133
Cubal da Hanha 140,822 140,822 711,151 711,151
Coporolo 75,324 278,284 1,851,859 1,924,125
Cunene 1,036, 862 1,183,202 11,422,476 22,096,162
Cubango 169,904 170,825 248,502 328,059
Longa 590,621 943,839 1,649,046 2,358,304
Queve 505,730 1,022,137 1,583,170 2,092,269
Quicombo 30,822 49,315 212,671 283,562
Evale 130,137 260,274 328,767 520,548
Onzo 20,548 20,548 236,302 236,302
Dande 394,834 394,834 672,959 672,959
Loge 167,466 167,466 435,617 435,617
Lucula 1,598 1,598 1,598 1,598
Catumbela 213,038 213,353 214,162 215,287
Zambeze - 15,110 30,220 60,440
Congo / Zaire 2,765 3,257 423,690 844,626
Lifune 80,137 80,137 160,274 160,274
Lulendo 140,462 280,923 329,671 532,412
Cuvelai 490,954 495,036 686,470 978,053
Equimina 12,720 14,787 94,828 101,881
Sumbe / Ngunza 55,760 110,750 115,033 221,679
Curoca 54,687 80,689 115,033 153,997
Giraúl 48,998 74,149 113,152 169,275
Inamangando - - 13,658 27,315
Carujamba - - 27,315 72,385
Angola Total 6,250,359 8,380,378 28,163,320 42,330,916

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Figure 10.7.2 Water Use Assumptions by Catchments (Irrigation and Animal watering)

(For catchment names/numbers see Figures 12.1 a, b, c and d)

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11. SHARED WATER RESOURCES

11.1 Background to International Treaties on Shared Water Resources

Population growth, economic development, and changing regional values have intensified
competition over water resources worldwide, leading to predictions of increasing future
conflicts over shared water supplies. Of particular concern to the international community is
the potential for conflict within the world’s 263 international basins1. To mitigate the
likelihood of conflict as well as to resolve existing disputes, the international community has
devised principles for international watercourse management. Over the past century, these
principles have been refined and, most recently, codified in the 1997 United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses.
Likewise, basin communities, building on their own rich treaty history, have accelerated the
development of cooperative institutions to manage internationally shared river systems.

The complex physical, political, and human interactions within international river basins can
make the management of these shared water systems especially difficult. Issues of
increasing water scarcity, degrading water quality, rapid population growth, unilateral water
development, and uneven levels of economic development are commonly cited as potentially
disruptive factors in co-riparian water relations. The combination of these factors has led
academics and policy-makers alike to warn of impending conflict over shared water
resources. Despite these seemingly formidable obstacles, however, co-riparian states have
demonstrated a remarkable ability to cooperate over their shared water supplies.

To pre-empt potential conflict and resolve existing disputes, the international community has
focused considerable attention in the 20th century on developing and refining principles of
international freshwater management. The Institute of International Law (IIL) published a set
of basic recommendations in its 1911 Madrid Declaration on the International Regulation
regarding the Use of International Watercourses for Purposes other than Navigation.
Included in these recommendations, the IIL discouraged unilateral basin alterations and
harmful modifications of international rivers, while advocating the creation of joint water
commissions.

Expanding on these guidelines, the International Law Association developed the Helsinki
Rules of 1966 on the Uses of the Waters of International Rivers. The Helsinki Rules outlined
principles related to the equitable utilization of shared watercourses and the commitment not
to cause substantial injury to co-riparian states. Four years later, in 1970, the United Nations
commissioned its own legal advisory body, the International Law Commission (ILC) to codify
the law on the non-navigational uses of international watercourses. In 1997, the ILC’s task
was completed with the United Nations General Assembly’s adoption of the Convention on
the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses (UN Convention), which
regularized principles of equitable and reasonable utilization and the obligation not to cause
significant harm and established a framework for the exchange of data and information, the
protection and preservation of shared water bodies, the creation of joint management
mechanisms, and the settlement of disputes.

Despite the fact that 103 countries approved the United Nations resolution adopting the
document, the UN Convention’s ultimate practicality has been called into question due to its
vague and sometimes contradictory language and the slow progress that has been made
towards its ratification. However, while explicit approval of the UN Convention may prove
difficult, implicit support of the international water management principles it contains is clearly
evident through such international statements as the 1972 Declarations of the United Nations

1
Atlas of International Freshwater Agreements, United Nations Environment Programme, 2002, ISBN: 92 807 2232 8.

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Conference on the Human Environment, the 1977 Declarations and Resolutions of the
United Nations Water Conference, the 1992 Dublin Statement from the International
Conference on Water and the Environment, and the 2000 Second World Water Forum’s
Ministerial Declaration.

Initiatives of regional organizations have further served to encourage co-riparian cooperation.

Through the creation of region-specific guidelines, multinational bodies such as the
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the European Union, and
the Southern African Development Community (SADC) have formulated agreements and
protocols supporting collaborative water resource initiatives. In the 1970s, the OECD
Council, for example, issued a series of recommendations concerning the management and
protection of transboundary resources relevant to international rivers. European
governments have addressed regional water issues through such agreements as the
Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (1991) and
the Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International
Lakes (1992). Similarly, in the southern African context, the SADC member states, drawing
heavily from the language contained in the UN Convention, have established the Protocol on
Shared Watercourses in the Southern African Development Community (2000).

11.2 Angola’s International River Basins and their Treaties2

Angola has five international rivers that have been the subject of international treaties and
agreements.

11.2.1 River Zaire/Congo

Total catchment area: 3,699,100 km2, shared as follows:

Area of Basin in
Country
Countries km2 %
Democratic Republic of 2,307,800 62.39
Congo, (Kinshasa)
Central African Republic 402,000 10.87
Angola 291,500 7.88
Republic of the Congo 248,400 6.72
(Brazzaville)
Zambia 176,600 4.77
United Republic of Tanzania 166,800 4.51
Cameroon 85,300 2.31
Burundi 14,300 0.39
Rwanda 4,500 0.12
Gabon 460 0.01
Malawi 90 0.00

2
Atlas of International Freshwater Agreements, United Nations Environment Programme, 2002, ISBN: 92 807 2232 8.

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The following particular treaties were found to be in effect for this basin:
Date Treaty Basin Signatories Treaty Name
20.7.1927 M’Pozo Belgium; Portugal Convention regarding various
questions of economic interest.
26.2.1885 Congo Niger, Austria-Hungary; General act of the conference of
Belgium; Denmark; Berlin, respecting:
France; Germany; Great 1) Freedom of trade in the basin of
Britain; Italy; Netherlands; the Congo;
Norway; Portugal; Russia; 2) The slave trade;
Spain; Sweden; Turkey; 3) Neutrality of the territories in the
United States of America basin of the Congo;
4) Navigation of the Congo;
5) Navigation of the Niger; and
6) Rules for future occupation of
the coast of the African
continent

11.2.2 Cunene River

Total area: 110,000 km2, shared as follows:

Area of Basin in
Country
Countries km2 %
Angola 95,300 86.68
Namibia 14,700 13.32

The following particular treaties were found to be in effect for this basin:

Date Treaty Basin Signatories Treaty Name

1.1.1996 Frontier or Mozambique; South Joint Water Commission terms of
shared waters Africa reference
21.1.1969 Cunene Portugal; South Africa, Agreement between the government
Republic of of the Republic of South Africa and
the government of Portugal in regard
to the first phase of development of
the water resource of the Cunene
River Basin
29.4.1931 Cunene Portugal; South Africa Exchange of notes... respecting the
boundary between the mandated
territory of South Africa and Angola
1.7.1926 Cunene, Portugal; South Africa Agreement between South Africa
Kunene and Portugal regulating the use of
the water of the Cunene River

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11.2.3 Okavango River

Total area: 706,900 km2, shared as follows:

Area of Basin in
Country
Countries km2 %
Botswana 358,000 50.65
Namibia 176,200 24.93
Angola 150,100 21.23
Zimbabwe 22,600 3.19

The following particular treaties were found to be in effect for this basin:

Date Treaty Basin Signatories Treaty Name

16.9.1994 Okavango Republic of Angola; Agreement between the
Republic of Botswana; governments of the Republic of
Republic of Namibia Angola, the Republic of Botswana,
and the Republic of Namibia on the
establishment of a permanent
Okavango River Basin Water
Commission (OKACOM)

11.2.4 Zambezi River

Total area: 1,385,300 km2, shared as follows:

Area of Basin in
Country
Countries km2 %
Zambia 576,900 41.64
Angola 254,600 18.38
Zimbabwe 215,500 15.55
Mozambique 163,500 11.81
Malawi 110,400 7.97
United Republic of Tanzania 27,200 1.97
Botswana 18,900 1.37
Namibia 17,200 1.24
Democratic Republic of 1,100 0.08
Congo (Kinshasa)

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The following particular treaties were found to be in effect for this basin:

Date Treaty Basin Signatories Treaty Name

July 28, Zambesi Republic of Zambia Agreement between the Republic of
1987 Republic of Zimbabwe Zimbabwe and the Republic of
Zambia concerning the utilization of
the Zambesi River
May 28, Zambesi Botswana; Agreement on the action plan for the
1987 People’s Republic of environmentally sound management
Mozambique; of the common Zambesi River
United Republic of System
Tanzania;
Zambia; Zimbabwe
May 2, Zambesi Mozambique, People’s Agreement between the
1984 Republic of; Portugal, governments of the Republic of
Republic of; South Africa, Portugal, the People’s Republic of
Republic of Mozambique and the Republic of
South Africa relative to the Cahora
Bassa Project
April 1, Zambesi Portugal; South Africa Agreement between South Africa
1967 and Portugal relating to hydropower
development on the Zambesi River
[untitled]
November Kariba, Northern Rhodesia; Agreement relating to the Central
25,1963 Zambezi Southern Rhodesia African Power Corporation
November Kwando Great Britain; Great Agreement between the government
18,1954 Britain on behalf of the of the United Kingdom of Great
Federation of Rhodesia Britain and Northern Ireland on their
and Nyasaland; Portugal own behalf and on behalf of the
government of the Federation of
Rhodesia and Nyasaland and the
government of Portugal with regard
to certain Angolan and Northern
Rhodesian natives living on the
Kwando River
January Zambesi Great Britain; Portugal Exchange of notes constituting an
21, 1953 agreement between Her Majesty’s
government in the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
and the Portuguese government
providing for the Portuguese
participation in the Shiré Valley
Project
June 11, Busi, Limpopo, Great Britain; Portugal Treaty between Great Britain and
1891 Pungwe, Sabi, Portugal defining their respective
Shiré, spheres of influence in Africa
Zambesi

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11.2.5 Cuvelai/Etosha
Total area: 159,620 km2, shared as follows:

Area of Basin in
Country
Countries km2 %
Angola 52,158 32.68
Namibia 107,462 67.32

No formalised/registered international treaties were found for this basin

11.3 Elements of the Shared River Basins

11.3.1 The Cunene River

The Cunene River originates in the Huambo Province in the Sierra Encoco Mountains in
southwestern Angola. The river flows in a southerly direction to the Ruacana Falls where it
turns to the west and proceeds to the Atlantic Ocean. The lower section of the river cuts
through a deep gorge that starts at the Ruacana Falls. In the 340 km between Ruacana and
the Atlantic Ocean,, the river falls more than 1100 m and this important feature provides the
Cunene River Basin with a hydroelectric power potential of some 2400 MW. Between 1926
and 1969 the Portuguese and South African Governments entered into three Water Use
Agreements on the Cunene. In the first agreement of 1926, it was agreed that Namibia has
the right to half of the flow of the Cunene, provided that a water scheme for such a purpose
would be feasible. The second agreement in 1964 related in general to the utilization of
rivers of mutual interest between the Parties, inferring the inclusion of other rivers like the
Cuvelai and the Okavango in Angola or river systems like the Limpopo and Incomati in
Mozambique as well. In that agreement the principle of best joint utilization was accepted
and was defined as the allocation and utilisation, on an equitable basis, of shared water
resources with a view to achieving the optimum benefit for the states concerned, within the
limits of the available quantity of water. One other country, the Kingdom of Swaziland in
1967, has also acceded to this agreement.

The detailed feasibility investigations and related activities for that first phase of the
development of the hydropower potential of the Cunene River and the diversion of water into
northern Namibia set in motion by the 1964 agreement culminated in the Third Water Use
Agreement of 1969 which initiated the construction of the proposed Cunene River Scheme.
This agreement established a Permanent Joint Technical Commission (PJTC) and made
provision for Namibia to abstract water at 6 m3/s at Calueque for diversion to the Cuvelai
basin in Northern Namibia. The project comprised the Gove dam to regulate the flow of the
Cunene, the Calueque dam and pump station for the diversion of water into Namibia, the
Ruacana weir for the diversion of water into Ruacana Power Station, and the power station
itself. Of this infrastructure, the Calueque Dam was never completed due to the war in
Angola at the time. The Gove Dam was completed in 1975 and the works at Ruacana in
1978. The Ruacana Power Station, with an installed capacity of 240 MW and generation
capacity of 1055 GWh/year located in Namibia has not been operating at its full capacity due
to the lack of continuous regulation of Cunene flows at Gove.

The total development of the Cunene River includes the multipurpose hydropower and
irrigation scheme at Matala in Angola. The hydropower facilities at Matala were upgraded
from 27 MW to 40 MW in 1989, but the planned land available for irrigation was not cultivated
due to damage to the canal system. However, the Matala system presently has a potential
of 10,000 hectares, of which 5,000 hectares were recently rehabilitated by the Brazilian
contractor ODEBRECHT, and the remaining 5,000 hectares will be rehabilitated when funds

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become available). Namibia can divert 6 m3/s from the Cunene River at Calueque across the
catchment to the Cuvelai drainage basin for domestic water supply the domestic and
irrigation water demand in northern Namibia.

In September 1990, some 6 months after the independence of Namibia, the Governments of
the Republic of Angola and Namibia endorsed and affirmed the previous agreements
reached between Portugal and South Africa. The Permanent Technical Commission was
reinstated and a Joint Operating Authority for the Cunene Basin was planned but has not, to
the Consultant’s knowledge, as yet been formalised. This bi-national authority would be
created if the governments of Angola and Namibia could approve the feasibility study for the
construction of either Epupa or Baynes (Marienflus) hydropower plant. Both Epupa and
Baynes hydropower schemes are located in the international reach of Cunene River.

11.3.2 The Cuvelai River

The Cuvelai River rises in the southern foothills of the Sierra Encoco in southwestern Angola.
It drains southwards towards the Etosha Pan in northern Namibia. The Cuvelai is perennial
for about 100 km before it ramifies into a delta of ephemeral watercourses, which cross a
broad plain of low relief. This delta converges again to terminate in the ephemeral Etosha
Pan. The watercourses, called oshanas, are the lifeblood of an area where 650000 people,
or just less than half the population of Namibia live.

Due to the arid climatic conditions, surface waters and shallow wells dry up from time to time.
The groundwater is saline and the only way to augment these rather unreliable water
supplies is to import water from the perennial Cunene River. This is the main reason for
diverting water from the Cunene River Basin to the Cuvelai Basin. The water scheme is
operated by the Namibian Department of Water Affairs on Angolan territory and serves as an
excellent example of cooperation between the states. The existing water supply network,
distributing water through canals and pipelines to the population, is one of the largest in
Southern Africa.

It is clear that any alteration to this international watercourse system in Angola or Namibia
will have major repercussions for the fragile, semi-arid ecosystem and the people living on
the flood plains. However, there is no specific international agreement between Angola and
Namibia on water allocation or further studies in the Cuvelai Basin.

In a project document3 dated April 2004 named “Joint Water Resources Management
Programme for the Cuvelai-Cunene Shared Watercourses”, the main intention is to reinforce
the international cooperation between Angola and Namibia. This programme is to be funded
by the Finnish government but has not as yet, to the Consultant’s knowledge, been started.

11.3.3 The Okavango River Basin

The Okavango River Basin rises in the southwestern Angolan highlands, near and just east
of the source of the Cunene and the Cuvelai rivers. The Cubango flows for more than
600 km through the upper catchment inn a southerly direction until it reaches the west-east
cutline border between Angola and Namibia. From that point, the river forms the border
between Angola and Namibia over a distance of some 400 km. It then turns southwards
again, and ends in the Okavango Swamps in Botswana. The mean Annual runoff of the
Okavango River at Muhembo on the border between Botswana and Namibia is
10,000 million m3.

3 Programa de Gestão Conjunta “Angola –Namíbia” dos Recursos Hídricos Partilhados dos Cursos de Água do Cuvelai-Cunene, Documento de Projecto,
Abril 2004, Programa Financiado pelo Ministério dos Negócios Estrangeiros da Finlândia.

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The main tributaries of the Okavango are the perennial Cuito River and the ephemeral
Omatako River. The Cuito River rises in the highlands in the central Bié Province of Angola
and contributes half of the flow of the Okavango River. Very little is known about water
resource development in the upper reaches of the Cubango and Cuito in Angola. It is
thought that virtually no development took place in the catchment since the civil wars in
Angola. It has been estimated that some 20 million m3 of water is abstracted per annum
from the Okavango River for domestic and irrigation consumption in Namibia. A dam was
built in the upper catchment of the Omatako River to divert water for domestic and industrial
consumption in the Windhoek-Okahandja complex in the Swakop River catchment in central
Namibia. No major development of the water resources of the Okavango River or the delta
took place in Botswana, except for the Mopopi Dam. The dam was built to supply water to
the Orapa diamond mine and was created by using the basin of the Putimolonwane Pan and
constructing earth embankments around it to impound more water. The reservoir capacity is
100 million m3 and it covers 24.3 km2 at full supply level. Water is pumped into the dam from
the Boteti River, which is the outflow of the Okavango Delta.

The institutional arrangements concerning the utilization of the Okavango Basin were under
discussion in the first half of the 1990’s that led eventually to the establishment of the
Permanent Okavango River Basin Water Commission (OKACOM). This is described in more
detail in a subsequent section of this report.

11.3.4 The Zambezi River Basin

The Zambezi River Basin is the largest of the African river systems flowing into the Indian
Ocean. It is shared by eight basin states and supports a population of more than 20 million
people. The major tributaries of the Zambezi rise in Angola, Malawi, Tanzania, Zambia and
Zimbabwe. There are five major swamps, the Borotse, the Eastern Caprivi, the Kafue, the
Busanga and the Lukanga, covering an area of 20000 km2 at high flood periods.

Apart from a number of smaller lakes, the most significant natural lake is Lake Malawi
(30,000 km2), but there are also two major artificial lakes, namely Kariba (5,180 km2), and
Cahora Bassa (2,660 km2). Other reservoirs with large surface areas are the Kafue Dam
(809 km2) and the Ithezithezi Dam (365 km2). It has been estimated that more than
160,000 tonnes of fish is caught per annum in these water bodies. More than 28 dams with
a storage capacity in excess of 12 million m3 of which Kariba is the largest
(160,000 million m3) and Cahora Bassa the second largest (52,000 million m3) have been
built for domestic, industrial and mining water supply, irrigation and power generation. The
countries with dams are Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia and Zimbabwe. At present the major
hydropower facilities are in that Victoria Falls, Kafue Gorge, Kariba, Cahora Bassa, and on
the Shire River at Nkula, Tedzani, Kapichira. More dams are possible at various locations.

Although the available water resources in the Zambezi Basin in general exceeds the
demand, this situation may deteriorate as a result of the increase in population, more
industrial and mining development, increased irrigated food production, a higher standard of
living of the population and by taking the environmental water demand of the system into
account. However, it is envisaged that the most significant increase in water consumption
will be due to irrigation projects. The Zambezi River Basin is thus clearly the main life
supporting artery of eight basin states and an effective River Basin Commission is desirable
to ensure its well-being. Such a commission has not as yet been established, although the
Zambezi River Authority has been formed as detailed in a subsequent section.

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11.3.5 The Zaire River

The Zaire (Congo) River originates in the highlands located in eight co-basin states.
However, most of the contribution to the runoff at the mouth of the Zaire River is generated in
the middle courses of the river in the central tropical rainforests of the Zaire Basin on the
equator. The flow in the upper reaches of the drainage basin is of lesser magnitude,
especially in Angola, the Central African Republic, and Tanzania. The annual average runoff
in the Zaire is 1,260,000 million m3, and the average flow is 40,000 m3/s. The historic
minimum and maximum flows vary between 21,400 and 73,600 m3/s respectively, but for
98% of the time the river flow exceeds 26,400 m3/s.

The main potential of the Zaire River is for the generation of hydropower. There are many
falls and rapids, which provide potential sites for development. The river has a total
theoretical generating capacity of some 100,000 MW and only a tiny fraction of this is today
developed. In spite of the many waterfalls and rapids, the Zaire River is a very important
waterway because the river is navigable over long distances and provides good opportunities
for boat transport and trade between the basin states. There are large wetlands and lakes in
the Zaire Basin within Zambia and Tanzania, which provide important grazing, fish and
wildlife resources to the population. About 20 large dams have been built on the tributaries
of the Zaire River but none within the SADC region. Most of the dams are used for water
and power supply. There are plans for further development of water or electricity supply
infrastructure on the Zaire River within the SADC States.

11.4 Institutions, Organisations and Protocols for Shared Water Resources

11.4.1 The Permanent Okavango River Basin Water Commission (OKACOM)

The Permanent Okavango River Basin Water Commission (OKACOM) agreement was made
on 15th September 1994 in Windhoek (Namibia). OKACOM is an agreement between the
three countries of Angola, Namibia and Botswana. Through OKACOM all the member states
of Angola, Namibia and Botswana understood the importance of working together before a
conflict situation would arise. Although OKACOM is a relatively young institution, it is still
evolving to become a major driving force in the sustainable development of the Okavango
Basin. The objective of OKACOM among other issues include the provision of advise to the
governments of Angola, Namibia and Botswana about the technical matters relating to the
sustainable development, beneficial utilization, integrated management and conservation of
water resources of common interests in the Okavango Basin. In order to achieve this
objective, each of the three riparian states has appointed a commissioner to represent the
country’s interests. In addition, OKACOM has appointed the Okavango Basin Steering
Committee to manage projects and advice where necessary. The steering committee is
composed of individuals from member countries. OKACOM provides a forum upon which
the countries of Angola, Namibia and Botswana can discuss common issues affecting the
use of water resources in the Okavango River Basin.

The three nations sharing the Okavango river basin, Angola, Namibia, and Botswana, acting
under the auspices of the Permanent Okavango River Basin Commission (OKACOM), have
launched a process to develop an Integrated Management Plan (IMP). The IMP will be a
comprehensive study of management options in each country’s water sector and a detailed
environmental assessment of each option to provide essential background for negotiating the
equitable and reasonable allocation of water to the Okavango Basin States. Ideally this
process will meticulously and openly weigh the legitimate water supply needs and
opportunities of the basin states against the preservation of the unique Okavango Delta.

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11.4.2 The Southern African Development Community (SADC) Protocol on Shared

Watercourses
The Revised Southern African Development Community (SADC) Protocol on Shared Water
Courses of 2001 was signed by each of the member states in 2001. The new protocol
replaced the earlier one of 1990. Both these protocols indicate that shared and heightened
awareness of the critical importance of water resources for the entire Southern African region
(Ashton and Neal, 2003). Among some of the key provisions of the revised protocol include
obligations that; member states within a shared watercourse system undertake to establish
close cooperation with their neighbours in the study and execution of all projects likely to
have an effect on the regime of the watercourse system; and that member states shall utilize
a shared watercourse system in an equitable manner.

A shared watercourse system shall be used and developed by member states to attain its
optimum utilization and for the benefits consistent with the adequate protection of the
watercourse system. The revised protocol has also made provision upon which the countries
of Angola, Botswana and Namibia should develop water systems that flow within the
boundaries of their sovereign territories. The critical part of the provisions are that each state
should inform its neighbours of any plans to develop or modify a shared river system, to work
together to ensure that each state shares in the benefits of such plans, and to ensure that
environmental degradation is minimized.

11.4.3 The Zambezi River Authority

The Zambezi River Authority4 was established as a corporate body in 1987 by parallel
legislation in the Parliaments of Zambia and Zimbabwe and is jointly owned by the
governments of Zambia and Zimbabwe. The functions of the Authority include:

• Operation and maintenance of the Kariba Dam and Hydropower Complex and any other
dams on the river
• Investigation and development of new dams on the Zambezi River
• Collection and processing of hydrological and environmental data on the Zambezi River

Although instigated and owned by Zambia and Zimbabwe, the ZRA has begun to take an
interest in the entire Zambezi basin, which includes the headwaters in Angola. Since 1998
the ZRA has been implementing an “Environmental Monitoring Programme (EMP)”. The
EMP is a comprehensive programme that is sub-regional in coverage, encompassing the
Lake Kariba and the Zambezi Basin upstream of the Lake. The strategies for the future
sustainability of the outcomes of the EMP are contained in a resolution made at the EMP
Concluding Stakeholder Workshop in Victoria Falls Town, Zimbabwe in December 2002.
Recognising the transboundary nature of watercourses and environmental concerns, the
Workshop recommended that in the long-term, the EMP should be extended to include all
the Zambezi River Basin Riparian countries through Joint Permanent Commissions.5

The Zambezi River Action Plan (ZACPLAN) developed and being implemented by the
Southern African Development Community Water Division (SADC-WD) contains the major
framework for region-wide activities. The ZACPLAN core project, Zambezi River Action
Project (ZACPRO) No. 6 Phase 2 is housed at ZRA. This project aims at developing an
integrated water resources management strategy for the Zambezi River Basin and the
establishment of basin-wide collaboration. Its immediate overall objective is the

4
http://www.zaraho.org.zm
5
Zambezi River Authority – Proceedings of the Concluding Stakeholders Workshop on the EMP held from 16-17th December 2003 in
Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe

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Development of an Integrated Water Resources Management Strategy for the Zambezi River
Basin. The overall objective is expanded as follows:

• Setting up regional and national enabling environment necessary for strategic and
integrated water resources management among and for the stakeholder institutions and
interest groups. The objective is confined to facilitating the adoption of the Zambezi Basin
Commission (ZAMCOM) and setting up other legal agreements, establishment of
National and Project Steering Committees (NSC & PSC), conducting awareness
campaigns, and technical capacity building.
• Establishment of Water Resources Management Systems including models, tools and
agreed guidelines for joint planning and management in the Zambezi River Basin; and
• Development of an indicative Integrated Water Resources Management Strategy that
should propose capacity building strategies and consolidate the existing plans and
management schemes into basin-wide Strategy and preparations for Phase III.

The main specific outputs expected from the Project are:

• Functioning ZAMCOM and sample joint water resources development agreements

• Functioning project institutional and supervisory arrangements
• Functioning ZACBASE and regional network of key hydrometric stations
• Versatile and appropriate planning and management models and tools; and
• Basin-wide Integrated Water Resources Management Strategy

These outputs are intended to establish regional commitment among riparian states to work
together in the utilisation of the common water resources of the Zambezi River that would
make them prosper in a peaceful and secure environment. The strategy itself is intended to
establish expectations for infrastructure and other water management systems that would
improve water availability, protection of water resources from over-exploitation and pollution
and flood protection, based on co-ordinated, integrated and strategic planning, development
and management in the basin.

11.4.4 The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance

Botswana ratified the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance in 1997.
The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance is an international
agreement that seeks to promote awareness and cooperation in the conservation of
threatened wetlands (Ramsar Convention, 1971). The Convention is particularly important to
ecosystems that support a wide diversity of species. The Okavango Delta has as a result
been listed as a wetland of International Importance under Article 2 of the Convention.
Through Article 3 of the same Convention, Botswana is obliged to ensure that the wetland
together with all the natural resources found in it are conserved. Botswana has since drawn
a National Wetland Policy and Strategy in 2000 and has also decided to produce an
Integrated Management Plan for the Okavango Delta. The Okavango Delta Management
Plan study started mid-2003. Namibia has so far ratified the Convention and Angola has not
done so6.

11.4.5 The United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity

The United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity is another international agreement
aimed at promoting the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity (UNCBD, 1992).
Angola, Botswana and Namibia are signatories to the Convention. The Convention notes
6 Causes and possible solutions to potential water resource conflicts in the Okavango River Basin: The case of Angola, Namibia and Botswana Joseph E.
Mbaiwa, University of Botswana, Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre, Private Bag 285, Maun, Botswana

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that individual states retain sovereign rights to use their resource in their respective countries
based on their environmental policies. However, it also notes that in the case of shared
resources, activities of an individual state should not cause damage to the environment
beyond its borders where other states become affected (UNCBD, 1992). The United Nations
Convention on Biological Diversity is important for Angola, Namibia and Botswana as it will
ensure that none of the member states can under the terms of the Convention have activities
on the Okavango Basin that may have detrimental effects on the biodiversity and ecological
functioning located outside their borders. This means that socio-economic developments by
any of the riparian members states particularly the use of water resources from the
Okavango River should be done in consultation and the agreement of other member states
in order to sustain the biodiversity of the basin.

11.5 Sustainable use of Angola’s Shared Water Resources7

There are potential water resource conflicts between Angola, Namibia and Botswana over
the use of water resources in the Okavango River Basin. The increasing water demands in
each of the basin member states is characterized by the need for water abstraction from the
Okavango River. Agriculture, particularly irrigation, industrialization, urbanization,
hydropower generation, tourism as well as resettlement are some of the socio-economic
activities in the basin that requires water from the Okavango river. While each of the basin
member states have the sovereign right to implement water projects in their respective
countries, the failure to seek cooperation and the agreement of other member states has the
potential to cause conflicts. The need to avoid potential water resource conflicts between the
Okavango River Basin states suggest that strategies need to be developed to promote
sustainable water use in the basin. Sustainable water resource use in the Okavango River
Basin depends on the cooperation of riparian states. Basin states can demonstrate
cooperation through the observation of both international and regional agreements over the
use of water in shared watercourses. They can also show their commitment to sustainable
water use through their national water policies and acts. That is, the need for coordination at
a regional level, as well as at a national level between relevant water agencies should be
recognized as a priority of sustainable water use by basin member states. Mbaiwa8 et al
(2003) note that the integrated management of transboundary water resources is guided by
three fundamental principles:

• The inherent sovereignty of each watercourse state;

• The obligation that one state should not cause significant harm to another state in the
utilization of water from a commonly shared resource;
• The requirement that the water use must be equitable and reasonable.

These principles cannot be enforced nor can any third party be called upon to resolve a
conflict, unless all parties concerned have agreed to such an intervention. The foundation for
the prevention of conflicts therefore lies primarily in the development of fundamental
institutional mechanisms to facilitate a dialogue between the parties about their
internationally shared watercourses. Some general recommendations are given here:

1. Adaptable management structure. Effective institutional management structures

incorporate a certain level of flexibility, allowing for public input, changing basin priorities, and
new information and monitoring technologies. The adaptability of management structures
must also extend to nonsignatory riparians by incorporating provisions addressing their
needs, rights, and potential accession.

7 Atlas of International Freshwater Agreements, United Nations Environment Programme, 2002, ISBN: 92 807 2232 8.
8 Causes and possible solutions to potential water resource conflicts in the Okavango River Basin: The case of Angola, Namibia and Botswana Joseph E.
Mbaiwa, University of Botswana, Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre, Private Bag 285, Maun, Botswana.

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2. Clear and flexible criteria for water allocations and quality. Allocations, which are at the
heart of most water disputes, are a function of water quantity and quality, as well as political
fiat. Thus, effective institutions must identify clear allocation schedules and water quality
standards that simultaneously provide for extreme hydrological events, new understanding of
basin dynamics, and changing societal values. Additionally, riparian states may consider
prioritising uses throughout the basin. Establishing catchment-wide water precedents may
not only help to avert inter-riparian conflicts over water use, but also protect the
environmental health of the basin as a whole.

3. Equitable distribution of benefits. This concept, subtly yet powerfully different from
equitable use or allocation, is at the root of some of the world’s most successful institutions.
The idea concerns the distribution of benefits from water use - whether from hydropower,
agriculture, economic development, aesthetics, or the preservation of healthy aquatic
ecosystems - not the benefits from water itself. Distributing water use benefits allows for
positive-sum agreements, whereas dividing the water itself only allows for winners and
losers.

4. Detailed conflict resolution mechanisms. Many basins continue to experience disputes

even after a treaty is negotiated and signed. Thus, incorporating clear mechanisms for
resolving conflicts is a prerequisite for effective, long-term basin management.

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12. WATER BALANCES FOR THE ANGOLAN CATCHMENTS

For each of the 77 Angolan catchments the following information has been calculated:

• Catchment area
• Catchment perimeter
• Mean and maximum elevation
• Mean, maximum and minimum specific discharge
• Mean annual and monthly discharge
• Mean annual and monthly precipitation

The following information on water use has been gathered as described in other parts of this
study:

• Population, population forecast and their use of water

• Animal watering and irrigation, present and future

This information is listed in figures and numbers, together with a map of each catchment in
the following catchment sheets.

For each catchment a calculation is made of possible existing or future deficits of water. If
water use exceeds the discharge in any given months, a water deficit is “flagged”.
Especially in the southwestern part of the country, along the Namibe coast, every catchment
with registered population will be “flagged” due to the method of distributing annual
discharge in time.

When referring to the runoff and rainfall information presented in the catchment sheets the
extent of the available data and the assumptions made as laid out in Chapter 2 should be
borne in mind. Local discrepancies can be expected between runoff values presented in the
catchment sheets and those actually existing in the rivers. This will typically be the case for
catchments in areas where there is low or no rainfall, for example in the coastal catchments
in the southwest, some of which are shown to have no flow regime even though local
knowledge may indicate that there is at times a limited flow regime. The best way to
improve this aspect of the analysis is to provide more flow data for such areas in the
continued updating of the assessment so that generalised assumptions on flow regimes
based on rainfall data can be avoided.

This evaluation does not consider use of groundwater. Calculated water deficit is based
solely on the extraction of surface water for water use.

An overview map of Angolan catchments showing their location in the country as well as
province boundaries is presented in four foldout A3 sheets at the end of this chapter as
follows:

Figure 12.1 a – Angolan Catchments (north-west)

Figure 12.1 b – Angolan Catchments (north-east)
Figure 12.1 c – Angolan Catchments (south-west)
Figure 12.1 d – Angolan Catchments (south-east)

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4001

Lubinda
Area in km²
810.1
Perimeter in km
129.3
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum

62.6 209

Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
7.01
Annual mean specific
discharge (q)
l s-1 km-2
Mean 8.7
Max 9.6
Min 7.9

200 Annual precipitation in mm

180 1054
160
140
120
mm 100
80
60
40
20
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

1 Lubinda

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population 3200 4907 5120 3413
Water use (m³/day) 48 74 154 102
Water use (m³/s) 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.001
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) NO

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4002

Chiloango
Area in km²
12570.5
Perimeter in km
515.0
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
237 880

250 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
200
114.9
150 Annual mean specific
m³/s discharge (q)
100 l s-1 km-2
Mean 9.1
50
Max 10.9
0 Min 7.3
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

2 Chiloanga Average

250
Annual precipitation in mm
1170
200

150
mm
100

50

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

2 Chiloanga

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population 24000 36800 38400 25600
Water use (m³/day) 360 552 1152 768
Water use (m³/s) 0.004 0.006 0.013 0.009
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) NO

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4003

Lulondo
Area in km²
458.1
Perimeter in km
97.6
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
136 248

8 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
7

6
3.46
Annual mean specific
5
discharge (q)
m³/s 4 l s-1 km-2
3 Mean 7.5
2 Max 7.9
1 Min 7.2
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

3 Lulondo Average

180 Annual precipitation in mm

160 959
140
120
100
mm
80
60
40
20
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

3 Lulondo

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population 2000 3067 3200 2133
Water use (m³/day) 30 46 96 64
Water use (m³/s) 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.001
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 YES
Water use (m³/day) 140462 280923 329670 532412 Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) 1.6 3.3 3.8 6.2 YES

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4004

Lucula
Area in km²
357
Perimeter in km
83.4
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
116 211

6 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
5
2.54
4 Annual mean specific
discharge (q)
m³/s 3 l s-1 km-2
Mean 7.1
2
Max 7.5
1
Min 6.8
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

4 N'Hama Average

180 Annual precipitation in mm

160 916
140
120
100
mm
80
60
40
20
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

4 N'Hama

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population 172000 204000 288000 406000
Water use (m³/day) 7215 11380 21035 34680
Water use (m³/s) 0.084 0.132 0.243 0.401
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) 1597 1597 1597 1597 Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO

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4305

Zaire
Area in km²
Total : 3866544
In Angola: 290395
Perimeter in km
Total: 11895
Elevation (m.a.s.l) (Angola)
Mean Maximum
955 1548

4500 Annual mean discharge

4000 m³/s (Q) (Angola)
3500 2540.9
3000
Annual mean specific
2500
m³/s discharge (q)
2000 l s-1 km-2 (Angola)
1500
Mean 8.7
1000
500
Max 11.6
0 Min 5.5
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

5 Zaire Average

250
Annual precipitation in mm
1375
200

150
mm

100

50

0
Jan Feb M ar Apr M ay Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

5 Zaire

Population and Water use in Angola Comments

2000 2005 2015 2025 Discharge, precipitation and
Population 1177731 1270671 1643190 216483 elevation is only calculated
Water use (m³/day) 22226 22685 62126 1
90549 for the Angolan part of the
Water use (m³/s) 0.257 0.263 0.719 1.048 basin due to missing data.
Animal Watering and Irrigation in Angola Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) 2765 3254 423690 844626 Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) 0.0 0.0 4.9 9.8 NO

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6006

Zombo
Area in km²
146.4
Perimeter in km
64.9
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
123 171

1,8 Annual mean discharge

1,6
m³/s (Q)
1,4 0.80
1,2 Annual mean specific
1,0 discharge (q)
m³/s l s-1 km-2
0,8
Mean 5.5
0,6
0,4
Max 5.7
0,2 Min 5.2
0,0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

6 Zombo Average

200
Annual precipitation in mm
180 807
160
140
120
mm 100
80
60
40
20
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

6 Zombo

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population 2472 2472 1625 1792
Water use (m³/day) 37 37 49 54
Water use (m³/s) 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) NO

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6007

Luela
Area in km²
144.3
Perimeter in km
54.5
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
109 164

1,6 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
1,4

1,2
0.77
Annual mean specific
1,0
discharge (q)
m³/s 0,8 l s-1 km-2
0,6 Mean 5.6
0,4 Max 6.0
0,2 Min 4.7
0,0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

7 Luela Average

200
Annual precipitation in mm
180 793
160
140
120
mm 100
80
60
40
20
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

7 Luela

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population 2472 2472 1625 1792
Water use (m³/day) 37 37 49 54
Water use (m³/s) 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) NO

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6008

Lucolo
Area in km²
1449
Perimeter in km
185.2
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
151 315

18 Annual mean discharge

16 m³/s (Q)
14 8.05
12 Annual mean specific
10 discharge (q)
m³/s
8 l s-1 km-2
6 Mean 5.6
4 Max 6.0
2 Min 4.7
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

8 Luculo Average

200 Annual precipitation in mm

180 836
160
140
120
mm 100
80
60
40
20
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

8 Luculo

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population 17306 17306 11375 12542
Water use (m³/day) 260 260 341 376
Water use (m³/s) 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.004
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) NO

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6009

Sange
Area in km²
634.1
Perimeter in km
134.7
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
157 302

7 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
6
3.37
5
Annual mean specific
4 discharge (q)
m³/s l s-1 km-2
3
Mean 5.3
2
Max 5.9
1 Min 4.7
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

9 Janbue Average

200
Annual precipitation in mm
180 822
160
140
120
mm 100
80
60
40
20
0
Jan Feb M ar Apr M ay Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

9 Janbue

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population 4944 4944 3250 3583
Water use (m³/day) 74 74 98 108
Water use (m³/s) 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) NO

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6010

Lucunga
Area in km²
3892.0
Perimeter in km
332.9
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
222 733

45 Annual mean discharge

40
m³/s (Q)
35 21.39
30 Annual mean specific
25 discharge (q)
m³/s l s-1 km-2
20
Mean 5.5
15
10
Max 6.3
5 Min 4.3
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

10 Lucunga Average

250
Annual precipitation in mm
870
200

150
mm

100

50

0
Jan Feb M ar Apr M ay Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

10 Lucunga

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population 19778 19778 13000 14333
Water use (m³/day) 297 297 390 430
Water use (m³/s) 0.003 0.003 0.005 0.005
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) NO

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6011

M’Bridge
Area in km²
19071.2
Perimeter in km
890.2
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
589.3 1295.0

300 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
250
124.45
200 Annual mean specific
discharge (q)
m³/s 150 l s-1 km-2
Mean 6.5
100
Max 11.4
50
Min 3.5
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

11 M'Bridge Average

200
Annual precipitation in mm
180 974
160
140
120
mm 100
80
60
40
20
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

11 M'Bridge

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population 505076 580180 725269 998155
Water use (m³/day) 9871 12203 27358 41305
Water use (m³/s) 0.114 0.141 0.317 0.478
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) NO

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-12

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6012

Sembo
Area in km²
2093.2
Perimeter in km
250.3
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
284 734

16 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
14

12
6.84
Annual mean specific
10
discharge (q)
m³/s 8 l s-1 km-2
6 Mean 3.3
4 Max 4.4
2 Min 2.6
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

12 Sembo Average

Annual precipitation in mm
140
550
120

100

80
mm
60

40

20

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

12 Sembo

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population 7417 7417 4875 5375
Water use (m³/day) 111 111 146 161
Water use (m³/s) 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) NO

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-13

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6013

Loge
Area in km²
12819.2
Perimeter in km
581.2
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
531 1281

120 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
100
53.0
80 Annual mean specific
discharge (q)
m³/s 60 l s-1 km-2
Mean 4.1
40
Max 10.4
20
Min 1.9
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

13 Loge Average

140
Annual precipitation in mm
612
120

100

80
mm
60

40

20

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

13 Loge

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population 86938 104222 146491 206249
Water use (m³/day) 1304 1563 4404 6187
Water use (m³/s) 0.015 0.018 0.051 0.072
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) 167466 167466 435617 435617 Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) 1.9 1.9 5.0 5.0 NO

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-14

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6014

Uezo
Area in km²
968.0
Perimeter in km
203.4
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
229 783

5,0 Annual mean discharge

4,5 m³/s (Q)
4,0 2.30
3,5 Annual mean specific
3,0 discharge (q)
m³/s 2,5 l s-1 km-2
2,0 Mean 2.4
1,5
Max 2.6
1,0
0,5
Min 2.1
0,0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

14 Uezo Average

120
Annual precipitation in mm
424
100

80

mm 60

40

20

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

14 Uezo

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population 601 700 940 1296
Water use (m³/day) 9 10 29 39
Water use (m³/s) 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) NO

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-15

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6015

Onzo
Area in km²
2941.7
Perimeter in km
323.5
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
359 913

16 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
14

12
6.93
Annual mean specific
10
discharge (q)
m³/s 8 l s-1 km-2
6 Mean 2.4
4 Max 2.8
2 Min 2.0
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

15 Onzo Average

120
Annual precipitation in mm
415
100

80

mm 60

40

20

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

15 Onzo

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population 9614 11193 15039 20738
Water use (m³/day) 144 168 464 622
Water use (m³/s) 0.002 0.002 0.005 0.007
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) 20548 20548 236301 236301 Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) 0.2 0.2 2.7 2.7 YES

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-16

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6016

Lifune
Area in km²
3018.5
Perimeter in km
334.1
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
376 1133

20 Annual mean discharge

18 m³/s (Q)
16 8.72
14 Annual mean specific
12 discharge (q)
m³/s 10 l s-1 km-2
8 Mean 2.9
6
Max 4.5
4
2
Min 2.4
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

16 Lifune Average

160
Annual precipitation in mm
140 513
120
100
mm 80
60
40
20
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

16 Lifune

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population 19828 23086 31017 42773
Water use (m³/day) 297 346 956 1283
Water use (m³/s) 0.003 0.004 0.011 0.015
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) 80137 80137 160274 160274 Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) 0.9 0.9 1.9 1.9 NO

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-17

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6017

Dande
Area in km²
11446.4
Perimeter in km
649.3
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
621 1474

140 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
120
59.01
100
Annual mean specific
80 discharge (q)
m³/s l s-1 km-2
60
Mean 5.2
40
Max 10.0
20 Min 2.4
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

17 Dande Average

200
Annual precipitation in mm
180 832
160
140
120
mm 100
80
60
40
20
0
Jan Feb M ar Apr M ay Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

17 Dande

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population 632509 839857 1203740 1607959
Water use (m³/day) 15856 20840 46939 68983
Water use (m³/s) 0.184 0.241 0.543 0.798
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) 394834 394834 672959 672959 Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) 4.6 4.6 7.8 7.8 NO

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-18

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6018

Bengo
Area in km²
11088.9
Perimeter in km
663
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
483 1530

100 Annual mean discharge

90 m³/s (Q)
80 43.78
70 Annual mean specific
60 discharge (q)
m³/s 50 l s-1 km-2
40 Mean 3.9
30
Max 7.4
20
10
Min 1.5
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

18 Bengo Average

250
Annual precipitation in mm
883
200

150
mm
100

50

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

18 Bengo

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population 2151693 2985128 4376232 5839697
Water use (m³/day) 58569 78492 174923 257775
Water use (m³/s) 0.678 0.908 2.025 2.984
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) 545710 550985 810856 1067643 Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) 6.3 6.4 9.4 12.4 NO

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-19

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6019

Cuanza
Area in km²
150445.6
Perimeter in km
2701.7
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
1200 1964

2500 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
2000 1064.4
Annual mean specific
1500 discharge (q)
m³/s l s-1 km-2
1000 Mean 7.1
Max 14.2
500
Min 1.6
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

19 Cuanza Average

Annual precipitation in mm
250
1188
200

150
mm

100

50

0
Jan Feb M ar Apr M ay Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

19 Cuanza

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population 2844186 3411304 4622503 6221152
Water use (m³/day) 52916 67412 160486 277347
Water use (m³/s) 0.612 0.780 1.857 3.210
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) 509777 822747 4489858 469713 Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) 5.9 9.5 52.0 3
54.4 NO

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-20

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6020

Perdizes
Area in km²
558.7
Perimeter in km
130.5
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
173 239

3,5 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
3,0
1.65
2,5
Annual mean specific
2,0 discharge (q)
m³/s l s-1 km-2
1,5
Mean 3.0
1,0
Max 3.4
0,5 Min 2.5
0,0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

20 Perdizes Average

250 Annual precipitation in mm

662
200

150
mm
100

50

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

20 Perdizes

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population
Water use (m³/day)
Water use (m³/s)
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) NO

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-21

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6021

Sangando
Area in km²
392.1
Perimeter in km
111.3
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
131 233

2,5 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
2,0 1.17
Annual mean specific
1,5 discharge (q)
m³/s l s-1 km-2
1,0 Mean 3.0
Max 3.4
0,5
Min 2.6
0,0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

21 Sangando Average

250 Annual precipitation in mm

644
200

150
mm
100

50

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

21 Sangando

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population 601 700 940 1296
Water use (m³/day) 9 10 29 39
Water use (m³/s) 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) NO

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-22

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6022

Cabo Ledo
Area in km²
188.7
Perimeter in km
59.8
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
111 137

1,2 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
1,0
0.56
0,8 Annual mean specific
discharge (q)
m³/s 0,6 l s-1 km-2
Mean 3.0
0,4
Max 3.1
0,2
Min 2.7
0,0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

22 Cabo Ledo Average

250 Annual precipitation in mm

623
200

150
mm
100

50

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

22 Cabo Ledo

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population 601 700 940 1296
Water use (m³/day) 9 10 29 39
Water use (m³/s) 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) NO

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-23

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6023

Mengueje
Area in km²
1234.6
Perimeter in km
209.6
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
170 291

10 Annual mean discharge

9 m³/s (Q)
8 4.34
7 Annual mean specific
6 discharge (q)
m³/s 5 l s-1 km-2
4 Mean 3.5
3
Max 4.1
2
1
Min 3.1
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

23 Mengueje Average

250 Annual precipitation in mm

754
200

150
mm
100

50

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

23 Mengueje

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population 601 700 940 1296
Water use (m³/day) 9 10 29 39
Water use (m³/s) 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) NO

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-24

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6024

Tanda
Area in km²
155.0
Perimeter in km
52.7
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
83 123

1,2 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
1,0
0.56
0,8 Annual mean specific
discharge (q)
m³/s 0,6 l s-1 km-2
Mean 3.6
0,4
Max 3.8
0,2
Min 3.4
0,0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

24 Benbeje Average

250 Annual precipitation in mm

666
200

150
mm

100

50

0
Jan Feb M ar Apr M ay Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

24 Benbeje

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population
Water use (m³/day)
Water use (m³/s)
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) NO

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-25

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6025

Longa
Area in km²
23031.0
Perimeter in km
790.7
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
888 2099

300 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
250
138.4
200 Annual mean specific
discharge (q)
m³/s 150 l s-1 km-2
Mean 6.0
100
Max 9.1
50
Min 3.3
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

25 Longa Average

200 Annual precipitation in mm

180 991
160
140
120
mm 100
80
60
40
20
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

25 Longa

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population 67900 74286 69387 63717
Water use (m³/day) 1018 1114 2097 1912
Water use (m³/s) 0.012 0.013 0.024 0.022
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) 590621 943839 1649046 2358304 Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) 6.8 10.9 19.1 27.3 NO

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-26

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6026

Cutanga
Area in km²
112.0
Perimeter in km
59.1
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
91 123

1,0 Annual mean discharge

0,9 m³/s (Q)
0,8 0.44
0,7 Annual mean specific
0,6 discharge (q)
m³/s 0,5 l s-1 km-2
0,4 Mean 3.9
0,3
Max 4.2
0,2
0,1
Min 3.7
0,0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

26 Cutanga Average

250 Annual precipitation in mm

653
200

150
mm
100

50

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

26 Cutanga

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population
Water use (m³/day)
Water use (m³/s)
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) NO

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-27

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6027

Quiteta
Area in km²
130.3
Perimeter in km
66.4
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
112 136

1,2 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
1,0
0.52
0,8 Annual mean specific
discharge (q)
m³/s 0,6 l s-1 km-2
Mean 4.0
0,4
Max 4.1
0,2
Min 3.9
0,0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

27 Quiteta Average

200 Annual precipitation in mm

180
637
160
140
120
mm 100
80
60
40
20
0
Jan Feb M ar Apr M ay Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

27 Quiteta

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population 657 709 595 445
Water use (m³/day) 10 11 18 13
Water use (m³/s) 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) NO

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-28

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6028

Catata
Area in km²
430.0
Perimeter in km
101.5
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
113 237

4 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
4
3 1.78
3 Annual mean specific
discharge (q)
m³/s 2
l s-1 km-2
2 Mean 4.1
1
Max 4.7
1
Min 3.7
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

28 Catata Average

180 Annual precipitation in mm

160 638
140
120
100
mm
80
60
40
20
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

28 Catata

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population
Water use (m³/day)
Water use (m³/s)
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) NO

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-29

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6029

Tortombo
Area in km²
43.3
Perimeter in km
30.4
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
66 128

0,35 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
0,30
0.16
0,25
Annual mean specific
0,20 discharge (q)
m³/s l s-1 km-2
0,15
Mean 3.6
0,10
Max 3.8
0,05 Min 3.5
0,00
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

29 Tortombo Average

200 Annual precipitation in mm

180
566
160
140
120
mm 100
80
60
40
20
0
Jan Feb M ar Apr M ay Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

29 Tortombo

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population
Water use (m³/day)
Water use (m³/s)
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) NO

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-30

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6030

Queve
Area in km²
22814.5
Perimeter in km
899.4
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
1360 2575

450 Annual mean discharge

400
m³/s (Q)
350 213.4
300 Annual mean specific
250 discharge (q)
m³/s l s-1 km-2
200
Mean 9.4
150
100
Max 16.3
50 Min 2.6
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

30 Oueve Average

250 Annual precipitation in mm

1131
200

150
mm
100

50

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

30 Oueve

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population 230241 302212 291044 275906
Water use (m³/day) 3454 4533 8731 8277
Water use (m³/s) 0.040 0.052 0.101 0.096
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) 505730 1022137 1583170 2092269 Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) 5.9 11.8 18.3 24.2 NO

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-31

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6031

N’Gunza
Area in km²
2308.9
Perimeter in km
286.4
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
867 2260

30 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
25
13.57
20 Annual mean specific
discharge (q)
m³/s 15 l s-1 km-2
Mean 5.9
10
Max 10.9
5
Min 2.6
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

31 N'Gunza Average

200 Annual precipitation in mm

180 763
160
140
120
mm 100
80
60
40
20
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

31 N'Gunza

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population 184706 198235 242471 301235
Water use (m³/day) 4661 5599 11274 16705
Water use (m³/s) 0.054 0.065 0.130 0.193
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) 548461 110750 166091 221679 Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) 6.3 1.3 1.9 2.6 NO

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-32

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6032

Quicombo
Area in km²
5511.7
Perimeter in km
434.3
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
1081 2545

90 Annual mean discharge

80
m³/s (Q)
70 39.9
60 Annual mean specific
50 discharge (q)
m³/s l s-1 km-2
40
Mean 7.2
30
20
Max 15.6
10 Min 0.9
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

32 Quicombo Average

250 Annual precipitation in mm

965
200

150
mm
100

50

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

32 Quicombo

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population 83871 90823 79036 63612
Water use (m³/day) 1258 1362 2371 1908
Water use (m³/s) 0.015 0.016 0.027 0.022
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) 30822 49315 212671 283562 Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) 0.4 0.6 2.5 3.3 NO

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-33

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6033

Dui
Area in km²
123.8
Perimeter in km
62.5
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum

264 348

0,8 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
0,7

0,6
0.35
Annual mean specific
0,5
discharge (q)
m³/s 0,4 l s-1 km-2
0,3 Mean 2.8
0,2 Max 2.9
0,1 Min 2.7
0,0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

33 Dui Average

250 Annual precipitation in mm

557
200

150
mm
100

50

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

33 Dui

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population
Water use (m³/day)
Water use (m³/s)
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) NO

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-34

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6034

Evale
Area in km²
1617.4
Perimeter in km
189.7
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
582 1583

14 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
12
6.56
10
Annual mean specific
8 discharge (q)
m³/s
6 l s-1 km-2
Mean 4.1
4
Max 7.4
2
Min 2.3
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

34 Evale Average

250 Annual precipitation in mm

745
200

150
mm

100

50

0
Jan Feb M ar Apr M ay Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

34 Evale

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population 12868 14214 14759 15591
Water use (m³/day) 193 213 443 468
Water use (m³/s) 0.002 0.002 0.005 0.005
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) 130137 260274 328767 520548 Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) 1.5 3.0 3.8 6.0 YES

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-35

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6035

Balombo
Area in km²
4413.8
Perimeter in km
450.7
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
1186 2609

90 Annual mean discharge

80
m³/s (Q)
70 42.4
60 Annual mean specific
50 discharge (q)
m³/s l s-1 km-2
40
Mean 9.6
30
20
Max 18.4
10 Min 2.8
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

35 Balombo Average

250 Annual precipitation in mm

1100
200

150
mm
100

50

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

35 Balombo

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population 73647 84086 110209 146242
Water use (m³/day) 1105 1261 3306 4387
Water use (m³/s) 0.013 0.015 0.038 0.051
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) 211233 211233 211233 211233 Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 NO

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-36

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6036

Cuhula
Area in km²
591.5
Perimeter in km
152.0
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
609 1424

5,0 Annual mean discharge

4,5 m³/s (Q)
4,0 2.25
3,5 Annual mean specific
3,0 discharge (q)
m³/s 2,5 l s-1 km-2
2,0 Mean 3.8
1,5
Max 6.6
1,0
0,5
Min 2.7
0,0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

36 Cuhula Average

250 Annual precipitation in mm

690
200

150
mm
100

50

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

36 Cuhula

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population 3319 3801 5078 6837
Water use (m³/day) 50 57 152 205
Water use (m³/s) 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.002
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) NO

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-37

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6037

Cubal Da Hanha
Area in km²
2880.5
Perimeter in km
265.7
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
949 2142

30 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
25
12.52
20 Annual mean specific
discharge (q)
m³/s 15 l s-1 km-2
Mean 4.3
10
Max 8.4
5
Min 2.3
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

37 Cubal Da Hanha Average

250 Annual precipitation in mm

883
200

150
mm

100

50

0
Jan Feb M ar Apr M ay Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

37 Cubal Da Hanha

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population 43149 49418 66014 88879
Water use (m³/day) 647 741 1980 2666
Water use (m³/s) 0.007 0.009 0.023 0.031
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) 140822 140822 711151 711151 Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) 1.6 1.6 8.2 8.2 YES

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-38

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6038

Catumbela
Area in km²
16532.6
Perimeter in km
747.9
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
1321 2570

350 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
300
149.1
250
Annual mean specific
200 discharge (q)
m³/s l s-1 km-2
150
Mean 9.0
100
Max 17.3
50 Min 1.8
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

38 Catumbela Average

300 Annual precipitation in mm

250
1182

200

mm 150

100

50

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

38 Catumbela

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population 657503 721955 961294 1282159
Water use (m³/day) 27659 40553 67212 117574
Water use (m³/s) 0.320 0.469 0.778 1.361
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) 213038 213353 214162 215287 Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 NO

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-39

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6039

Cavaco
Area in km²
4397.8
Perimeter in km
313.4
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
738 1570

45 Annual mean discharge

40 m³/s (Q)
35 19.44
30 Annual mean specific
25 discharge (q)
m³/s
20 l s-1 km-2
15 Mean 4.4
10 Max 6.8
5 Min 1.6
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

39 Cavaco Average

250 Annual precipitation in mm

751
200

150
mm

100

50

0
Jan Feb M ar Apr M ay Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

39 Cavaco

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population 377915 480809 648468 869021
Water use (m³/day) 17639 35837 56534 102247
Water use (m³/s) 0.204 0.415 0.654 1.183
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) 430046 431350 434684 439299 Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.1 YES

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-40

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6040

Curinge
Area in km²
34.6
Perimeter in km
25.4
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
80 388

Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
0.06
Annual mean specific
discharge (q)
l s-1 km-2
Mean 1.6
Max 1.9
Min 1.5

Annual precipitation in mm
275

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population 830 950 1270 1709
Water use (m³/day) 12 14 38 51
Water use (m³/s) 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) NO

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-41

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6041

Uche
Area in km²
110.3
Perimeter in km
64.4
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
223 484

0,45 Annual mean discharge

0,40
m³/s (Q)
0,35 0.20
0,30 Annual mean specific
0,25 discharge (q)
m³/s l s-1 km-2
0,20
Mean 1.8
0,15
0,10
Max 2.3
0,05 Min 1.5
0,00
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

41 Uche Average

140 Annual precipitation in mm

120 305
100

80
mm
60

40

20

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

41 Uche

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population
Water use (m³/day)
Water use (m³/s)
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) NO

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-42

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6042

Mormolo
Area in km²
181.2
Perimeter in km
75.5
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
158 405

0,7 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
0,6
0.30
0,5
Annual mean specific
0,4 discharge (q)
m³/s l s-1 km-2
0,3
Mean 1.6
0,2
Max 2.2
0,1 Min 1.3
0,0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

42 Mormolo Average

120 Annual precipitation in mm

100
273

80

mm 60

40

20

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

42 Mormolo

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population 1660 1901 2539 3418
Water use (m³/day) 25 29 76 103
Water use (m³/s) 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) NO

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-43

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6043

Pima
Area in km²
186.4
Perimeter in km
86.4
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
210 404

0.70 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
0.60
0.31
0.50
Annual mean specific
0.40 discharge (q)
m³/s
0.30 l s-1 km-2
Mean 1.7
0.20
Max 2.2
0.10
Min 1.3
0.00
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

43 Pima Average

120 Annual precipitation in mm

100
277

80

mm 60

40

20

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

43 Pima

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population 830 950 1270 1709
Water use (m³/day) 12 14 38 51
Water use (m³/s) 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) NO

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-44

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6044

Ndungo
Area in km²
393.8
Perimeter in km
141.5
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
370 956

1,8 Annual mean discharge

1,6
m³/s (Q)
1,4 0.84
1,2 Annual mean specific
1,0 discharge (q)
m³/s l s-1 km-2
0,8
Mean 2.1
0,6
0,4
Max 3.2
0,2 Min 1.2
0,0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

44 Ndungo Average

140 Annual precipitation in mm

120 358
100

80
mm
60

40

20

0
Jan Feb M ar Apr M ay Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

44 Ndungo

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population
Water use (m³/day)
Water use (m³/s)
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) NO

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-45

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6045

Calumbolo
Area in km²
152.1
Perimeter in km
70.9
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
158 357

0,50 Annual mean discharge

0,45 m³/s (Q)
0,40 0.22
0,35 Annual mean specific
0,30 discharge (q)
m³/s 0,25 l s-1 km-2
0,20 Mean 1.5
0,15
Max 1.9
0,10
0,05
Min 1.2
0,00
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

45 Calumbolo Average

120 Annual precipitation in mm

100
244

80

mm 60

40

20

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

45 Calumbolo

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population
Water use (m³/day)
Water use (m³/s)
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) NO

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-46

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6046

Coporolo
Area in km²
15239.2
Perimeter in km
666.7
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
908 2406

Annual mean discharge

160
m³/s (Q)
140 70.0
120 Annual mean specific
100 discharge (q)
l s-1 km-2
m³/s 80
Mean 4.6
60

40
Max 9.2
20 Min 1.1
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

46 Coporolo Average

Annual precipitation in mm
300
846
250

200

mm 150

100

50

0
Jan Feb M ar Apr M ay Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

46 Coporolo

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population 32439 42728 49812 56258
Water use (m³/day) 538 740 1707 2045
Water use (m³/s) 0.006 0.009 0.020 0.024
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) 75324 278284 1851859 1924125 Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) 0.9 3.2 21.4 22.3 YES

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-47

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6047

Nhime
Area in km²
269.9
Perimeter in km
82.9
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
287 551

2.50 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
2.00 0.40
Annual mean specific
1.50 discharge (q)
m³/s l s-1 km-2
1.00 Mean 1.5
Max 1.9
0.50 Min 1.2

0.00
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

47 Nhime Average

140 Annual precipitation in mm

120 280
100
80
mm
60
40

20

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

47 Nhime

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population
Water use (m³/day)
Water use (m³/s)
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) NO

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-48

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6048

Lua
Area in km²
290.1
Perimeter in km
87.5
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
361 713

3.0 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
2.5 0.4
Annual mean specific
2.0
discharge (q)
m³/s 1.5
l s-1 km-2
Mean 1.5
1.0 Max 2.1
0.5
Min 1.0

0.0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

48 Lua Average

140 Annual precipitation in mm

120 300
100

80
mm
60
40

20

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

48 Lua

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population
Water use (m³/day)
Water use (m³/s)
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) NO

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-49

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6049

Equimina
Area in km²
2371.3
Perimeter in km
308.4
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum

718 2354

35 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
30
5.6
25 Annual mean specific
20 discharge (q)
m³/s l s-1 km-2
15 Mean 2.4
10 Max 4.4
5 Min 0.9
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

49 Equimina Average

200 Annual precipitation in mm

180 506
160
140
120
mm 100
80
60
40
20
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

49 Equimina

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population 1660 1901 2539 3418
Water use (m³/day) 25 29 76 103
Water use (m³/s) 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 YES
Water use (m³/day) 12720 14787 94828 101881 Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) 0.1 0.2 1.1 1.2 YES

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-50

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6050

Chamanga
Area in km²
101.6
Perimeter in km
50.0
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
265 559

0.6 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
0.5
0.10
0.4 Annual mean specific
discharge (q)
m³/s 0.3 l s-1 km-2
Mean 0.9
0.2
Max 1.1
0.1 Min 0.8

0.0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

50 Chamanga Average

120 Annual precipitation in mm

100
233

80

mm 60

40

20

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

50 Chamanga

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population
Water use (m³/day)
Water use (m³/s)
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) NO

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-51

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6051

Calongolo
Area in km²
255.9
Perimeter in km
90.1
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
434 661

1.6 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
1.4
0.26
1.2
Annual mean specific
1.0 discharge (q)
m³/s 0.8 l s-1 km-2
0.6 Mean 1.0
0.4 Max 1.3
0.2 Min 0.7

0.0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

51 Calongolo Average

140 Annual precipitation in mm

120 275
100

80
mm
60

40

20

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

51 Calongolo

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population 830 950 1270 1709
Water use (m³/day) 12 14 38 51
Water use (m³/s) 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 YES
Water use (m³/day) Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) YES

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-52

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6052

Lucipo
Area in km²
189.7
Perimeter in km
77.7
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
434 674

1.0 Annual mean discharge

0.9
m³/s (Q)
0.8 0.15
0.7 Annual mean specific
0.6 discharge (q)
m³/s 0.5 l s-1 km-2
0.4 Mean 0.8
0.3 Max 1.1
0.2
Min 0.6
0.1
0.0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

52 Lucipo Average

120 Annual precipitation in mm

100 256

80

mm 60

40

20

0
Jan Feb M ar Apr M ay Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

52 Lucipo

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population
Water use (m³/day)
Water use (m³/s)
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) NO

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-53

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6053

Catara
Area in km²
1732.9
Perimeter in km
253.5
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
648 2479

18.0 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
16.0
14.0 2.64
12.0 Annual mean specific
discharge (q)
10.0
m³/s l s-1 km-2
8.0
Mean 1.5
6.0
Max 3.8
4.0
Min 0.5
2.0
0.0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

53 Catara Average

180 Annual precipitation in mm

160 433
140
120
100
mm
80
60
40
20
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

53 Catara

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population 4760 5200 7000 9320
Water use (m³/day) 71 78 210 280
Water use (m³/s) 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.003
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 YES
Water use (m³/day) Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) YES

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-54

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6054

Cangala
Area in km²
362.9
Perimeter in km
115.1
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
547 827

1.8 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
1.6
1.4 0.28
1.2 Annual mean specific
discharge (q)
1.0
m³/s l s-1 km-2
0.8
Mean 0.8
0.6
Max 1.1
0.4
Min 0.4
0.2
0.0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

54 Cangala Average

140 Annual precipitation in mm

120 312
100

80
mm
60

40

20

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

54 Cangala

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population
Water use (m³/day)
Water use (m³/s)
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) NO

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-55

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6055

Capim
Area in km²
98.4
Perimeter in km
60.9
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
470 657

0.35 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
0.30
0.05
0.25 Annual mean specific
0.20 discharge (q)
m³/s l s-1 km-2
0.15 Mean 0.5
0.10 Max 0.7
0.05 Min 0.4

0.00
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

55 Capim Average

120 Annual precipitation in mm

100
266

80

mm 60

40

20

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

55 Capim

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population
Water use (m³/day)
Water use (m³/s)
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) NO

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-56

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6056

Chileva
Area in km²
540.2
Perimeter in km
117.6
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
578 767

2.50 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
2.00 0.33
Annual mean specific
1.50 discharge (q)
m³/s l s-1 km-2
1.00 Mean 0.6
Max 1.1
0.50
Min 0.3

0.00
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

56 Chileva Average

140 Annual precipitation in mm

120 322
100

80
mm
60

40

20

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

56 Chileva

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population
Water use (m³/day)
Water use (m³/s)
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) NO

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-57

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6057

Carunjamba
Area in km²
2930.6
Perimeter in km
304.6
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
664 1230

35 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
30
5.32
25 Annual mean specific
20 discharge (q)
m³/s l s-1 km-2
15 Mean 1.8
10 Max 3.8
5 Min 0.2

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

57 Carunjamba Average

250 Annual precipitation in mm

560
200

150
mm

100

50

0
Jan Feb M ar Apr M ay Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

57 Carunjamba

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population 7140 7800 10500 13980
Water use (m³/day) 107 117 315 419
Water use (m³/s) 0.001 0.001 0.004 0.005
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 YES
Water use (m³/day) 27315 72385 Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.8 YES

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-58

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6058

Inamagando
Area in km²
1859.0
Perimeter in km
262.9
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
623 1477

14 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
12
2.10
10 Annual mean specific
8 discharge (q)
m³/s l s-1 km-2
6 Mean 1.1
4 Max 3.0
2 Min 0.1

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

58 Inamagando Average

180 Annual precipitation in mm

160 479
140
120
100
mm
80
60
40
20
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

58 Inamagando

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population 4760 5200 7000 9320
Water use (m³/day) 71 78 210 280
Water use (m³/s) 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.003
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 YES
Water use (m³/day) 13658 27315 Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3 YES

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-59

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6059

Mapungo
Area in km²
210.2
Perimeter in km
70.0
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
293 673

0.35 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
0.30
0.05
0.25 Annual mean specific
0.20 discharge (q)
m³/s l s-1 km-2
0.15 Mean 0.3
0.10 Max 0.4
0.05 Min 0.2
0.00
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

59 Mapungo Average

120 Annual precipitation in mm

100 222

80

mm 60

40

20

0
Jan Feb M ar Apr M ay Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

59 Mapungo

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population
Water use (m³/day)
Water use (m³/s)
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) NO

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 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6060

Bentiaba
Area in km²
6934.8
Perimeter in km
471.6
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
873 2325

80 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
70
12.44
60
Annual mean specific
50 discharge (q)
m³/s 40 l s-1 km-2
30 Mean 1.8
20 Max 3.7
10 Min 0.2
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

60 Sao Nicolau Average

250 Annual precipitation in mm

648
200

150
mm
100

50

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

60 Sao Nicolau

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population 21420 23400 31500 41940
Water use (m³/day) 321 351 945 1258
Water use (m³/s) 0.004 0.004 0.011 0.015
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 YES
Water use (m³/day) 7735 15460 21150 26831 Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 YES

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-61

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6061

Salgada
Area in km²
100.3
Perimeter in km
44.1
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
333 514

0.18 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
0.16
0.14 0.03
0.12 Annual mean specific
discharge (q)
0.10
m³/s l s-1 km-2
0.08
Mean 0.3
0.06
Max 0.3
0.04
Min 0.2
0.02
0.00
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

61 Salgada Average

90 Annual precipitation in mm
80 199
70
60
50
mm
40
30
20
10
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

61 Salgada

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population
Water use (m³/day)
Water use (m³/s)
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) NO

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 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6062

Chilulo/Chapén Armado
Area in km²
401.1
Perimeter in km
104.6
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
498 974

1.2 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
1.0
0.17
0.8 Annual mean specific
discharge (q)
m³/s 0.6 l s-1 km-2
Mean 0.4
0.4
Max 0.7
0.2 Min 0.2

0.0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

62 Chilulo Average

120 Annual precipitation in mm

100
255

80

mm 60

40

20

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

62 Chilulo

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population 2380 2600 3500 4660
Water use (m³/day) 36 39 105 140
Water use (m³/s) 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.002
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 YES
Water use (m³/day) Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) YES

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-63

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6063

Caniço
Area in km²
43.6
Perimeter in km
30.3
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
254 455

Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
0.01
Annual mean specific
discharge (q)
l s-1 km-2
Mean 0.3
Max 0.3
Min 0.2

Annual precipitation in mm
162

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population
Water use (m³/day)
Water use (m³/s)
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) NO

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-64

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6064

Mutiambo
Area in km²
1732.1
Perimeter in km
233.0
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
521 1486

6 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
5
0.96
4 Annual mean specific
discharge (q)
m³/s 3 l s-1 km-2
Mean 0.6
2
Max 1.1
1 Min 0.2

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

64 Mutiambo Average

120 Annual precipitation in mm

100
303

80

mm 60

40

20

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

64 Mutiambo

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population 9520 10400 14000 18640
Water use (m³/day) 143 156 420 559
Water use (m³/s) 0.002 0.002 0.005 0.006
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 YES
Water use (m³/day) Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) YES

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-65

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6065

Muchimanda
Area in km²
255.0
Perimeter in km
95.6
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
315 552

0.35 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
0.30
0.05
0.25 Annual mean specific
0.20 discharge (q)
m³/s l s-1 km-2
0.15 Mean 0.2
0.10 Max 0.3
0.05 Min 0.1

0.00
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

65 Muchimanda Average

60 Annual precipitation in mm
50 147

40

mm 30

20

10

0
Jan Feb M ar Apr M ay Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

65 Muchimanda

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population
Water use (m³/day)
Water use (m³/s)
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) NO

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-66

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6066

Giraul
Area in km²
4708.8
Perimeter in km
393.4
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
615 2322

25 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
20 3.78
Annual mean specific
15 discharge (q)
m³/s l s-1 km-2
10 Mean 0.8
Max 2.5
5
Min 0.1

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

66 Giraul Average

140 Annual precipitation in mm

120 409
100

80
mm
60

40

20

0
Jan Feb M ar Apr M ay Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

66 Giraul

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population 28318 32893 42105 53130
Water use (m³/day) 439 522 1324 1696
Water use (m³/s) 0.005 0.006 0.015 0.020
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 YES
Water use (m³/day) 48998 74148 113152 169275 Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) 0.6 0.9 1.3 2.0 YES

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-67

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6067

Bero
Area in km²
10476.3
Perimeter in km
588.2
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
718 2094

35 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
30
4.88
25 Annual mean specific
20 discharge (q)
m³/s l s-1 km-2
15 Mean 0.5
10 Max 1.5
5 Min 0.1

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

67 Bero Average

100 Annual precipitation in mm

90 364
80
70
60
mm 50
40
30
20
10
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

67 Bero

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population 164319 204317 264722 344316
Water use (m³/day) 8711 11442 18296 30692
Water use (m³/s) 0.101 0.132 0.212 0.355
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 YES
Water use (m³/day) 181667 347267 517914 690767 Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) 2.1 4.0 6.0 8.0 YES

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-68

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6068

Changulo
Area in km²
95.4
Perimeter in km
49.0
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
74 267

0.030 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
0.025
0.005
0.020 Annual mean specific
discharge (q)
m³/s 0.015 l s-1 km-2
Mean 0.05
0.010
Max 0.1
0.005 Min 0.03
0.000
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

68 Changulo Average

25 Annual precipitation in mm
59
20

15
mm

10

0
Jan Feb M ar Apr M ay Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

68 Changulo

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population
Water use (m³/day)
Water use (m³/s)
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) NO

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-69

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6069

Subida Grande
Area in km²
184.8
Perimeter in km
67.8
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
177 348

0.08 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
0.07
0.01
0.06
Annual mean specific
0.05 discharge (q)
m³/s 0.04 l s-1 km-2
0.03 Mean 0.1
0.02 Max 0.1
0.01 Min 0.03

0.00
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

69 Subida grande Average

25 Annual precipitation in mm
74
20

15
mm
10

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

69 Subida grande

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population 2380 2600 3500 4660
Water use (m³/day) 36 39 105 140
Water use (m³/s) 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.002
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 YES
Water use (m³/day) Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) YES

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-70

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6070

Metere
Area in km²
839.8
Perimeter in km
125.2
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
251 451

0.40 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
0.35
0.06
0.30
Annual mean specific
0.25 discharge (q)
m³/s 0.20 l s-1 km-2
0.15 Mean 0.1

0.10
Max 0.2
0.05
Min 0.02

0.00
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

70 Metere Average

30 Annual precipitation in mm

25
89

20

mm 15

10

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

70 Metere

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population
Water use (m³/day)
Water use (m³/s)
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) NO

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-71

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6071

Flamingos
Area in km²
676.6
Perimeter in km
166.7
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
261 611

0.40 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
0.35
0.06
0.30
Annual mean specific
0.25
discharge (q)
m³/s 0.20 l s-1 km-2
0.15 Mean 0.1
0.10 Max 0.2
0.05
Min 0.02

0.00
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

71 Flamingos Average

35 Annual precipitation in mm
30 102
25

20
mm
15

10

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

71 Flamingos

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population
Water use (m³/day)
Water use (m³/s)
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) NO

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-72

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6072

Curoca
Area in km²
19338.4
Perimeter in km
848.9
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
762 1864

25 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
20 3.69
Annual mean specific
15 discharge (q)
m³/s l s-1 km-2
10 Mean 0.2
Max 0.9
5
Min 0.01

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

72 Curoca Average

70 Annual precipitation in mm
60 238
50

40
mm
30

20

10

0
Jan Feb M ar Apr M ay Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

72 Curoca

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population 55239 65388 80878 97817
Water use (m³/day) 872 1066 2609 3240
Water use (m³/s) 0.010 0.012 0.030 0.038
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 YES
Water use (m³/day) 54686 80689 115033 153997 Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) 0.6 0.9 1.3 1.8 YES

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-73

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6073

Cunene
Area in km²
113834.7
Perimeter in km
2389.7
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum

1286 2484

800 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
700

600
289.5
Annual mean specific
500
discharge (q)
m³/s 400 l s-1 km-2
300 Mean 2.5
200 Max 13.7
100 Min 0.01
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

73 Cunene Average

180 Annual precipitation in mm

160 704
140
120
100
mm
80
60
40
20
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

73 Cunene

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population 2501644 3020716 4022883 5346401
Water use (m³/day) 47286 63165 143188 232963
Water use (m³/s) 0.547 0.731 1.657 2.696
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) 1036862 1183202 11422476 22096162 Future water deficit
2
Water use (m³/s) 12.0 13.7 132.2 249.7 YES

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-74

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6274

Zambeze
Area in km²
Total:1300565
In Angola: 150003
Perimeter in km (total)
7197
Elevation (m.a.s.l) (Angola)
Mean Maximum
1199 1676

1600 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q) (Angola)
1400

1200
937.1
Annual mean specific
1000
discharge (q)
m³/s 800 l s-1 km-2 (Angola)
600 Mean 6.2
400 Max 11.1
200 Min 1.3
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

74 Zambeze Average

Annual precipitation in mm
250
(Angola)
200
1191

150
mm
100

50

0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

74 Zambeze

Population and Water use Comments

2000 2005 2015 2025 Elevation, discharge and
Population 220412 242963 326373 439089 specific discharge is only
Water use (m³/day) 5466 6769 14591 22261 calculated for the Angolan
Water use (m³/s) 0.063 0.078 0.169 0.258 part of the catchment
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) 15110 30220 60440 Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.7 NO

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-75

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6375

Cubango
Area in km²
Total:749328
In Angola: 153927
Perimeter in km (total)
5392
Elevation (m.a.s.l) (Angola)
Mean Maximum
1328 1868

1200 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q) (Angola)
1000
429.45
800 Annual mean specific
discharge (q)
m³/s 600 l s-1 km-2 (Angola)
Mean 2.8
400
Max 11.4
200
Min 1.3
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

75 Cubango Average

Annual precipitation in mm
200
(Angola)
180
160
864
140
120
mm 100
80
60
40
20
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

75 Cubango

Population and Water use Comments

2000 2005 2015 2025 Elevation, discharge and
Population 391886 461034 548868 650883 specific discharge is only
Water use (m³/day) 8220 9257 20991 30349 calculated for the Angolan
Water use (m³/s) 0.095 0.107 0.243 0.351 part of the catchment
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) 169904 170825 248502 328059 Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) 2.0 2.0 2.9 3.8 NO

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-76

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6376

Cuando
Area in km²
Total: 146222
Angola: 104589
Perimeter in km (Total)
2083
Elevation (m.a.s.l)
Mean Maximum
982 1539

700 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q)
600
248.47
500
Annual mean specific
400 discharge (q)
m³/s
300 l s-1 km-2
Mean 1.7
200
Max 2.1
100
Min 1.2
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

76 Cuando Average

160 Annual precipitation in mm

140 583
120
100
mm 80
60
40
20
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

76 Cuando

Population and Water use

2000 2005 2015 2025
Population 53640 67496 81825 102049
Water use (m³/day) 805 1012 2455 3061
Water use (m³/s) 0.009 0.012 0.028 0.035
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) NO

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-77

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

6377

Cuvelai
Area in km²
Total: 159620
Angola: 52158
Perimeter in km (Total)
1821
Elevation (m.a.s.l) (Angola)
Mean Maximum
1191 1477

160 Annual mean discharge

m³/s (Q) (Angola)
140

120
57.96
Annual mean specific
100
discharge (q)
m³/s 80 l s-1 km-2 (Angola)
60 Mean 1.1
40 Max 2.2
20 Min 0.4
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

77 Cuvelai Average

Annual precipitation in mm
160
(Angola)
140
1477
120
100
mm 80
60
40
20
0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

77 Cuvelai

Population and Water use Comments

2000 2005 2015 2025 Elevation, discharge and
Population 142760 181513 221313 293916 specific discharge is only
Water use (m³/day) 3296 5298 12359 25660 calculated for the Angolan
Water use (m³/s) 0.038 0.061 0.143 0.297 part of the catchment
Animal Watering and Irrigation Existing water deficit
2002 2005 2015 2025 NO
Water use (m³/day) 490954 495036 686470 978053 Future water deficit
Water use (m³/s) 5.7 5.7 7.9 11.3 NO

SWECO Grøner AS Page 12-78

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

Table 12.1 Division of Hydrological Sub Basins in Angola

1. 2. 3. Major Catchment 1. 2. 3. Major Catchment

Division Division Division Basin Name Division Division Division Basin Name
4 40 1 S.W.Coast Lubinda 4 60 40 S.W.Coast Curinge
4 40 2 S.W.Coast Chiloango 4 60 41 S.W.Coast Uche
4 40 3 S.W.Coast Lulondo 4 60 42 S.W.Coast Mormolo
4 40 4 S.W.Coast Lucula 4 60 43 S.W.Coast Pima
4 43 5 Zaïre / Zaire 4 60 44 S.W.Coast Ndungo
Congo
4 60 6 S.W.Coast Zombo 4 60 45 S.W.Coast Calumbolo
4 60 7 S.W.Coast Luela 4 60 46 S.W.Coast Coporolo
4 60 8 S.W.Coast Lucolo 4 60 47 S.W.Coast Nhime
4 60 9 S.W.Coast Sange 4 60 48 S.W.Coast Lua
4 60 10 S.W.Coast Lucunga 4 60 49 S.W.Coast Equimina
4 60 11 S.W.Coast M'Bridge 4 60 50 S.W.Coast Chamanga
4 60 12 S.W.Coast Sembo 4 60 51 S.W.Coast Calongolo
4 60 13 S.W.Coast Loge 4 60 52 S.W.Coast Lucipo
4 60 14 S.W.Coast Uezo 4 60 53 S.W.Coast Catara
4 60 15 S.W.Coast Onzo 4 60 54 S.W.Coast Cangala
4 60 16 S.W.Coast Lifune 4 60 55 S.W.Coast Capim
4 60 17 S.W.Coast Dande 4 60 56 S.W.Coast Chileva
4 60 18 S.W.Coast Bengo 4 60 57 S.W.Coast Carunjamba
4 60 19 S.W.Coast Cuanza 4 60 58 S.W.Coast Inamagando
4 60 20 S.W.Coast Perdizes 4 60 59 S.W.Coast Mapungo
4 60 21 S.W.Coast Sangando 4 60 60 S.W.Coast Bentiaba
4 60 22 S.W.Coast Cabo Ledo 4 60 61 S.W.Coast Salgada
4 60 23 S.W.Coast Mengueje 4 60 62 S.W.Coast Chilulo /
Chapéu
Armado
4 60 24 S.W.Coast Tanda 4 60 63 S.W.Coast Caniço
4 60 25 S.W.Coast Longa 4 60 64 S.W.Coast Mutiambo
4 60 26 S.W.Coast Cutanga 4 60 65 S.W.Coast Muchimanda
4 60 27 S.W.Coast Quiteta 4 60 66 S.W.Coast Giraul
4 60 28 S.W.Coast Catata 4 60 67 S.W.Coast Bero
4 60 29 S.W.Coast Tortombo 4 60 68 S.W.Coast Changulo
4 60 30 S.W.Coast Queve 4 60 69 S.W.Coast Subida Grande
4 60 31 S.W.Coast N'Gunza 4 60 70 S.W.Coast Metere
4 60 32 S.W.Coast Quicombo 4 60 71 S.W.Coast Flamingos
4 60 33 S.W.Coast Dui 4 60 72 S.W.Coast Curoca
4 60 34 S.W.Coast Evale 4 60 73 S.W.Coast Cunene
4 60 35 S.W.Coast Balombo 4 62 74 Zambezi Zambeze
4 60 36 S.W.Coast Cuhula 4 63 75 Okavango Cubango
4 60 37 S.W.Coast Cubal Da 4 63 76 Zambezi Cuando
Hanha
4 60 38 S.W.Coast Catumbela 4 63 77 Etosha pan Cuvelai
4 60 39 S.W.Coast Cavaco

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13. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE ASSESSMENTS

13.1 Bottlenecks for Further Planning & Management

During the course of the work on the rapid water resources and water use assessment a
number of constraints came to light that should, to the extent possible, be alleviated during
future updating and development of the assessments.

One major bottleneck to the acquisition of detailed data in water resources and water use
from provincial level is the centralised institutional set-up of DNA. An organisation with better
links and operative arms at provincial level would be in a better position for data acquisition.

DNA also seems to be comparatively understaffed with respect to the size of its mandate.
Well-trained and motivated staff is a prerequisite for an organisation responsible for the water
sector in a country the size of Angola. Although this situation has been to a certain extent
improved through the implementation of the NAWASMA project, it is vital that this impetus be
maintained.

In the following sections we present recommendations designed to help overcome some of

the constraints.

13.2 Dissemination of the Rapid Water Resources & Water Use Assessment Results
The rapid water resources and water use assessment has compiled a wealth of information
and data which could greatly benefit many of the stakeholders, both, ministerial, institutional
and private in the water sector in Angola. It is important that the maximum benefit be reaped
from the efforts laid down in the assessment.

One way of disseminating the results of the assessment, and at the same time perhaps
enhancing them, would be to present the assessment to key stakeholders in a seminar or
workshop. Such a venue would give DNA valuable opportunities to both advertise the results
of its work and to gain advice from and extend cooperation with stakeholders in the water
sector.

13.3 Maintaining & Developing Water Resources and Water Use Assessment

13.3.1 Water Use Data

Data on present and future water use (both as an input in production and as a recipient of
effluents) by industry and mining activities should be made available, and if such data do not
exist, a survey be organized to collect such data.

Furthermore, it is recommended that a household expenditure survey along the lines of what
the World Bank does in developing member countries be carried out. In such a survey
questions about water demand by income and social group should be mapped, their
willingness to pay for reliable and safe water supply, and what these same households
actually pay for whatever kind of water they get now.

It is also recommended that data is collected to show what people in different settings
actually pay for water today so that this can be used as a basis of comparison when they
request water from a municipal system.

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13.3.2 Population Estimates

As far as the provincial population estimates is concerned, as well as the water use
estimates, in the lack of census details, it is recommended that the results of the National
Landmine Impact Survey1 (LIS) currently being carried out by the Survey Action Center
(SAC) of USA be retrieved once they are made available. The LIS is due to be completed by
the end of 2005 and it is understood that it will include data on settlements, populations,
water connections and water use in parts of many provinces of Angola.

Several NGOs have been selected to implement this survey including teams from the
Development Workshop Angola (DW-A), HALO Trust (HALO), INAD, InterSOS (SOS), Mines
Advisory Group (MAG), Norwegian People’s Aid (NPA), Santa Barbara Foundation (SBF),
Cranfield Mine Action (CMA), and GeoSpatial International (GSI). A SAC coordination centre
in Luanda is overseeing the field operations. The SAC team is working with the National
Inter-Sectoral Commission for Demining and Humanitarian Assistance (CNIDAH), which is
the national authority for mine action within Angola. HALO is operating in the Benguela, Bie,
Cuando Cubango, and Huambo provinces. INAD (Instituto Nacional de Desminagem - the
National Demining Institute) is operating in the Cabinda and Lunda Norte provinces. NPA is
operating in the Bengo, Cuanza Norte, Cuanza Sul, Luanda, Lunda Sul, Malanje, Uige, and
Zaire provinces. MAG and SBF are operating in the provinces of Moxico and Cunene,
respectively. SOS is operating in the Huila and Namibe provinces. DW-A is conducting a
Community Mine Action Planning Pilot Project in Huambo. CMA and GSI are heading up a
strategic planning group.

Data obtained from this survey could be useful in the updating of the assessment until the
results of a future census become available.

13.3.3 Suggestions for Further Evaluation of Groundwater Potential of Angola

During this study we have experienced that there exists data on groundwater wells and
groundwater use both in official institutions, NGOs, and in private companies. Some
information gathered during meetings in Lubango resulted, for example, in the following
information:

• HYDROMINAS has a lot of data, probably both in old archives and in a computerised
database which is understood to be in an initial stage of development. Several private
companies are now working in the groundwater business. Two of them are collaborating
with HYDROMINAS in data gathering. HYDROMINAS runs three drilling rigs and uses a
computerised program to register well data. They also register hydro-chemical data.

• DPA - Lubango (Direcção Provincial de Água) has information on the existing 700
boreholes in the municipalities of Huila province. According to information from
HYDROMINAS DPA - Lubango also have three drilling rigs.

• UNICEF focuses on groundwater in the provinces of Benguela, Huila, Namibe, and

Cunene. Since 1989 UNICEF ran a water supply programme for the southern region of
Angola. UNICEF is now abandoning the rural water supply component and is
concentrating on water supply for primary schools.

• UNICEF informed that DPA - Cunene has good information on water wells in their
province. AICF, a French NGO, worked on water and sanitation and handed over all the
information to DPA - Cunene.

1
http://www.sac-na.org/surveys_angola.html

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To draw further conclusions on Angola’s groundwater potential it is important to collect all

information on wells, water yields and water qualities in a common and easy accessible
register. The register should be open for any institution or company working on groundwater
supply in Angola.

To create such a register there standardised forms should be prepared and issued to drilling
companies and well owners for registering of data. The forms should include data on the
depth of wells, rock types, water yields at different levels, pumping tests, water quality, and
practical information on the well structures. For example, in most European countries the
well drillers are instructed by law to submit such information to a central register. This is a
question of legislation.

Based on such a register, conclusions on the groundwater potential of different rock units
and provinces could be drawn. Water supply programmes could then be better planned, and
the resources spent on well drilling could be used more efficiently.

In the southwestern part of the country there is obviously a lot of knowledge on the
hydrogeology. In other parts of the country the experience from well drillings is considerably
less. Some effort should be placed on evaluating the groundwater potential from alluvial
sediments in the northern parts of the country. Some of these aquifers probably have the
possibility to supply a lot of people with clean water. Practical research programmes
including the drilling of wells are quite expensive, and we do not believe that such
programmes should be prioritised in hardrock areas. Working on registers of existing data
would be much more efficient.

13.3.4 Hydrological Network

The constructed runoff map is based on observations made in the period 1964-1974. As part
of the NAWASMA project, some of the hydrometric stations of the network are been
rehabilitated2 and observations from these stations may in a few years be used as control of
the accuracy of the maps.

The runoff map is mostly based on values from the central areas of Angola. Measurements
in Cabinda in the north, in the northeast in the Congo basin and along the Namibe coast are
more or less nonexistent, and values from these areas are more prone to error. Hydrological
measurements should be made in these areas to control the estimates.

Institutional cooperation between the neighbouring countries should be extended to ease the
sharing of hydrometric data on the shared rivers.

13.3.5 Sediment Transport

No network for measurements of sediment transport is in existence today, and some form of
routine for collecting such data should be organized.

Perhaps one option could be that ENE (the National Enterprise for Electricity) responsible for
most of the Angolan hydropower plants, GAMEK (the entity responsible for the construction
of Capanda dam), GABHIC, Gabinete para Administração da Bacia Hidrográfica do Cunene

2
The following hydrometric stations were rehabilitated under the NAWASMA project: Porto-Quipiri
(Bengo province), Cabiri (Bengo province), Bom Jesus (Bengo province), Cachoeiras da Binga
(Kuanza Sul province), Quicombo (Kuanza Sul province), Xângongo (Cunene provine) and Biópio
(Benguela province). In addition two SADC-HYCOS stations, namely Cambambe and Luena have or
are being developed.

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(the Cunene River Basin Authority) and HIDROCHICAPA, the entity responsible for the
construction of Chicapa hydropower plant in Chicapa – Lunda Norte province were given the
responsibility of sediment transport measurements.

13.3.6 Geographical Information Systems (GIS)

Personnel at DNA (Direcção Nacional de Águas) and other government institutions related to
water affairs should be encouraged to broaden their knowledge of the use of Geographical
Information Systems (GIS). Courses should be attended and workshops held. Institutional
cooperation should be extended to ease the sharing of geographical (and other) data.

13.3.7 Agriculture and Irrigation

MINADER, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, should make an effort to
collect information on the irrigation sub-sector in the provinces of Cabinda, Cuando
Cubango, Uíge, Bié, Lunda Norte, Lunda Sul and Moxico.

MINEA (the Ministry of Water and Energy) and MINADER (the Ministry of Agriculture and
Rural Development) should make an effort to make more information available on the
Angolan side of the Cuvelai River Basin under the Programme on the Shared Resources of
Cuvelai River Basin.

Most of the planned area for irrigated agriculture was defined during the colonial period. It is
important that the government of Angola, through MINADER, validates those areas for
irrigated agriculture.

As far as the consumptive use of water is concerned, DNA (MINEA) and the DNHAER, the
National Directorate of Agricultural Hydraulics and Rural Engineering (MINADER), should
extend their collaboration.

As DNA (MINEA) has now done through the NAWASMA project and through this rapid water
resources and water use study, DNHAER (MINADER) should make an effort to create its
own database on the irrigation sub-sector. Such a database should be built on updated
information of all existing irrigation schemes.

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LIST OF REFERENCES

CHAPTER 1

• Estudo de Avaliação da Sedimentação da Albufeira da Barragem de Cambambe no Rio Cuanza,

PM Consultoria Obras Hidráulicas, Luanda, February 2002

CHAPTER 2

• “Conference Interafricaine Sur L’hydrologie”, Nairobi, 1961; Ordençáo das bacias hidrográficas
de Angola e das estacaos hidrometricas nelas estabelecidas.
• Bjøru,A. 2003 Quality check - historical hydrological data in Angola, NVE Report Draft
• Farr, T.G., M. Kobrick, 2000, Shuttle Radar Topography Mission produces a wealth of data, Amer.
Geophys. Union Eos, v. 81, p. 583-585.
• Fry, M., Tate, E., Meigh,J. & Sonja Folwell Southern Africa FRIEND Phase II
• Hijmans, R.J., S. Cameron, J. Parra, 2004. WorldClim, version 1.2. A square kilometre resolution
database of global terrestrial surface climate. Available at http://biogeo.berkeley.edu/
• Maidment et al (1997). http://www.ce.utexas.edu/prof/maidment/gishyd97/gishyd97.htm
• Philip, G.M., and D.F. Watson. 1982. A Precise Method for Determining Contoured Surfaces.
Australian Petroleum Exploration Association Journal 22: 205-212.
• Watson, D.F., and G.M. Philip. 1985. A Refinement of Inverse Distance Weighted Interpolation.
Geoprocessing, 2:315-327

CHAPTER 3

• Study of the sedimentation of the Cambambe Dam reservoir on the Cuanza River (Estudo de
Avaliação da Sedimentação da Albufeira da Barragem de Cambambe no Rio Cuanza, PM
Consultoria Obras Hidráulicas, Luanda, February 2002).
• FAO-AGL - Database of World Rivers Sediment Yields
• Application of side-scan sonar and bathymetric survey techniquesto a determination of bedload
sediment transport rates in the Okavango River at Divundo, Caprivi, Namibia on behalf of Eco-
Plan/Nampower; Council for Geoscience, Marine Geoscience Unit, Cape Town, RSA, May 2003.

CHAPTERS 4, 5, 6, and 7

• ACIL Australia PTY LTD et al (1992); “Regional Irrigation development strategy – Draft Country
Report – Angola”, SADCC, Harare, March 1992
• Africonsult, UNDP and SADCC (1998); “ Management and Development of the Water Resources
– Report of the Country Situation” final Report to the Ministry of Energy and Water, Angola.
• Angola Alliance (2002); “Mapeamento dos Recursos Naturais do Sudoeste de Angola” (Mapping
of Natural Resources of South-West Region of Angola), August 2002
• Angola Alliance (2002);” Projecto de Abastecimento de Água Rural às Áreas Rurais” (Water
Supply Project for Rural Areas), September 2002
• Bhatia, Ramesh, Rita Cestti and James Winpenny (1995), “Water conservation and reallocation:
Best practice cases in improving economic efficiency and environmental quality”, A World Bank-
ODI joint study under the UNDP-World Bank Water and Sanitation Program,
• Caisse Centrale de Cooperation Economique (1989); “Elements pour la Comprehensión des
Systémes de Productión Agricóles dans les Municipios de Lubango, Chibia, Humpata, Quilengues
– Province de Huila en Angola”, August 1989
• CIA (2004); http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ao.html The World Factbook --
Angola

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• COBA and Consulprojecto (2002); “Planos Directores de Abastecimento de Agua e Saneamento

– Ondjiva. Relatorio 1: Demografia, consumos e caracterizacao da situacao actual”, Report to
Direccao Nacional de Aguas
• COBA and Consulprojecto (2002); “Planos Directores de Abastecimento de Agua e Saneamento
– Kuito. Relatorio 1: Demografia, consumos e caracterizacao da situacao actual”, Report to
Direccao Nacional de Aguas
• COBA and Consulprojecto (2002); “Planos Directores de Abastecimento de Agua e Saneamento
– Malanje. Relatorio 1: Demografia, consumos e caracterizacao da situacao actual”, Report to
Direccao Nacional de Aguas
• COBA and Consulprojecto (2002); “Planos Directores de Abastecimento de Agua e Saneamento
– N’Dalatando. Relatorio 1: Demografia, consumos e caracterizacao da situacao actual”, Report to
Direccao Nacional de Aguas
• COBA and Consulprojecto (2002); “Planos Directores de Abastecimento de Agua e Saneamento
– Huambo. Relatorio 1: Demografia, consumos e caracterizacao da situacao actual”, Report to
Direccao Nacional de Aguas
• COBA and Consulprojecto (2004); “Planos Directores de Abastecimento de Agua e Saneamento
– Menongue. Relatorio 1: Demografia, consumos e caracterizacao da situacao actual”, Report to
Direccao Nacional de Aguas
• COBA and Consulprojecto (2004); “Planos Directores de Abastecimento de Agua e Saneamento
– Dundo. Relatorio 1: Demografia, consumos e caracterizacao da situacao actual”, Report to
Direccao Nacional de Aguas
• COBA and Consulprojecto (2004); “Planos Directores de Abastecimento de Agua e Saneamento
– Saurimo. Relatorio 1: Demografia, consumos e caracterizacao da situacao actual”, Report to
Direccao Nacional de Aguas
• Constantino, A.T. (1970); “Esquema Geral de Aproveitamento dos Recursos Agro-Pecuários da
Zona Sul da Reserva de Povoamento do Planalto de Camabatela” (General Scheme for
Development of Agrarian Resources of the Southern Zone of the Settlement Reserve of
Camabatela Plateau),
• David, Cristina and Arlene B Inocente (1998), “Understanding Household Demand for Water: The
Metro Manila Case”, EEPSEA Research Report Series, Singapore
• EIA (2004); http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/angola.html Angola Country analysis Brief
• Gomez, Christian (1987), “Experiences in predicting willingness-to-pay on water projects in Latin
America.” Proceedings of “Resource mobilization for drinking water and sanitation in developing
nations,” San Juan, Puerto Rico, May 26-29. 1987)
• Hansen, Stein, Haakon Vennemo, Hang Yin, Zhang Shiqiu and An Shumin (2002); “Green taxes
and the poor in China – Policy challenges in a changing economy”, CCICED, Eileen International
Publishing House, Bethesda, MD
• Kyle, Steven (2002); “ The Political Economy of Long-run Growth in Angola – Everyone Wants Oil
and diamonds they can make Life Difficult.”, Working Paper WP 2002-07, Department of Applied
Economics and Management, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
• Kyle, Steven (2003); “Political and Economic Prospects for Mozambique and Angola.” Staff Paper
SP 2003-03, (as above)
• UNDP (2003); “Human Development Report 2003.” New York, Geneva
• UNICEF and INE (2003): “MICS Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey – Assessing the Situation of
Angolan Children and women at the Beginning of the Millenium” Analytical Report, Luanda
• Whittington, Dale (1998); “The political economy of increasing block tariffs for water in developing
countries”, paper presented at an EEPSEA workshop, Singapore
• World Bank (2003), “World Development Report 2003”, Washington D.C.
• World Bank (2004); http://web.worldbank.org Angola Country Brief.

CHAPTER 8

• Water Resources Management in Angola; Water Resources Management in Sub-Saharan Africa,

Nairobi, 12-15 February 1996, Felix M. Neto and Paulo Emilio Mendes.

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CHAPTER 10

• Diniz, António Castanheira (2002); “Recursos em Terra com Aptidão para Regadío / Cuanza,
Noroeste Angolano, Sudeste Angolano” (Land Resources for Irrigated Agriculture / Cuanza River
Basin, River Basins of the North-West Region of Angola and River Basins of the South-Esta of
Angola), November 2002
• Direcção Nacional de Hidráulica Agrícola e Engenharia Rural (2003); “Projecto de Reabilitação da
Vala de Irrigação do Perímetro Agrícola do Luena / Moxico (Rehabilitation Project of the Irrigation
Channel of Luena Irrigation Scheme), July 2003
• Henry, Loze (2004); “ANGOLA Irrigation and Water Mangement Study”, Draft Report, May
• ITALCONSULT (1988), ”Programa de Desenvolvimento Agrícola da Cintura Verde de Luanda”
(Agriculture Development Programme of Luanda Greenbelt), November 1988
• ITALCONSULT (1988), “Programa de Desenvolvimento Agrícola da Cintura Verde de Luanda”
(Agriculture Development Programme of Luanda Greenbelt), December 1988
• Laboratório Nacional de Engenharia Civil, Plano para a Utilização Integrada dos Recursos
Hídricos da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Cunene (1996); Volume I (Plan for Integrated Development
of Water Resources of Cunene River Basin – Volume I),
• Laboratório Nacional de Engenharía Civil, Plano para a Utilização Integrada dos Recursos
Hídricos da Bacia Hidrográfica do Cunene / Inventariação dos Recursos em Terras com
Potencialidades para o Regadio (1996); “Volume 4 (Plan for Integrated Development of Water
Resources of Cunene River Basin / Inventory of Land Resources with Potential for Irrigation –
Volume 4), 1996
• Lenton, Robert (2003), “Background paper of the Task force on water and sanitation” for the
Millenium Project of the UN
• Memorando sobre o Sector Agro-Pecuário da Província da Huíla (Memorandum on the Agrarian
Sector of Huila Province), Lubango, October 2003
• Ministry of Energy and Water, Republic of Angola (2003); “Strategy for the Development of the
Water Sector.”, Luanda, 05. December.
• NAMANG, Aproveitamento Hidroeléctrico de Epupa (1996); “Uso Futuro da Água da Bacia do Rio
Cunene “(Epupa Hydropower Scheme – Future Use of Water in the Cunene River Basin), June
1996
• NORPWER in association with SWEDPOWER and Burmeister Van Niekerk & Partners (1993)
“Aproveitamento Hidroeléctrico de EPUPA (EPUPA Hydropower Scheme), Estudo Prelimina4r de
Viabilidade, Relatório Final, February 1993
• OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (2004); “Angola 2004 –
Consolidated Appeal for Transition.”, New York, Geneva
• Quintino, Manuel (1993); “Necessidades Hídricas da Cultura da Banana no Vale do Cavaco /
Documento de circulação interna para a Direcção Nacional de Hifdráulica e Engenharía Rural”
(Water Requirement for Banana in the Cavaco Valley / Internal document for the National
Directorate of Agricultural Hydraulics and Rural Engineering), Luanda, June 1993
• Quintino, Manuel (undated); “Plano de Exploração de Fruteiras na Parcela Nº 58-A, situada na
Área sob Jurisdição do Gabinete de Aproveitamento e Desenvolvimento Hidráulico do Kikuxi /
Documento não publicado” (Exploration Plan for the Plot No. 58-A located under the jurisdiction of
Office for the Agrarian Development of Kikuxi Area / Unpublished document)
• Quintino, Manuel (2004);”Breve informação de áreas sob regadío ou com potencial para o regadío
em Angola” (Brief information areas under irrigation or areas with potential for irrigation in Angola),
Luanda, March 2004
• República de Angola(2003); “Perfil Socio-Económica” (Socio-Economic Profile), Huíla, January
2003
• Robinson, Peter (2003); “Angola Water Policy Review”, Pre-final draft dated 30. March 2003 GTZ
and SADCC
• Santos, A. Barros (1993), “Manual da Cana de Açúcar” (Handbook for the Sugarcane), 1993
• Serafim, F. Doutel e Russo, A. Joaquim (1989); “Avaliação dos Recursos de Investigação Agrária
nos Países da SADCC” (Assment of Resources for Agrarian Research in SADC Countries),
Volume II, Relatório de Angola, June 1989
• Sir Mac Donalds and Partners in association with Hidroprojecto, Consultores de Hidráulica e
Salubridade, SA (1990); “Inventário Hidrológico dos Países ao Sul do Sahara” (Países da SADC) /
Hydrological Inventory for Sub-Saharan Countries (SADC Countries), January 1990

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• SNAMPROGETTI (1986), “Desenvolvimento Agrário da Província do Namibe – Relatório Final”

(Agrarian Development of Namibe Province – Final Report), September 1986
• Sogreah Ingeniere in association with Saur Afrique and Ortsan/Gesplan (1993); “ Infrastructure
Rehabilitation engineering Project – Water Supply and Sanitation of the City of Luanda – Short
Term Master Plan” Vol.1: Demography, Urban development, water Demand”
• TUBSA (2000); “Anteprojecto sumario de umPlano Director de Agua Potavel e Saneamento das
Cidades de Namibe e Lubango.” Documento I – III, report to Direccao Nacional de Aguas

CHAPTER 11

• Atlas of International Freshwater Agreements, United Nations Environment Programme, 2002,

ISBN: 92 807 2232 8.
• Programa de Gestão Conjunta “Angola –Namíbia” dos Recursos Hídricos Partilhados dos Cursos
de Água do Cuvelai-Cunene, Documento de Projecto, Abril 2004, Programa Financiado pelo
Ministério dos Negócios Estrangeiros da Finlândia.
• http://www.zaraho.org.zm
• Zambezi River Authority – Proceedings of the Concluding Stakeholders Workshop on the EMP
held from 16-17th December 2003 in Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe
• Causes and possible solutions to potential water resource conflicts in the Okavango River Basin:
The case of Angola, Namibia and Botswana Joseph E. Mbaiwa, University of Botswana, Harry
Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre, Private Bag 285, Maun, Botswana

CHAPTER 13

• http://www.sac-na.org/surveys_angola.html

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APPENDICES

APPENDIX A: SEDIMENT YIELDS DATABASE FOR AFRICAN RIVERS

APPENDIX B: EXISTING & POTENTIAL HYDROELECTRIC PLANT IN ANGOLA

APPENDIX C: GEODATA DOCUMENTATION AND DESCRIPTION

APPENDIX D: TERMS OF REFERENCE

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 APPENDIX A

SEDIMENT YIELDS DATABASE FOR AFRICAN RIVERS

The following data has been extracted from the World River Sediment Yields
Database of the FAO Water Resources Development and Management Service,
available via the Internet.
River Location Country Catchment Monitoring Monitoring Rainfall Runoff Sedim. yield
Area (km²) started ended (mm/y) (mm/y) (t/km²/y)
Allalah Sidi Akacha Algeria 295 1972 1979 599 120 6654.00
Assif Tala R N 25 Algeria 300 1972 1979 782 256 806.00
Bouroumi Tarzoult Algeria 215 1972 1979 652 146 3345.00
Bousellah Magraoua Algeria 2350 1972 1979 398 17 99.00
Chelief Mouth Algeria 22274 152.00
Cheliff Algeria 22000 140.00
Chiffa Amont des Algeria 316 1972 1979 871 367 2461.00
Gorges
Chouly Chouly R N 7 Algeria 170 1972 1979 542 103 75.00
Deurdeur Sidi Mokrebi Algeria 500 1972 1979 564 85 223.00
Djer El Aferoun Algeria 395 1972 1979 582 131 1729.00
Djer Algeria 390 130 1700.00
Ebda Arib Ebda Algeria 270 1972 1979 757 338 2493.00
El Abiod Mchouneche Algeria 1050 1972 1979 299 17 401.00
El Arab Khanga S Algeria 2085 1972 1979 640 16 539.00
Nadat
El Harrach Hammam Algeria 387 1972 1979 829 332 1630.00
Melouane
El Harrach Algeria 390 330 1600.00
Gueiss F El Gueiss Algeria 144 1972 1979 459 20 196.00
Hachem Bordj Ghobeni Algeria 215 1972 1979 631 236 1542.00
Haddad S A Djillali Algeria 470 1972 1979 305 17 103.00
Hamman Zit Emba Algeria 485 1972 1979 595 74 197.00
Isser Reachi Algeria 1935 1972 1979 486 59 116.00
Isser Algeria 3595 2610.00
Isser Lakhdaria Algeria 31615 1972 1979 466 106 1712.00
Isser Algeria 3600 110 1700.00
Kebir Est Ain El Assel Algeria 680 1972 1979 864 288 903.00
Kebir Ouest Ain Charchar Algeria 1130 1972 1979 602 90 92.00
Ksob Medjez Algeria 1330 1972 1979 334 21 333.00
Mddjerdah Algeria 21000 620.00
Melah Bouchegoue Algeria 550 1972 1979 558 153 716.00
Reboa Reboa Algeria 296 1972 1979 384 21 594.00
Ressoul Ain Berda Algeria 103 1972 1979 620 97 214.00
Rhiou Ammi Moussa Algeria 1890 1972 1979 375 56 1822.00
Rouina Rouina Mines Algeria 865 1972 1979 437 68 1151.00
Sly Ouled B.Aek Algeria 1225 1972 1979 458 122 2037.00
Soubellah Sidi Quadah Algeria 176 1972 1979 322 21 36.00
Tleta Ghazaouet Algeria 100 1972 1979 472 74 297.00
Mbam Cameroo 42300 85.00
n
Sanaga Cameroo 130000 500 20.00
n
Sanaga Cameroo 77000 28.00
n
Tsanaga Cameroo 1535 210.00
n
 The following data has been extracted from the World River Sediment Yields
Database of the FAO Water Resources Development and Management Service,
available via the Internet.
River Location Country Catchment Monitoring Monitoring Rainfall Runoff Sedim. yield
Area (km²) started ended (mm/y) (mm/y) (t/km²/y)
n
Bangoran Central 2590 4.40
African
Republic
Fafa Central 6750 3.10
African
Republic
Gribingui Central 5680 5.00
African
Republic
Ouham Central 44700 9.40
African
Republic
Bahr Sar Chad 79600 8.40
Chari Chad 600000 3.90
Chari Chad 193000 0.90
Logone Chad 85000 14.90
Nile Cairo Egypt 3000000 1958 1964 30 40.00
Nile delta Egypt 2977235 200 30 39.00
Mesanu ? Mesanu Basin, Ethiopia 150 1680.00
(Tigrai ? )
Awash Melka Kentare Ethopia 4440 845.00
Awash Melka Gorge Ethopia 7823 868.00
Awash Dubti Ethopia 62732 622.00
Awash Hertale Ethopia 32744 228.00
Awash Kolka Ethopia 10115 1959 1973 187 1468.00
Awash Metehara Ethopia 14355 205.00
Awash Awash Station Ethopia 17405 287.00
Jawaha Ethopia 565 3480.00
Kesem Awora Melka Ethopia 3130 1140.00
Mbam Ghana 42000 85.00
Tano Ghana 16000 22.00
Volta Ghana 400000 91 48.00
S. Pedro Ivory 3300 22.00
Coast
Ehania above Thika Kenya 517 79.00
Ewaso Ngiro above Archer's Kenya 15300 780.00
Nzoia above Kenya 8500 25.00
Broderick Falls
Perkerra Kenya 1310 19520.00
Sagana above Sagawa Kenya 2650 17.00
Sagana above Kiganjo Kenya 501 4.10
Sirimon above Isiolo- Kenya 62 4.30
Nanyuki Road
Tana Masinga Kenya 7335 1981 1983 353 6330.00
Tana Kenya 32000 135 1000.00
Tana between Grand Kenya 15200 12 780.00
Falls and
Garissa
 The following data has been extracted from the World River Sediment Yields
Database of the FAO Water Resources Development and Management Service,
available via the Internet.
River Location Country Catchment Monitoring Monitoring Rainfall Runoff Sedim. yield
Area (km²) started ended (mm/y) (mm/y) (t/km²/y)
Tana Kamburu Kenya 9520 1974 1981 358 410.00
Tana above Kenya 9520 318.70
Kamburu Dam
4DE3
Tana between Kenya 7700 12 1550.00
Kindaruma and
?
Tana Kamburu Kenya 9520 1981 1983 358 337.00
Tana Kindaruma Kenya 10000 1968 1981 356 238.00
Tana Grand Falls Kenya 17580 1948 1958 1250 261 692.00
Thiba above Kenya 1970 80.00
Machanga
Bokong Bokong Lesotho 403 1978 1982 3.00
Caledon Mohlokagala Lesotho 5600 1976 1982 930.00
Caledon Mashili Lesotho 1560 1976 1982 730.00
Caledon Lesotho 945 1979.00
Hlotse Ha Setene Lesotho 728 1978 1982 790.00
Hololo Khukhune Lesotho 212 1978 1982 80.00
Khobelu Tlokoeng Lesotho 852 1978 1982 14.00
Little Caledon Masianokeng Lesotho 945 1971 1976 873 103 1979.00
Malibamatso Paray Lesotho 3240 1976 1982 60.00
Malibamatso Ha Lejone Lesotho 1157 1976 1982 9.00
Maphutseng Maphutsaneng Lesotho 323 1978 1982 500.00
Matsoku Seshote Lesotho 662 1978 1982 7.00
N Kolonyama Lesotho 905 1978 1982 740.00
Phuthiatsana
N Mapoteng Lesotho 386 1976 1982 2050.00
Phuthiatsana
S Masianokeng Lesotho 945 1976 1982 1382.00
Phuthiatsana
Senqu Seaka Lesotho 19875 1976 1982 210.00
Senqu Koma - Koma Lesotho 7950 1976 1982 70.00
Senqu Mokhotlong Lesotho 1660 1976 1982 30.00
Senqu White Hill Lesotho 10900 1976 1982 140.00
Beritsoka Barrage Madagasc 575 1970 1971 1202 300 3130.00
ar
Morondava Tslandava Madagasc 4255 1970 1971 1262 462 1586.00
ar
Morondava Madagasc 4200 430 1600.00
ar
Sakamaly Migodo Madagasc 799 1970 1971 1181 355 2440.00
ar
Faleme Mali 15000 40.00
Senegal Mali 157400 14.60
Aoudour Morocco 1039 1969 1179 490 3850.00
B Regreg S Mohamed b Morocco 9800 1974 1986 530 85 338.00
Abdellah
B Regreg Morocco 9800 1983 500 91 370.00
Beih El Kansera Morocco 4540 1935 1986 550 82 325.00
Beih Morocco 4540 1983 570 87 440.00
 The following data has been extracted from the World River Sediment Yields
Database of the FAO Water Resources Development and Management Service,
available via the Internet.
River Location Country Catchment Monitoring Monitoring Rainfall Runoff Sedim. yield
Area (km²) started ended (mm/y) (mm/y) (t/km²/y)
Bou Sellem Morocco 2300 20 100.00
Draa Mansour Morocco 15000 1972 1986 190 27 410.00
Eddahbi
El Abid Bin El Quidane Morocco 6400 1953 1986 620 176 675.00
El Abid Bin el ouidane Morocco 6400 1983 650 190 740.00
Er Rbia Imfout Morocco 30000 1983 300 160.00
Er Rbia Al Massira Morocco 28500 1979 1986 400 104 415.00
Fraa Mansour Morocco 15000 1983 180 26 450.00
Eddahbi
Inaouene Idris I Morocco 3680 1972 1986 800 157 707.00
Inaouene Morocco 3680 1983 780 161 780.00
Inaouene Morocco 3324 1969 831 167 1110.00
Issen Abdelmoumen Morocco 1300 1981 1986 500 67 200.00
Loukos El Makhazine Morocco 1820 1979 1986 1130 455 1299.00
Loukos Morocco 1820 1983 1130 417 1420.00
M'Jara Morocco 5190 2910.00
Massa Morocco 3784 1983 300 32 420.00
Massa Youssef b Morocco 3784 1973 1986 300 32 378.00
Tachfine
Mellah Morocco 1800 1983 420 88 560.00
Mharhar Ibn Battouta Morocco 178 1977 1986 365 3650.00
Moulouya Morocco 51000 30 130.00
Moulouya Mohamed V Morocco 49920 1983 314 19 420.00
Moulouya Mohammed V Morocco 49920 1976 1986 310 15 383.00
N' Fis Lalla Morocco 1707 1935 1986 560 97 1100.00
Takerkoust
N'Fis Lalla Morocco 1707 1983 101 420.00
Takerkoust
Nakhla Nakhla Morocco 107 1961 1986 900 636 1576.00
Nekor M B Abdelkrim Morocco 780 1981 1986 340 103 4620.00
Nekor M B Abdelkrim Morocco 780 1983 340 119 5900.00
Querrha M'Jara Morocco 6183 1969 1065 441 3500.00
Querrha Ourtzarh Morocco 4398 1969 1074 459 3340.00
Querrha B Ouender Morocco 1756 1969 966 326 3590.00
Sebou Morocco 40000 130 930.00
Sebou Azib Soltane Morocco 16276 1969 684 136 650.00
Sebou Pont Sebou Morocco 12985 1969 730 152 750.00
Sebou Pont de M'dez Morocco 3474 1969 667 73 320.00
Sebou A Timedrine Morocco 4429 1969 655 156 590.00
Sous Morocco 16000 200 260.00
Tessaout Moulay Youssef Morocco 1441 1970 1986 650 268 1291.00
Tessaout Moulay Youssef Morocco 1441 1983 650 237 1400.00
Unknown Hassan Ter Morocco 1670 1987 1990 617.00
Unknown Oued Mellah Morocco 1800 1931 127.70
Ziz Hassan Morocco 4400 1971 1986 170 33 511.00
Eddakhil
Ziz Hassan Morocco 4400 1983 170 37 570.00
Eddakhil
Limpopo Mozambi 410000 13 80.00
que
 The following data has been extracted from the World River Sediment Yields
Database of the FAO Water Resources Development and Management Service,
available via the Internet.
River Location Country Catchment Monitoring Monitoring Rainfall Runoff Sedim. yield
Area (km²) started ended (mm/y) (mm/y) (t/km²/y)
que
Limpopo Beitbridge Mozambi 196000 17.30
que
Zambesi Mozambi 1400000 390 35.00
que
Bunsuru Zurmi Nigeria 6826 1962 1965 742 60 161.00
Bunsuru Nigeria 5900 438.00
Gagare Kaura Namoda Nigeria 6172 1962 1965 909 83 225.00
Niger Nigeria 1200000 160 33.00
Niger Baro Nigeria 1113227 1000 172 5.00
Rima Argungu Nigeria 43490 1964 1965 38 7.00
Rima Rima Bridge Nigeria 21590 1963 1965 16.00
Rima Sabon Birni Nigeria 19832 1962 1965 48 100.00
Sokoto Sokoto Nigeria 12851 1962 1965 60 212.00
Sokoto Gusau Nigeria 2653 1962 1965 1024 134 257.00
Sokoto Bakolori Nigeria 4344 1965 966 151 426.00
Watari Nigeria 1450 483.00
Zamfara Kalgo Nigeria 16678 1962 1965 85 38.00
Zamfara Anka Nigeria 4126 1962 1965 147 344.00
Senegal Senegal 270000 48 8.00
Orange South 890000 100 100.00
Africa
Orange Bethulie South 6362 1929 1969 890.00
Africa
Atbara Khashm el Sudan 20000 1964 1976 545 3422.00
Girba
Blue Nile Roseires Sudan 90000 1966 1976 555 957.00
Ikowa ? Ikowa Tanzania 640 1957 1969 292.00
Ikowa ? Ikowa Tanzania 640 1957 1960 543.00
Ikowa ? Ikowa Tanzania 640 1960 1963 290.00
Ikowa ? Ikowa Tanzania 640 1963 1969 167.00
Ikowa ? Ikowa Tanzania 640 287.00
Ikowa ? Ikowa Tanzania 640 1957 1969 573 192.00
Morogoro Tanzania 19 390.00
Rufiji Tanzania 180000 50 95.00
Rufiji Stiegler's Tanzania 156600 1954 1970 1050 106.00
Gorge
Medjerda Mouth Tunisia 20927 708.00
Zaire Mouth Zaire 4012795 1750 312 18.00
Zaire Zaire 3800000 340 11.00
Gwai Zimbabw 14500 56.00
e
Hunyani Zimbabw 1510 16.00
e
Umsweswe Zimbabw 1990 34.00
e
 APPENDIX B - EXISTING AND POTENTIAL HYDROELECTRIC PLANT IN ANGOLA

BACIA DO ALTO KUANZA

Área da Bacia Queda Potência Potência à Energia Ano de Entrada

Aprovetamento Rio Caudal Máximo
Hidrográfica Bruta garantida instalar Garantida em Serviço
(Km2) (m3/s) (m) (MW) (MW) GWh (previsão)
Tassongue 298 Gango 2 91 1.1 3 14

Quipeio 2691 Gango 16 46 6 15 70.1

Banza-Tamba 2943 Gango 18 140 19 40 227

Muanga-Tumbo 3687 Gango 18 65 9.3 20 109.4

Lunga 6123 Gango 23 30 5.5 10 64

Embala-Andulo 2909 Cutato 14 70 6.9 15 80

Salamanca 2880 Luvulu 17 25 2.5 5 30

Cutato 7033 Cutato 39 19 4.1 10 47.2

Cambungo 9811 Cutato 39 110 34 60 400

Cunhinga 1058 Cunhinga _ _ _ _ _

Chivava 865 Cune 13 75 7.2 15 80

Cundende 1010 Coquema 2 50 0.7 1 8

Chimbemba 894 Cuito 2 17 0.3 1 3.7

Appendix B - BACIASHIDROGR.xls Appendix B-1

 APPENDIX B - EXISTING AND POTENTIAL HYDROELECTRIC PLANT IN ANGOLA

BACIA DO ALTO KUANZA (continuação)

Área da Bacia Queda Potência Potência à Energia Ano de Entrada

Aprovetamento Rio Caudal Máximo
Hidrográfica Bruta garantida instalar Garantida em Serviço

(Km2) (m3/s) (m) (MW) (MW) GWh (previsão)

Coemba 2210 Coemba 11 68 6.2 15 72.2

Salamba 4013 Luando 16 111 15 20 174.4

Quissol 2835 Cuije 15 22 1.8 3 14

Cativa 23066 Kuanza 70 22 8.4 15 96

Dando 35537 Kuanza 135 34 37 70 428.8

Quissande 92767 Kuanza 387 30 61 120 536

Appendix B - BACIASHIDROGR.xls Appendix B-2

 APPENDIX B - EXISTING AND POTENTIAL HYDROELECTRIC PLANT IN ANGOLA

BACIA DO MÉDIO KUANZA

Área da Bacia Queda Potência Potência à Energia Ano de Entrada

Aprovetamento Rio Caudal Máximo
Hidrográfica Bruta garantida instalar Garantida em Serviço

(Km2) (m3/s) (m) (MW) (MW) GWh previsão

Capanda 109022 Kuanza 400 90 115 450 1080 em construção

N'Hangue 112536 Kuanza 500 90 150 450 1300

Lauca * 112617 Kuanza 500 135 540 2120 4700

Caculo-Cabaça * * 112663 Kuanza 500 215 850 1560 7500

Zenzo-I 113218 Kuanza 500 80 310 450 2700

Zenza-II 113239 Kuanza 500 20 80 120 700

Tumulo do caçador 113503 Kuanza 500 80 310 450 2700

Luime 115122 Kuanza 500 43 170 330 1500

Cambambe * * * 115524 Kuanza 500 114 470 580 4100 1962-73

* (produção em trés centrais)

** (produção em duas centrais)

*** (produção em duas centrais, uma já em exploração)

Appendix B - BACIASHIDROGR.xls Appendix B-3

 APPENDIX B - EXISTING AND POTENTIAL HYDROELECTRIC PLANT IN ANGOLA

BACIA DO LUCALA

Área da Bacia Queda Potência Potência à Energia Ano de Entrada

Aprovetamento Rio Caudal Máximo
Hidrográfica Bruta garantida instalar Garantida em Serviço

(Km2) (m3/s) (m) (MW) (MW) GWh previsão

Duque 7300 Lucala 17 112 15 30 130

Carianga 14500 Lucala 70 220 117 240 1025

Bembeze 15600 Lucala 65 218 113 250 990

Cangala Gala 18200 Lucala 70 63 34 105 300

Cabondo 18500 Lucala 69 69 36 60 315

Mungongo 18700 Lucala 69 78 43 60 375

Cababanga 19900 Lucala 69 49 27 45 235

Tabanga 20200 Lucala 70 60 31 105 270

Caango 20400 Lucala 70 105 58 160 510

Quituto Lucala 22 105 16 16 95

Appendix B - BACIASHIDROGR.xls Appendix B-4

 APPENDIX B - EXISTING AND POTENTIAL HYDROELECTRIC PLANT IN ANGOLA

BACIA DO CATUMBELA

Área da Bacia Queda Potência Potência à Energia Ano de Entrada

Aprovetamento Rio Caudal Máximo
Hidrográfica Bruta garantida instalar Garantida em Serviço

(Km2) (m3/s) (m) (MW) GWh (previsão)

1- (Chicuma) * 2117 Catumbela 46 144 53 53 458

2B * 2725 Catumbela 48 63 24 24 209

3- (Cuvera) 3408 Catumbela 48 65 25 25 215

19 3116 Cuivo 58 30 14 14 120

4 3448 Catumbela 31 20 5 5 42

5 7242 Cuivo 100 65 51 51 449

5A 8080 Catumbela 220 40 70 70 605

6 8304 Catumbela 210 60 100 100 870

7 8262 Catumbela 125 30 30 30 259

24 * 418 Cubal 7.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 56

25 456 Cubal 8 95 6 6 52.5

26 520 Cubal 10 25 2 2 17.2

27 557 Cubal 9 70 5 5 43.5

28 569 Cubal 5 150 6 6 51.8

* (Aproveitamento com albufeira de Regulação)

Appendix B - BACIASHIDROGR.xls Appendix B-5

 APPENDIX B - EXISTING AND POTENTIAL HYDROELECTRIC PLANT IN ANGOLA

BACIA DO CATUMBELA (CONTIUAÇÃO)

Área da Bacia Queda Potência Potência à Energia Ano de Entrada

Aprovetamento Rio Caudal Máximo
Hidrográfica Bruta garantida instalar Garantida em Serviço

(Km2) (m3/s) (m) (MW) (MW) GWh (previsão)

29 823 Cubal 19 80 12 12 105

20 3663 Cubal 98 90 70 70 609

21 3974 Cubal 55 30 13 13 114

22 4479 Cubal 60 50 24 24 207.3

22A 4598 Cubal 62.5 20 10 10 86.4

22B 4710 Cubal 60 20 10 10 83

8- (Lomaun) 8297 Catumbel 125 25 25 25 216 1964

9 8399 Catumbela 80 188 120 120 1040

12 9278 Catumbela 136 55 60 60 517

13 * 10032 Catumbela 120 94 90 90 779

14 * 15344 Catumbela 274 183 400 400 3456

15A 15494 Catumbela 170 _ _ _

11 _ _ 66 _ 60+30 60+30 _

111 _ _ 59 _ 80 80 _

* (Aproveitamento com albufeira de Regulação)

Appendix B - BACIASHIDROGR.xls Appendix B-6

 APPENDIX B - EXISTING AND POTENTIAL HYDROELECTRIC PLANT IN ANGOLA

BACIA DO CATUMBELA (continuação)

Área da ^Bacia Queda Potência Potência à Energia Ano de Entrada

Aprovetamento Rio Caudal Máximo
Hidrográfica Bruta garantida instalar Garantida em Serviço

(Km2) (m3/s) (m) (MW) (MW) GWh (previsão)

2º 125 200 200

16 15907 Catumbela 275 50 110 110

17 -(Biópio) 15919 Catumbela 157 30 34 34 1957

18A 16016 Catumbela 285 60 135 135

18B 16207 Catumbela 179 35 50 50

Appendix B - BACIASHIDROGR.xls Appendix B-7

 APPENDIX B - EXISTING AND POTENTIAL HYDROELECTRIC PLANT IN ANGOLA

BACIA DO CUNENE (Aproveitamento Angolano)

Área da Bacia Caudal Queda Potência Potência à Energia Ano de Entrada

Aprovetamento Rio
Hidrográfica Regularizado Bruta garantida instalar Garantida em Serviço

(Km2) (m3/s) (m) (MW) (MW) GWh (previsão)

Gove 4811 Cunene 46 36 13.2 25 114.4

Jamba-Ia-Oma 8637 Cunene 78 40 25 50 215.6

Chivondua 8681 Cunene 78 30 18.7 15 162

Jamba-Ia-Mina 12336 Cunene 98 79 62 130 535

Matala 28037 Cunene 103 20 16.4 45.5 142 1959

Matunto 41048 Cunene 118 30 28.3 50 72

Chissola 837 Calai 6.6 82 4.3 6.5 37

Caringo 1209 Cuando 12 36 3.4 5 30

Gunge 1333 Cuando 13.2 50 5.3 4 34

Lucunde 1403 Cuando 14 58 6.5 6.5 56

Cabundi 829 Catapi 7.7 58 3.6 14.5 31

Catembulo _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Rega 4510 Cului 148 25 2.9 5 25

Appendix B - BACIASHIDROGR.xls Appendix B-8

 APPENDIX B - EXISTING AND POTENTIAL HYDROELECTRIC PLANT IN ANGOLA

BACIA DO CUNENE (Aproveitamentos Internacionais)

Ano de
Área da Bacia Caudal Queda Potência Potência à Energia
Aprovetamento Rio Entrada em
Hidrográfica Máximo Bruta garantida instalar Garantida
Serviço
(Km2) (m3/s) (m) (MW) (MW) GWh (previsão)
Calueque _ Cunene 144 11 12.6 20 110

Jacavale _ Cunene 138 28 30.9 60 267

Luandege _ Cunene 138 143 157.8 195 1364

Ruacaná 89600 Cunene 138 134 148 300 1278

Ondorusu _ Cunene 138 45 38.6 70 334

Zebra _ Cunene 138 29 32 60 276

Epupa- II _ Cunene 138 113 125 325 1078

Epupa- I _ Cunene 138 41 45 120 391

Baynes _ Cunene 138 125 138 260 1192

Mariem _ Cunene 138 140 155 300 1335

Hartman _ Cunene 138 67 74 140 639

Hombolo _ Cunene 138 93 103 195 887

Mcha _ Cunene 138 41 45.2 90 391

* (Considerando que somente 50% da Produção, ao longo da Fronteira, pertence à República de Angola)

Appendix B - BACIASHIDROGR.xls Appendix B-9

 APPENDIX B - EXISTING AND POTENTIAL HYDROELECTRIC PLANT IN ANGOLA

BACIA DO QUEVE

Ano de
Área da Bacia Caudal Queda Potência Potência à Energia
Aprovetamento Rio Entrada em
Hidrográfica Máximo Bruta garantida instalar Garantida
Serviço
(Km2) (m3/s) (m) (MW) (MW) GWh (previsão)
Caivole 9336 Queve 98 55 35 70 275

Cafula 19040 Queve 164 230 270 540 2115

Dtiundumbo 19420 Queve 164 100 118 235 927

Dala 19450 Queve 164 205 255 510 1998

Benga 19650 Queve 164 335 400 815 3132

Capunda 20170 Queve 164 150 190 380 1494

Balalunga 20660 Queve 164 110 138 275 1080
Cachoeiras da Binga 20760 Queve 164 80 98 195 765

Appendix B - BACIASHIDROGR.xls Appendix B-10

 APPENDIX B - EXISTING AND POTENTIAL HYDROELECTRIC PLANT IN ANGOLA

BACIA DO CUBANGO

Queda Ano de
Área da Bacia Caudal Potência Potência à Energia
Aprovetamento Rio Bruta Entrada em
Hidrográfica Mèdio garantida instalar Garantida
Média Serviço
(Km2) (m3/s) (m) (MW) (MW) GWh (previsão)
Cavango 2452 Cubango 27.6 16 7 12.8

Chazenga 6508 Cubango 58.6 17 15 29

Mangonga 7065 Cubango 61.4 30 26 53.4

Mumba 12495 Cubango 92 30 40 79

Muculungungo 38148 Cubango 179 20 54 103.8

Mucundi 50024 Cubango 203 25 74 142.2

M'bambi * _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Calemba 3381 Cubango 27.2 13 53 10.23

Cutato 3683 Cubango 29.6 80 32.5 68.6

Malobras 8774 Cubango 55.5 58 48 92.66

* (Internacional)

Appendix B - BACIASHIDROGR.xls Appendix B-11

 APPENDIX B - EXISTING AND POTENTIAL HYDROELECTRIC PLANT IN ANGOLA

BACIA DO N'GUNZA, QUICOMBO, EVALE e BALOMBO

Ano de
Área da Bacia Caudal Queda Potência Potência à Energia
Aprovetamento Rio Entrada em
Hidrográfica Regular Bruta garantida instalar Garantida
Serviço
(Km2) (m3/s) (m) (MW) (MW) GWh (previsão)
Chiongo 1131 N'gunza 9.7 105 7.4 15 59

Ganja 1179 N'gunza 10 145 11 20 87

Calixa 1678 N'gunza 11 410 35.6 90 284

Cumbe 3726 Quicombo 35 500 137 295 1093

Gangaue 4069 Quicombo 51 65 24.5 49 185

Cavonde 3198 Balombo 28 55 10.1 25 81

Sungo 3700 Balombo 41 695 232 352 550

Camama 53-3700 Evale-Balombo 41 460 151 240 1149

Appendix B - BACIASHIDROGR.xls Appendix B-12

 APPENDIX B - EXISTING AND POTENTIAL HYDROELECTRIC PLANT IN ANGOLA

BACIA DO LONGA

Ano de
Área da Bacia Caudal Queda Potência Potência à Energia
Aprovetamento Rio Entrada em
Hidrográfica Regular Bruta garantida instalar Garantida
Serviço
(Km2) (m3/s) (m) (MW) (MW) GWh (previsão)
Quissuca 6304 Longa 27 210 43 110 336

Cuteca 6549 Longa 27 345 73 185 572

Cacula 8670 Longa 77 180 108 170 922

Lundo 3080 N'Hia 29 50 17 17 95

Cassongo 4402 N'Hia 29 190 45 110 471

Lungo 4533 Zó 40 85 27 50 212

Murimbo 830-4543 Luau 46 240 77 170 704

Quissonhe 1133-4953 Luau 77 305 185 395 1579

Appendix B - BACIASHIDROGR.xls Appendix B-13

 APPENDIX B - EXISTING AND POTENTIAL HYDROELECTRIC PLANT IN ANGOLA

Appendix B - BACIASHIDROGR.xls Appendix B-14

 APPENDIX B - EXISTING AND POTENTIAL HYDROELECTRIC PLANT IN ANGOLA

Appendix B - BACIASHIDROGR.xls Appendix B-15

 APPENDIX B - EXISTING AND POTENTIAL HYDROELECTRIC PLANT IN ANGOLA

Appendix B - BACIASHIDROGR.xls Appendix B-16

 APPENDIX B - EXISTING AND POTENTIAL HYDROELECTRIC PLANT IN ANGOLA

Appendix B - BACIASHIDROGR.xls Appendix B-17

 APPENDIX B - EXISTING AND POTENTIAL HYDROELECTRIC PLANT IN ANGOLA

Appendix B - BACIASHIDROGR.xls Appendix B-18

 APPENDIX B - EXISTING AND POTENTIAL HYDROELECTRIC PLANT IN ANGOLA

Appendix B - BACIASHIDROGR.xls Appendix B-19

 APPENDIX B - EXISTING AND POTENTIAL HYDROELECTRIC PLANT IN ANGOLA

Appendix B - BACIASHIDROGR.xls Appendix B-20

 APPENDIX B - EXISTING AND POTENTIAL HYDROELECTRIC PLANT IN ANGOLA

Appendix B - BACIASHIDROGR.xls Appendix B-21

 APPENDIX B - EXISTING AND POTENTIAL HYDROELECTRIC PLANT IN ANGOLA

Appendix B - BACIASHIDROGR.xls Appendix B-22

 APPENDIX B - EXISTING AND POTENTIAL HYDROELECTRIC PLANT IN ANGOLA

Appendix B - BACIASHIDROGR.xls Appendix B-23

 APPENDIX B - EXISTING AND POTENTIAL HYDROELECTRIC PLANT IN ANGOLA

Appendix B - BACIASHIDROGR.xls Appendix B-24

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

APPENDIX C

GEODATA DOCUMENTATION AND DESCRIPTION

1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter describes data collected and utilized in the current study. It describes the
source of data, collection method, and file and attribute information contained within the data.
The data is gathered from sources in Angola and from many other parts of the world.

The data came either in the form of vector information as in lines, points or polygons like in
ESRI Shapefiles (*.shp) or ArcInfo Exportformat (*.e00), in gridded information as in images
or rasters.

1.1 Terrain models

1.1.1 SRTM

The SRTM data sets result from a collaborative effort by the

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
and the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA), as
well as the participation of the German and Italian space
agencies, to generate a near-global digital elevation model
(DEM) of the Earth using radar interferometry.

The SRTM instrument consisted of the Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C (SIR-C) hardware set
modified with a Space Station-derived mast and additional antennae to form an
interferometer with a 60 m long baseline. A description of the SRTM mission, can be found
in Farr and Kobrick (2000).

Synthetic aperture radars are side-looking instruments and acquire data along continuous
swaths. The SRTM swaths extended from about 30 degrees off-nadir to about 58 degrees
off-nadir from an altitude of 233 km, and thus were about 225 km wide. During the data flight
the instrument was operated at all times the orbiter was over land and about 1000 individual
swaths were acquired over the ten days of mapping operations. The lengths of the acquired
swaths range from a few hundred to several thousand kilometres. Each individual data
acquisition is referred to as a "data take."

SRTM was the primary payload on the STS-99 mission of the Space Shuttle Endeavour,
which launched February 11, 2000 and flew for 11 days. Following several hours for
instrument deployment, activation and checkout, systematic interferometric data was
collected for 222.4 consecutive hours. The instrument operated virtually flawlessly and
imaged 99.96% of the targeted landmass at least one time, 94.59% at least twice and about
50% at least three or more times. The goal was to image each terrain segment at least twice
from different angles (on ascending, or north-going, and descending orbit passes) to fill in
areas shadowed from the radar beam by terrain.

This 'targeted landmass' consisted of all land between 56 degrees south and 60 degrees
north latitude, which comprises almost exactly 80% of the total landmass.

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1.1.1.1 Data Set Characteristics

SRTM data was processed in a systematic fashion using the SRTM Ground Data Processing
System (GDPS) supercomputer system at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena,
California, USA. Data was mosaiced into approximately 15,000 one degree by one degree
cells and formatted according to the Digital Terrain Elevation Data (DTED) specification for
delivery to NIMA. Data were processed on a continent-by-continent basis. NIMA applied
several post-processing steps to these data including editing, spike and well removal, water
body levelling and coastline definition. Following these "finishing" steps data was returned to
NASA for distribution to the scientific and civil user communities, as well as the public.

1.1.1.2 Organization of Data

SRTM data are delivered in individual rasterized cells, or tiles, each covering one degree by
one degree in latitude and longitude. Sample spacing for individual data points outside of US
territory is 3 arc-seconds, referred to as SRTM-3. Since one arc-second at the equator
corresponds to roughly 30 meters in horizontal extent, the sets are sometimes referred to as
"90 meter" data.

1.1.1.3 Elevation Mosaics

Each SRTM data tile contains a mosaic of elevations generated by averaging all data takes
that fall within that tile. Since the primary error source in synthetic aperture radar data is
speckle, which has the characteristics of random noise, combining data through averaging
reduces the error by the square root of the number of data takes used. In the case of SRTM
the number of data takes could range from a minimum of one up to as many as ten.

1.1.1.4 Data Formats

The names of individual data tiles refer to the longitude and latitude of the lower-left
(southwest) corner of the tile (this follows the DTED convention as opposed to the GTOPO30
standard).

SRTM-3 data are sampled at three arc-seconds and contain 1201 lines and 1201 samples
with similar overlapping rows and columns. This organization also follows the DTED
convention. Unlike DTED, however, 3 arc-second data are generated in each case by 3x3
averaging of the 1 arc-second data - thus 9 samples are combined in each 3 arc-second data
point. Since the primary error source in the elevation data has the characteristics of random
noise this reduces that error by roughly a factor of three.

This sampling scheme is sometimes called a "geographic projection", but of course it is not
actually a projection in the mapping sense. It does not possess any of the characteristics
usually present in true map projections, for example it is not conformal, so that if it is
displayed as an image geographic features will be distorted. However it is quite easy to
handle mathematically, can be easily imported into most image processing and GIS software
packages, and multiple cells can be assembled easily into a larger mosaic.

1.1.1.5 DEM File (.HGT)

The DEM is provided as 16-bit signed integer data in a simple binary raster. There are no
header or trailer bytes embedded in the file. The data are stored in row major order (all the
data for row 1, followed by all the data for row 2, etc.).

All elevations are in metres referenced to the WGS84 geoid. Note that this is from data
processed by the "PI Processor", which uses the WGS84 ellipsoid.

Byte order is Motorola ("big-endian") standard with the most significant byte first. Since they
are signed integers elevations can range from -32767 to 32767 meters, encompassing the
range of elevation to be found on Earth.

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In these preliminary data there will commonly be data voids from a number of causes such
as shadowing, phase unwrapping anomalies, or other radar-specific causes. Voids are
flagged with the value -32768.

1.1.1.6 Data Encoding Notes

Because the DEM data are stored in a 16-bit binary format, users must be aware of how the
bytes are addressed on their computers. The DEM data are provided in Motorola or IEEE
byte order, which stores the most significant byte first ("big endian"). Systems such as Sun
SPARC and Silicon Graphics workstations use the Motorola byte order. The Intel byte order,
which stores the least significant byte first ("little endian"), is used on DEC Alpha systems
and most PCs. Users with systems that address bytes in the Intel byte order may have to
"swap bytes" of the DEM data unless their application software performs the conversion
during ingest.

1.1.1.7 SRTM Caveats

As with all digital geospatial data sets, users of SRTM must be aware of certain
characteristics of the data set (resolution, accuracy, method of production and any resulting
artefacts, etc.) in order to better judge its suitability for a specific application. A characteristic
of SRTM that renders it unsuitable for one application may have no relevance as a limiting
factor for its use in a different application.

In particular, data produced by the PI processor should be considered as "research grade"

data suitable for scientific investigations and development and testing of various civil
applications. No editing has been performed on the data, and the elevation data in particular
contain numerous voids and other spurious points such as anomalously high (spike) or low
(well) values. Water bodies will generally not be well defined, in fact since water surfaces
generally produce very low radar backscatter they will appear quite "noisy" or rough in the
elevations data. Similarly, coastlines will not be well defined.

1.1.1.8 Africa Data Release

NASA has released the SRTM data set for the African continent,
plus the Arabian Peninsula, the Persian Gulf area, and the island
of Madagascar. This data set represents almost a quarter of the
data collected during the mission, and follows similar releases for
North and South America and Eurasia.
As with the other SRTM data for regions outside the United States
the Africa set is sampled at 3 arc-seconds, which is 1/1200th of a
degree of latitude and longitude, or about 90 metres (295 feet).

Because of persistent cloud cover or inhospitable terrain Africa has been one of the most
poorly mapped regions of the planet. Thus the SRTM data reveal, mostly for the first time,
an enormous diversity of landforms including the deserts and mountains of the north, the
tropical forests and rift valley of central Africa, and the plateaus and coastal plains of the
south.

1.1.1.9 Conversion from DEM files to ESRI Grid

For conversion an avenue script for ArcView 3.2 was used. Grid Machine 6.44, made by
Johannes Weigel, imports and exports various data formats among these *.hgt (SRTM data).
Each tile was then merged (Union) into one raster file covering Angola. The area covered,
stretches from10 degrees to 26 degrees longitude and -3 degrees to -19 degrees latitude,
covering and area approximately 1780 x 1780 km, or 3,168,400 km².

The file is named S04-S19.

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1.1.1.10 References
T.G.Farr, M.Kobrick, 2000, Shuttle Radar Topography Mission produces a wealth of data,
American Geophysical Union Eos, v. 81, p.583-585.

1.1.2 WORLDCLIM – Altitude

This altitude dataset is a compilation and

interpolation of the SRTM 1 arc-second data into a
30 arc-seconds (1 km) dataset. SRTM data was
used to update the older USGS GTOPO30 global
DEM, by averaging to 30 arc-sec resolution and
replacing GTOPO30 heixels between the latitudes
of 60° North and 56° South.

Figur 1 Difference between old and new

GTOPO30 Global dataset.

1.2 DCW – Digital Chart of the World

The Digital Chart of the World contains data for the world at a scale of 1:1,000,000. There
are various thematic layers including: political/oceans, populated places, roads, railroads,
utilities, drainage, hypsography (elevation), land cover, ocean features, aeronautical, cultural
landmarks, transportation structure, and vegetation.

1.2.1 Data Sources

The U.S. Defense Mapping Agency Operational Navigation Chart (ONC) series and the Jet
Navigation Charts (JNCs) for the region of Antarctica were the primary sources for the Digital
Chart of the World database. The ONCs have a scale of 1:1,000,000, and they are the
largest scale, unclassified map series produced by the DMA that provides consistent,
continuous global coverage of essential base map features.

Some collateral sources have been used to enhance road and railroad connectivity through
selected urbanized areas. The DMA's Digital Aeronautical Flight Information File (DAFIF)
was the primary source for the aeronautical layer. The Defense Intelligence Agency Manual
(DIAM) 65-18 is the source for the Geopolitical codes and the ocean boundaries information
contained in the Political and Oceans layer. The product specifications for the ONCs and
JNCs have been used extensively in the design of the database.

The 1:1,000,000-scale ONCs were designed to meet the needs of the pilots and aircrews in
medium and low altitude en route navigation by visual and other techniques. The ONC
series was also designed to support military operational planning, intelligence briefings,
preparation of visual cockpit displays, and other DMA uses.

Operational Navigation Chart (ONC) Product Specification are designed and produced to
support medium altitude en route navigation by dead reckoning, visual pilotage, celestial,
radar, and other techniques. These charts are also widely used for mission
planning/analysis, intelligence briefings, and the preparation of visual cockpit navigational
display/navigational filmstrips. They provide a small-scale translation of the cultural and
terrain features for the pilots/navigators flying at medium (2,000 feet to 25,000 feet AGL) and
low altitudes (500 feet to 2,000 feet AGL).

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1.2.2 Political and Oceans Layer

1.2.2.1 DCW PONET (polygon)

Political/Oceans polygon type

POPYTYPE Code Definition

1 Land

1.2.3 Populated Place Layer

1.2.3.1 DCW PPPOLY (polygon)

Populated place polygon type. This coverage contains depictions of the urbanized areas
(built-up areas) of the world that can be represented as polygons at 1:1,000,000 scale. The
built-up areas represent the shape of an urbanized area as viewed by the air observer.
These outlines do not necessarily conform to political boundaries.

PPPYTYPE Code Definition

1 Urbanized area

1.2.3.2 DCW PPPOINT (point)

Populated place point type

PPPTTYPE Code Definition

1 Populated place (no subcategories*)
2 Populated place (associated with place names within urbanized
areas)

PPPTNAME Code Definition

“Place name” The item PPPTNAME contains a thirty-character field to carry
the specific name of the populated feature as it appears on the
ONC. Names are contained in this item.

1.2.4 Railroad Layer

1.2.4.1 DCW RRLINE (line)

Railroad line type

RRLNTYPE Code Definition

1 Single track railroad
8 Added railroad connector within urbanized area polygons

RRLNSTAT Code Definition (Railroad line status)

1 Functioning
2 Non-operating, abandoned, destroyed, or under construction
9 Functioning, within urbanized areas

1.2.5 Road Layer

1.2.5.1 DCW RDLINE (line)

Road line type

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RDLNTYPE Code Definition

2 Primary and secondary road

3 Track, trail, or footpath
8 Added road connector within urbanized area polygons

Road line status

RDLNSTAT Code Definition
1 Functioning
4 Compile road connector (used for arcs added from other source
materials in order to provide cartographically correct connectivity
within urbanized area polygons)
5 Compiled from adjacent, more recent sheet (used for arcs added for
edgematch or network connectivity in the ONC sheet overlap areas)
9 Schematic road (used for arcs added within the urbanized area
polygons for network connectivity only)

1.2.6 Utilities layer

1.2.6.1 DCW UTLINE (line)

Utility line type

UTLNTYPE Code Definition

1 Power transmission line

1.2.7 Drainage layer

1.2.7.1 DCW DNNET (polygon)

Drainage feature type
DNPYTYPE Code Definition
1 Perennial inland water. Includes perennial lakes and streams,
estuaries, lagoons, unsurveyed perennial streams, reservoirs, and
navigable canals
2 Nonperennial inland water. Includes nonperennial and seasonally
fluctuating lakes and streams, wadis, sabkhas, and abandoned
navigable canals

1.2.7.2 DCW DNNET (line)

Drainage line type

DNLNTYPE Code Definition

1 Stream, river, canalised river
2 Inland water body shoreline

Drainage line status

DLNSTAT Code Definition

1 Perennial (used for rivers and streams only

2 Nonperennial (used for rivers and streams only)

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3 Definite (used for inland shorelines only)

4 Indefinite (used for inland shorelines only)
8 Under construction

1.2.7.3 DCW DNPOINT (point)

Drainage point type
DNPTTYPE Code Definition
3 Falls
4 Rapids
6 Dam*

*Those dams shown on the ONCs with their true shape and extent are also present as line
data in the Cultural Landmark layer.

1.2.8 Supplemental Drainage Layer

1.2.8.1 DCW DSPOINT (point)

Supplemental drainage point type. This item contains those ONC drainage features that
could not be captured as polygons during the scanning process. Polygons less than
0.12 inches in circumference were automated as point features. The resulting point location
is located on the perimeter of the former polygon feature.

DSPTTYPE Code Definition

1 Small lake, inland water body (lakes, reservoirs, lagoons)
2 Small island within inland water areas

1.2.9 Hypsography Layer

1.2.9.1 DCW HYNET (polygon)

Hypsography polygon type. The hypsography polygons are coded to form elevation zones,
as indicated in the classification scheme below.

HYPYTYPE Code Definition

2 0 to 1,000 feet above mean sea level
3 1,000 to 3,000 feet
4 3,000 to 7,000 feet
5 7,000 to 11,000 feet

1.2.9.2 DCW HYNET (line)

Hypsography line

HYLNVAL
The item HYLNVAL contains the elevation value of the contour line expressed as feet above
mean sea level. When contour lines for different elevations become coincident, as in areas
of steep local relief, only a single carrying contour is shown and is coded for the value for the
highest elevation present. Valid contour line codes range from –1,000 feet to 29,000 feet
incrementing by 1,000 feet. Boundaries associated with no data areas are assigned a value
of 99999.

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Line Type
HYLNTYPE Code Definition

0 Country border
1 Closed contour
8 Connector (an arbitrary connector of the contour network, used to
define no data or irreconcilable source data areas. These connections
were made to establish elevation zones as polygons.)

1.2.9.3 DCW HYPOINT (point)

Hypsography point type

HYPTTYPE Code Definition

1 Spot elevation
2 Spot elevation, questionable or doubtful location

HYPTVAL
Point value. This item contains the elevation of the point, expressed in feet above the mean
sea level. The value "99999" is used for spot locations without an assigned elevation value.

1.2.10 Hypsography Supplemental layer

1.2.10.1 DCW HSLINE (line)

Supplemental hypsography line type. This item indicates the specific type of the
supplemental contour line. This coverage contains unclosed contours and/or contours at
intervals other than 1,000 feet.

HSLNTYPE Code Definition

1 Intermediate or auxiliary contour*

* An intermediate contour is one that is required between basic contours to portray form,
degree of slope, and elevation not shown by the basic contour interval. An auxiliary contour
is one that is used to portray configuration and relative relief significance of additional
landforms not adequately portrayed by basic and/or intermediate contours.

HSLNVAL
Supplemental hypsography line value. The item HSLNVAL contains the elevation value of
the contour line in feet above mean sea level (MSL). The code 99999 is used when an
elevation value is not applicable.

1.2.11 Land Cover Layer

1.2.11.1 DCW LCPOLY (polygon)

Land cover polygon type.
Agricultural/Extraction Features

LCPYTYPE Code Definition

1 Rice field
3 Cultivated area, garden
9 Unknown

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1.2.11.2 DCW LCPOINT (point)

Land cover point type

LCPTTYPE Code Definition

1 Mine
3 Miscellaneous land feature (e.g., mountain name, cave, sink hole,
basalt pinnacle)

1.2.12 Aeronautical Layer

1.2.12.1 DCW AEPOINT (point)

Aeronautical point type. Airport feature in Codes 1 through 4 were derived from the DMA
Digital Aeronautical Flight Information File (DAFIF). Where this file was incomplete, data
were added from the ONCs (primarily in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union).

AEPTTYPE Code Definition

1 Active civil
2 Active civil and military
3 Active military
4 Other

Also AEPTNAME (airportname)

1.2.13 Cultural Landmark Layer

1.2.13.1 DCW CLPOINT (point)

CLPTLABEL
Cultural landmark point label. Labels are entered for the symbols, if any, with labels. About
150 representative values are listed in the Digital Chart of the World Data Dictionary.
Examples are: ancient ruins, cemetery, gas well, mountain pass, military area, power plant,
racecourse.

1.2.14 Transportation Structure layer

1.2.14.1 DCW TSLINE (line)

Transportation structure line type.

TSLNTYPE Code Definition

1 Road structure
2 Railroad structure

Line status
TSLNSTAT Code Definition
2 Bridge

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1.3 Geology, Earthquake and Soils

1.3.1 Geology
Polygon coverage’s of the geology and hydrogeology of the country, and for the whole
region. Data compiled from “Southern Africa FRIEND Phase II”

These geological and hydrogeological coverages were created by digitising national maps
and integrating with some degree of standardisation to create a new regional
geology/hydrogeology coverage. Each coverage contains five attributes showing the
national lithology (as defined on national maps), a new regional lithological classification
which integrates the different national lithological schemes, aquifer type, aquifer productivity
and aquifer yield. Note that the coverage of Angola is incomplete, and the South African
coverage does not contain the same attributes as the other countries. By selecting ‘All
Southern Africa’ the user can obtain the same coverages across the whole SADC region,
except for South Africa. These data were obtained via the FRIEND project, and from DWAF
in South Africa, where the coverages originate from the WRC projects 517 and 483 (Vegter,
1995), which were contributions to the National Groundwater Map series. Further details of
the maps used can be found in UNESCO (1997).

The attributes of interest in the coverage, and options required to view them, are (in all maps
except for South Africa):
Attribute Explanation Classification
Option
NAT_LITH National geological classification for each country, Unique
adopted directly from the separate geological map Values
legends.
REG_LITH Unified geological classification for the whole region, Unique
developed by the British Geological Survey for the Values
whole of Southern Africa (see table “Description of the
REG_LITH attribute”, below).
AQU_TYPE Predominant aquifer type, based on the UNESCO Unique
hydrogeology legend: Values
I = Intergranular, F = Fissured, L = Local
AQU_PROD National aquifer productivity categorisation: Unique
H = High, M = Medium, L = Low Values
YIELD_LOW National aquifer yield categorisation (in units of litres Unique
YIELD_MID per second), with each polygon assigned values for Values
YIELD_HIGH lower, mid and upper yields

Description of the REG_LITH attribute:

Age Formation REG_LIT Lithology
H
value
Tertiary to Quaternary Alluvium 1 Sands, silts, clays including
lake beds
Tertiary to Quaternary Kalahari Sands 2 Sands
Late Jurassic – Late 3 Marine sandstones,
Cretaceous – Tertiary siltstones, shales
Upper Carboniferous to Karroo Basalts 4 Lavas and associated
Lower Jurassic igneous rocks
Upper Carboniferous to Karroo 5 Sandstones, mudstones,
Lower Jurassic Sediments siltstones
Upper Ordovician to Cape System 6 Marine sandstones, shales

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Lower Carboniferous
Late PreCambrian to Transvaal and 7 Dolomites, quartzites,
Lower Palaeozoic Waterberg shales, sandstones
groups
Middle to Late 8 Metasediments, igneous
PreCambrian complexes, volcanic
Old PreCambrian 9 Basement granites and
Archaean gneisses of shield areas

1.3.2 Gazetteer
Countryfile for Angola obtained from GeoNet Names Server at:

http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/index.html

1.3.3 Field Name and Descriptions

Field Name Field Description Field Type Maximum Field
Length

RC Region Code. A code that determines the character mapping used in the number 1 Digit
Full_Name field (refer to REGIONS.PDF for character mapping):
1 = Western Europe/Americas;
2 = Eastern Europe;
3 = Africa/Middle East;
4 = Central Asia;
5 = Asia/Pacific;
6 = Vietnam.

UFI Unique Feature Identifier. A number which uniquely identifies the feature. number ± 10 Digits

UNI Unique Name Identifier. A number which uniquely identifies a name. number ± 10 Digits

UGI Unique Geospatial Reference Coordinate (GRC) Identifier. A number number ± 10 Digits
which uniquely identifies a GRC. A GRC is a set of multiple coordinates
identifying a feature (in most cases the feature would be linear in nature).
This field is not normally selected by default.

LAT Latitude of the feature in ± decimal degree (WGS84): number ± 2.15 Digits
no sign (+) = North;
negative sign (-) = South.

LONG Longitude of the feature in ± decimal degree (WGS84): number ± 3.14 Digits
no sign (+) = East;
negative sign (-) = West.

DMS_LAT Latitude of the feature in ± degree, minuets, and seconds (WGS84): number ± 6 Digits
no sign (+) = North;
negative sign (-) = South.

DMS_LONG Longitude of the feature in ± degree, minuets, and seconds (WGS84): number ± 7 Digits
no sign (+) = East;
negative sign (-) = West.

UTM Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate grid reference. character 4 Characters

JOG Joint Operations Graphic reference. character 7 Characters

FC Feature Classification: character 1 Character

A = Administrative region;
P = Populated place;
V = Vegetation;

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L = Locality or area;
U = Undersea;
R = Streets, highways, roads, or railroad;
T = Hypsographic;
H = Hydrographic;
S = Spot feature.

DSG Feature Designation Code. A two to five-character code used to identify character 5 Characters
the type of feature a name is applied to.

PC Populated Place Classification. A graduated numerical scale denoting the number 1 Digit
relative importance of a populated place. The scale ranges from 1,
relatively high, to 5, relatively low. The scale could also include NULL (no
value) as a value for populated places with unknown or undetermined
classification.

CC1 Primary Country Code. A two alphabetic character code uniquely character 2 Characters
identifying a geopolitical entity (countries, dependencies, and areas of
special sovereignty).

ADM1 First-order administrative division. A two alphanumeric character code character 2 Characters
uniquely identifying a primary administrative division of a country, such as
a state in the United States.

ADM2 Second-order administrative division. The name of a subdivision of a first- variable 200 Characters
order administrative division, such as a county in the United States. character

POP Population Figures. number 10 Digits

ELEV Elevations (in meters, decimal values accepted). number ± 22 Digits -

floating
decimal point

CC2 Secondary Country Code. A two alphabetic character code uniquely character 2 Characters
identifying the country code of a particular name if different than that of the
feature.

GCC Geospatial Reference Coordinate (GRC) Country Code. A two alphabetic character 2 Characters
character code uniquely identifying the country code of a particular name
of a GRC. This field is not normally selected by default.

NT Name Type: character 1 Character

C = Conventional;
D = Not verified;
N = Native;
V = Variant or alternate.

LC Language Code. A two alphabetic character code uniquely identifying a character 2 Characters
language of a country if multiple official languages are used.

SHORT_FORM A specific part of the name that could substitute for the full name. variable 128 Characters
character

GENERIC The descriptive part of the full name (does not apply to populated place variable 128 Characters
names). character

SORT_NAME A form of the full name which allows for easy sorting of the name into variable 200 Characters
alpha-numeric sequence. It is comprised of the specific name, generic character
name, and any articles or prepositions. This field is all upper case with
spaces, diacritics, and hyphens removed and numbers are substituted
with lower case alphabetic characters.

FULL_NAME The full name is a complete name which identifies the named feature. It is variable 200 Characters
comprised of the specific name, generic name, and any articles or character
prepositions (refer to REGIONS.PDF for character mapping).

FULL_NAME_ND Same as the full name but the diacritics and special characters are variable 200 Characters
substituted with Roman characters (refer to REGIONS.PDF for character character
mapping). ND = No Diacritics / Stripped Diacritics.

MOD_DATE The date a new feature was added or any part of an existing feature was date-time 10 Characters
modified (YYYY-MM-DD). This field is not normally selected by default.

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1.4 Satellite Imagery

Landsat 7 scenes from year
2000 were collected and
visualized in the GIS system

Detail image from Landsat 7 scene

1.4.1 Orthorectified Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) Compressed Mosaics

Mosaic Specifications:

Spectral Bands:
Three Landsat ETM+ bands, each sharpened with the panchromatic band.
Band 7 (mid-infrared light) is displayed as red
Band 4 (near-infrared light) is displayed as green
Band 2 (visible green light) is displayed as blue

Coverage:
The GeoCover Landsat mosaics are delivered in a Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) /
World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84) projection. The mosaics extend north-south over 5
degrees of latitude, and span east-west for the full width of the UTM zone. For mosaics
below 60 degrees north latitude, the width of the mosaic is the standard UTM zone width of
6 degrees of longitude. For mosaics above 60 degrees of latitude, the UTM zone is widened
to 12 degrees, centred on the standard even-numbered UTM meridians. To insure overlap
between adjacent UTM zones, each mosaic extends for at least 50 kilometres to the east
and west, and 1 kilometre to the north and south.

Pixel size: 14.25 metres.

Contrast Enhancement:
In order to maximize the information of each mosaic, EarthSat has applied a company
proprietary contrast stretch known as LOCAL (Locally Optimized Continuously Adjusted
Look-up-tables) stretch. This stretch uses multiple, locally collected histograms, to create a
radiometrically seamless blend of contrast adjustment across areas of potentially extreme
contrast ranges. The suffix “__loc” is added to the mosaic name to signify the application of
the LOCAL stretch.

Absolute Positional Accuracy: ±75

File Naming Convention:

Within each UTM zone the “partitions” extend from the equator to the north and south (in the
northern and southern hemisphere respectively) in 5-degree increments. The naming
convention for the mosaics is comprised of three components, separated by hyphens; the
first element is the hemisphere (either N or S), the second is the UTM zone number (1-60),
the last element is the latitude of the southern edge of the mosaic in the northern hemisphere
and the northern edge of the mosaic in the southern hemisphere.

SWECO Grøner AS Page Appendix C-13

 RAPID WATER RESOURCES & WATER USE ASSESSMENT OF ANGOLA
Final Report

For example:

N-13-25_2000_loc: names a LOCAL stretched mosaic partition in the northern hemisphere,

in UTM zone 13, extending between 25 and 30 degrees north latitude.

S-21-10_2000_loc names a LOCAL stretched mosaic partition in the southern hemisphere,

in UTM zone 21, extending between 10 and 15 degrees south latitude.

GeoCover Mosaic Image Product Delivery Format:

The GeoCover Landsat image mosaics are being delivered to NASA both as uncompressed
colour imagery in GeoTIFF format and as compressed colour imagery in MrSIDTM file format.
The data are delivered in 24-bit colour.

More information on the MrSID compression format and viewing software can be found at
http://www.lizardtech.com

Source (Input) Data:

Imagery:

Spectral Bands: Landsat ETM+ bands 7, 4, and 2

Coverage: 5x6 degrees (south of 60 degrees North), and 5x12 degrees (north of 60 degrees
North),

Projection/Datum: UTM / WGS84

Pixel Size: Mixture of 14.25

Interpolation Method: Cubic Convolution

Orientation: North Up

Coverage Date: Scene dependent (nominally 2000 +/- 3 years)

Control:

Horizontal:
Image matching to 1990 GeoCover scenes where available, otherwise Landsat-7 ephemeris
was used.

Vertical:
DTM with 3-arc second postings, where available. Where 3-arc second data not available,
GTOPO30 (30-arc second) digital elevation models are used.

Mosaicing:
Radiometrically balanced across automatically collected seam lines.

Image Enhancements:
The data are spatially and spectrally unenhanced.

SWECO Grøner AS Page Appendix C-14

 APPENDIX D

TERMS OF REFERENCE

Consultancy services for a rapid water resources and water use

assessment of Angola

1 Background

-Historical background
The present project, A rapid water resources and water use assessment of Angola, is Activity C
of the larger “National Water Sector Management” (NAWASMA) project, carried out since 2000
as institutional co-operation between the Angolan National Directorate of Water, DNA (Direcção
Nacional de Águas) and the Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate, NVE. The
project covers the whole of Angola.

-Tasks and problems

The potential of renewable water resources of Angola is not known with sufficient accuracy,
mostly due to lack of data. The same is the case for data on total water use, water consumption,
and future water demand. Almost all of the 200 hydrometric stations in operation at independence
in 1975 have been abandoned during the years of civil war. This situation makes proper water
development planning practically impossible. In addition to providing up-dated estimates of
resources and use, the future capacity for managing and planning water resources should be
improved through the project by organising it in a way which transfers knowledge and capability
to DNA.

-Co-ordination with other activities

The South Africa Development Community, SADC, where Angola is a member state, has
developed a programme framework for the water sector. SADC has moreover developed a
Protocol on Shared Water Courses. Angola is a party to this protocol. Angola shares important
river basins with other countries, cf.3.1.
 2

2 Objectives

2.1 Development goals

The development objective of the NAWASMA project is improved water sector management in
Angola through a strengthened institutional capacity of DNA.

Proper water management requires solid knowledge. The specific objective of Activity C is
therefore to assess rapidly the water resources, water use, and future water demand of Angola.

2.2 Immediate objectives

Activity C, the rapid water resources and water use assessment, has seven indicators of outputs:

1. Establishment of clear assumptions and methodologies to be applied in assessment

estimates;
2. Estimation of Angola’s renewable water resources (surface and groundwater) by river
basins and aquifers;
3. Preliminary estimation of sediment transport in the different river basins, and the
identification of river basins where soil erosion problems are most severe;
4. Development of scenarios for urban, peri-urban, and rural population growth in
Angola up to the year 2025;
5. Development of scenarios for growth of water intensive industrial and mining
activities;
6. Estimation of Angola’s water demand for the different sub-sectors, with special
emphasis on consumptive water use, and particularly the demand for full or
supplementary irrigation;
7. Establishment of criteria and recommendations for future water resources and water
use and demand assessment activities.

3 Scope of work

3.1 General

The project should identify sources of relevant hydrological and meteorological data, and make
available qualified estimates of the main water balance elements.

The areal resolution of surface water assessment should be based on the major river drainage
basins draining to the international rivers Congo, Zambezi, Okavango, and Cunene, and the
coastal rivers draining to the Atlantic. A major catchment in this Atlantic region is the Luando-
Kwanza (Cuanza) system, having a large hydropower potential. Where possible, the resolution
should preferably be more detailed, and reported on the basis of catchments. The assessments
 3

should as a minimum quantify long-term (standard normal period) averages, and wherever
possible, also indicators of variability.

Groundwater resources have been developed particularly in the dry coastal provinces in the
southwest. Sustainable groundwater yields should be estimated. It is expected that groundwater
observations may be scarce indeed, but geological information should be utilised as much as
possible. The same applies to assessments of sediment transport (see 2.2, output indicator 3)

Scenarios of the growth of population and industrial/mining industries should be based on

existing statistics and governmental policies. Water use in Angola is probably well below the
average potential use, both within agriculture and public water supply, partly because of lack of
infrastructure. Particular problems were caused during the civil war by migration from rural to
urban and peri-urban areas, mostly unplanned and informal townships around urban centres.

It is not foreseen that the project should scrutinise raw data. However, assessments of data quality
and judgment of the reliability of quantitative estimates and scenarios are important aspects,
which should guide the reporting.

3.2 Preparatory work

The lack of relevant data is a major problem (cf. 1 above). Recently, 5 hydrometric stations have
been rehabilitated. Hydrological data from the 1950-1975 period and sporadic data since 1975 are
stored in a HYDATA database at DNA. The quality of the digitisation of data is uncertain, and a
quality check of the rating curves has not been done, but is expected to take place soon.

In addition to data and other background material which will be provided by the client (see 4.1),
the following material may be of probable importance for the study. However, the list is in no
way exhaustive:

• Africonsult (1998): Republic of Angola. Management and development of the water

resources. Report of country situation. Round Table June 1998
• NVE-SEEA (1994): National Meeting on Water Sector Management, NAWASMA-seminar,
Luanda October 1994
• Robinson, P. (2003): Angola Water Policy Review. SADC Water Sector
• World Bank (2002): Africa’s International Rivers. An Economic Perspective. By C.W.Scott,
D.Whittington and D.Grey.

3.3 Specific tasks

• Desk study of existing reports

• Define the data sets needed.
• Decide on geographical (or other) basis for reporting.
• Decide on methodology for analysis.
• Collect and analyse information.
 4

• Reporting, including ideas for maintaining and developing water resources and water use
assessments in the future.

4 Mode of work

The project shall be carried out in close co-operation with personnel who are working on the
NAWASMA project in Angola. The client, DNA, shall provide access to necessary maps,
hydrological and statistical data for Angola, and other official material of relevance for the study.
The Central Bureau of Statistics of Angola will be an important central data source for water
demand assessments and development of scenarios i.e. outputs 4 and 5.

NVE will act as DNA’s adviser during the study period, according to the contract between the
two institutions.

5 Time schedule

The time for the study is estimated at 8 months. Milestones should be clearly defined, adapted to
major work modules.

6 Reporting

A brief inception report is required 6 weeks after project start in order to allow possible minor
adjustments, but still within the framework of the ToR. Brief monthly progress reports should be
submitted thereafter to the client.

The final report should enable DNA and other Angolan authorities to move on in their work with
national master plans for the water sector. It should also identify bottlenecks for further planning
and management, in terms of data quality and availability. The final report shall present the
methodology applied, and the results of the study for each of the seven components, cf. 2.2. The
reliability of quantitative assessments is an important aspect, which should guide the reporting.

The final report should be submitted in 20 copies as well as in electronic form.

A copy of all reports shall be submitted directly to NVE, International Section.

Luanda, ……………………2003

_______________________________
National Director of Water, DNA