(3.
1) Hot-Wire Anemometers
• The sensor shown in Fig. 11.6b is a quartz cone with a platinum
film on the surface.
• Gold plating on the sides of the cone provides electrical
connection.
Fig. 11.6 Hot-wire probe (a) and a conical hot-film probe (b)
KII4005 – Sensors in Healthcare 19
(3.2) Three-Part Thermoanemometer
• The thermal anemometer shown in Fig. 11.7 is used primarily for
liquids but also may be useful for gases.
• It is a very rugged and contamination-resistant device.
• This sensor is comprised of three small tubes immersed into a
moving medium.
• Two tubes contain temperature detectors Ro and Rs.
Fig. 11.7 Three-part
thermoanemometer.
Basic two-sensor
design (a); cross-
sectional view of a
temperature sensor
(b)
KII4005 – Sensors in Healthcare 20
(3.3) Two-Part Thermoanemometer
• Both temperature sensors are the thick-film NTC thermistors
printed on the ceramic substrates.
• These substrates form two sensing “fingers” that are visible in Fig.
11.9a.
Fig. 11.9 Two-part thermoanemometer probe (a) and transfer function (b)
KII4005 – Sensors in Healthcare 24
(3.3) Two-Part Thermoanemometer
• The convective cooling is compensated by electric power provided
to the heater H from a feedback circuit.
• The heating voltage VH is a pulse-width-modulated (PWM)
feedback to the heater whose r.m.s. value provides a Joule heat.
Fig. 11.10 Control circuit of a thermoanemometer with PWM modulator (a);
transfer function for the r.m.s. of PWM signal (b)
KII4005 – Sensors in Healthcare 26
(7) Dust and Smoke Detectors
• Table 11.1 exemplifies some contaminants that either may present
health hazard or are manifestations of troubling events (e.g., a
fire).
• To detect presence of small particles suspended in air, nowadays
two types of sensors are widely employed: ionization and optical
detectors.
Fig. 11.22 Smoke detector (a) and a concept of the ionization smoke sensor (b)
KII4005 – Sensors in Healthcare 44
(8) Dust and Smoke Detectors
KII4005 – Sensors in Healthcare 45
(7.2) Optical Detector
• Based on measuring scattering of light, an optical detector
includes a light emitter (incandescent bulb, infrared LED or a laser
diode) and a photosensor, usually a photodiode or phototransistor
(Fig. 11.23).
Fig. 11.23 Optical smoke
detector
KII4005 – Sensors in Healthcare 49
(7.2) Optical Detector
• Many practical optical smoke detectors use smaller angles on the
expense of a larger size and mechanical complexity: to trap the
unwanted light before it reaches a photo sensor.
• The interior walls of the channels have low light reflectivity
surfaces.
• In addition, the emitting channel has the far end that is conically
shaped to prevent a spurious light reflection toward the photo
sensor.
Fig. 11.24 Scattering
directional diagram
KII4005 – Sensors in Healthcare 51
