Complex Variables
with Applications
Third Edition
A. David Wunsch
University of Massachusetts Lowell
PEARSON
Addison
Wesley
Boston San Francisco New York
London Toronto Sydney Tokyo Singapore Madrid
Mexico City Munich Paris Cape Town Hong Kong Montreal
Contents
Introduction xi
Complex Numbers
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 More Properties of Complex Numbers 9
1.3 Complex Numbers and the Argand Plane 14
1.4 Integer and Fractional Powers of Complex Numbers 28
1.5 Points, Sets, Loci, and Regions in the Complex Plane 39
The Complex Function and Its Derivative 49
2.1 Introduction 49
2.2 Limits and Continuity 55
2.3 The Complex Derivative 63
2.4 The Derivative and Analyticity 70
2.5 Harmonic Functions 80
2.6 Some Physical Applications of Harmonic Functions 87
Vll
viii Contents
The Basic Transcendental Functions 99
3.1 The Exponential Function 99
3.2 Trigonometric Functions 107
3.3 Hyperbolic Functions 113
3.4 The Logarithmic Function 115
3.5 Analytifity of the Logarithmic Function 120
3.6 Complex Exponentials 128
3.7 Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions 133
3.8 More on Branch Cuts and Branch Points 138
Appendix: Phasors
Integration in the Complex Plane 153
4.1 Introduction to Line Integration 153
4.2 Complex Line Integration 160
4.3 Contour Integration and Green's Theorem 172
4.4 Path Independence, Indefinite Integrals, Fundamental Theorem
of Calculus in the Complex Plane 182
4.5 The Cauchy Integral Formula and Its Extension 192
4.6 Some Applications of the Cauchy Integral Formula 203
4.7 Introduction to Dirichlet Problems—The Poisson Integral Formula
for the Circle and Half Plane 214
Appendix: Green's Theorem in the Plane
Infinite Series Involving a Complex Variable 229
5.1 Introduction and Review of Real Series 229
5.2 Complex Sequences and Convergence of Complex Series 232
5.3 Uniform Convergence of Series 242
5.4 Power Series and Taylor Series 249
5.5 Techniques for Obtaining Taylor Series Expansions 264
5.6 Laurent Series 279
Contents ix
5.7 Properties of Analytic Functions Related to Taylor Series: Isolation
of Zeros, Analytic Continuation, Zeta Function, Reflection 296
5.8 The z Transformation 307
Appendix: Fractals and the Mandelbrot Set
Residues and Their Use in Integration 335
6.1 Introduction and Definition of the Residue 335
6.2 Isolated Singularities 342
6.3 Finding the Residue 352
6.4 Evaluation of Real Integrals with Residue Calculus, I 361
6.5 Evaluation of Integrals, II 365
6.6 Evaluation of Integrals, III 374
6.7 Integrals Involving Indented Contours 388
6.8 Contour Integrations Involving Branch Points and Branch Cuts 395
6.9 Residue Calculus Applied to Fourier Transforms 404
6.10 The Hilbert Transform 416
6.11 Uniform Convergence of Integrals and the Gamma Function 431
6.12 Principle of the Argument 442
Laplace Transforms and Stability of Systems 453
7.1 Laplace Transforms and Their Inversion 453
7.2 Stability—An Introduction 480
7.3 The Nyquist Stability Criterion 490
7.4 Generalized Functions, Laplace Transforms, and Stability 498
8
Conformal Mapping and Some of Its Applications 517
8.1 Introduction 517
8.2 The Conformal Property 519
8.3 One-to-One Mappings and Mappings of Regions 528
8.4 The Bilinear Transformation 537
8.5 Conformal Mapping and Boundary Value Problems 555
8.6 More on Boundary Value Problems—Streamlines as Boundaries 576
Contents
8.7 Boundary Value Problems with Sources 586
8.8 The Schwarz-Christoffel Transformation 605
Appendix: The Stream Function and Capacitance
Advanced Topics in Infinite Series and Products 625
9.1 The Us6 of Residues to Sum Certain Numerical Series 626
9.2 Partial Fraction Expansions of Functions with an Infinite
Number of Poles 633
9.3 Introduction to Infinite Products 641
9.4 Expanding Functions in Infinite Products 650
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises 659
Index 669
