mao eci th TU, PU, PoU, KU Insights on COMPUTER GRAPHICSInsights on COMPUTER GRAPHICS cr la Published by writen by Edited by Copyright ©: First edition SYSTEM INCEPTION Er. Shree Krishna Sulu Er Swian Shrestha Publisher All rights reserved. This book, is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the authors prior written consent in any form of binding or cover other than that in which i is published ‘nd without a similar condition including this condition ‘being imposed on the subsequent purchaser and without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no ‘part ofthis publication may be reproduced, stored in or fntroduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by aay means (electronic, “mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior ‘written permission ofthe copyright ovmer ofthe book: £2019. AD ‘Second edition : 2020 AD Computer ae Creation Graphies * Baghazar, Kathmandu PREFACE TO THE SEC N “Insights on Computer Graphics" is 2 textbook of computer graphics for the students of Bachelor level in Electronics and Communication, and Computer| Engineering. Computer graphics is widely used in almost all aspects of the life; entertainment to medical treatment, ar and commerce to office automation, business visualization to scientific research, computer aided design to virtual reality. And, the daily use of smart mobile, ta, laptop, digital display, smart TV, ete. is tremendously increasing. So, the study and field of computer graphics is widening day by day. The concept and principle of computer graphics systems have been explained step by step in this book in ‘order to make easier to understand. ‘A large number of numerical of previous IOE exam ‘questions have been solved to develop an efficient ‘understanding ofthe related topics. The Code in C of some ‘algorithms is also depicted to make clear about the programming in Computer Graphics. | would like to thank those teachers and students (especially Shyam Dabal and Shiva Ram Sulu) whose inspiration assisted mein bringing this book. With the hope, students and concemed person will be benefited, I pray for @ prosperous and peaceful Nepal Er. Shree Krishna Sulu Feb, 2020TT a ™ CONTENTS 46 Two-Dimensional Viewing. a 3.7 Coordinate Representation, 94 om 3.8 The Viewing Pipeline. ss se GaeINTRODUCTION AND APPLICATION —___ SE ee eee ec eee ransformation 8 4 rose | 3.10 Clipping Operations os 13 Vestor Graphics E 14 Computer Graphics and Image Processing. ; "THREE-DIMENSIONAL TRANSFORMATIONS 15 History of Computer Graphics 5 “i Three-Dimensional Transformations as 1.6 Uses of Computer Graphics. rs : 1.7. Genera Tem and Terminologies A a PaRu SEIT 1.8 Hardware Concepts G niga Feap a Cokes may Teen “ Sa Spline Representations. 161 1.10. Raster and Random (Vector) Sean Display = oo Secon nd Fils cits cerhisiens, 2 53. Besier Cures : m 54 Bespline Curve Le 1.12 Raster Sean Display System/ Architecture! Technology 29 1.13 Random Sean Syteny/Architecture/Technology. 2 om 1.14 Flat Panel Displays. 3 ‘SURFACE MODELING ‘1 Three Dimensional Object Representations. 186 ome 62 Polygon Suress . 1 SCANCONVERSION, 63 Polygon Table sl 21 Outpt Prive nn 38 64 Plane Equations 189 22 Line-Dawing Algorithm... 38 23 Cite on . s4 oma cae eo ‘VISIBLE SURFACE DETERMINATION 23 Filled Are Primitive. . 6s 7A Yi Sure Dcminton en Sree = 72 Back-Face Detection 194 ‘TWO-DIMENSIONAL TRANSFORMATIONS 73, Depth-Buffer Method (Z-Buffer). 196 UGE MES ce 14 Autor Method 199 32 9 15. Scan-Line Meth. 200 a3 8 a4 7 33 88 i aSRE ion AND SURFACE RENDERING METHOD om 4:1 lamination Models and Surface Rendering Teshnigoe.....209 82 Light Source 205 43. Bas mination Modes... 207 84 Surfs Rendering Mths. z 215 INTRODUCTION TO OPENGL 91 Tarodction. ma 92. OpenGL Libraries. ns 93° OpenGL Progam Stcture 6 94 OpenGL Geometc Primitives 26 95 Color Command 40 96 OpexGL Viewing... 2a 97 Lighting in Open. 207 Introduction and Application Introduction Graphics is an image or a visual representation of an object and the visual representation or image displayed on a computer sereen is known as computer graphics. More precisely, computer _gaphics isthe field or branch of science and technology related to {generation (creation), storage and manipulation of graphics (images or pictures) of objects using computer ie. using hardware and software. Objects may be the concrete real world objects or the abstract and synthetic objects such as mathematical surface, engineering structure, architectural design, survey results, etc. In cotter word, graphics means to plot some points on graph to make an image. Computer graphics means to plot some pixels (points) on ‘computer screen to make an image. Pixel or picture element is the elementary part of the computer screen. We see every day the ‘mages created by using computer in books, magazines, movies, TV.et. Computer graphics is the rendering (servicing or making) tools for the generation and manipulation of images. These tools ‘include both hardware and software Hardware comprises monitor, printer, plotter (that display eraphics) and input devices includes mouse, light pen, keyboard, scanner, ete. Software tools refer to the collection of graphics routine Compuier graphics Data structure + Graphics algorithm + Language Data stracture means those data structure tht are suitable for computer graphics. Graphics algorithm refers to algorithm for picture geeraton and transformation. Language means high level language for generation of grapies or pctres of objects Computer sraphics canbe either two-dimensional o three- dimensional. Digital graphic files are divided into two categories: Introduction and Application |i. Raster graphics fi, Veetr graphics 1.2 Raster Graphics ‘Araster graphic or image is made up of pixels (screen point), Raster graphics are composed of a simple grid of pixel ‘The pixel can be of different color. Raster graphics are rendered mages on a pixel-by-pixel basis and they are well fit when bundling shading and gradients. A raster graphic, such as a pif or jpeg isan array of pixels of various colors, which together form an image. Raster graphics are the most common and are used for digital photos, web graphics, icons, and other types of images. ‘When a raster image is scaled up, it usually loses quality. A raster image can be enlarged by cither adding more pixels or enlarging the size ofthe pixel. In either way original data is spread ‘vera larger area atthe risk to losing elarty Raster graphics based file format: 4ipg Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) ‘pag Portable Network Graphies (PNG) if Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) {iff Tagged Image File Format (TIFF) psd Adobe Photoshop File pat Corel Paint File pdf Portable Document Format (PDF) e raster vector b mmmene “Raster Vector @ o Figure L.1: Raster and vector graphics 7 nsihts on Computer Graphics Advantages of raster graphics Every pixel in a raster image can be of different color therefore we can create a complex image with any kind of color changes and variations. Rasergraphies are useful for crating rich and detailed images. ‘Almost any program can work with a simple raster fil. The ost recognized application that handles raster graphics is Adobe Photoshop however there are also several other image editing software options out thereto choose from. Disadvantages of raster graphics Tt looks grainy, distorted, and blurted when raster images are scaled up. This is because raster images are created with a finite ‘numberof pixels. When we increase the size ofa raster image, the {mage will increase in size. However, because there are no longer ‘enough pixels to fill n this larger space, gaps are created between the pixels in the image Raster images hold more data and may be slower fo edit Raster files are often quite large. Raster files contain all the information for every single pixel of the image. Each of these pixels has an X and Y coordinates as well as color information ssociated with it Therefore, raster graphics files tend to be very large. Raster graphics are not great for embroidery. Because raster images are based on square pixels, the embroidery may ook lke it has jagged edges. If we want to embroider an image with smoother cidges, it is best to use vector graphics instead of raster graphics. 3 Vector Graphics ‘Vector graphics (also ealled geometric modeling or object oriented graphics) is made up of geometrical primitives such as points, lines, curves, and polygons which are all based upon Thathematical equations to represent images in computer graphics ‘A vector graphie can be sealed to any size without losing quality ‘Vector graphics are composed of paths which may be lines, shapes, levers, or other sealable objects. vector graphic, such as Introduction and Application 13 ee— an eps le or Adobe stator il, is composed of paths or tne, anh either straight or curved. The datafile fora vector image sprains the points where the pats start and end, how much the paths curve, and the colors that either border of fill the paths. Vector graphics are not made of pixels, the images can be scaled to tbe very large without losing quality. They are often used for creating logos, signs, and other types of drawings. Unlike raster ‘graphics, vector graphics can be scaled to a larger size without josing quality. Raster image's dimensions are measured in pixels (pixel per inch-ppi). Vector graphics ae resolution independent. ‘The most recognized applications which handle vector based ‘graphics are Adobe illustrator, Macro media freehand and Corel ‘draw, Vector graphics are generally used for line art, illustrations, and embroidery. |All modem current computer video displays translate vector representation of an image to a raster format. The raster image, containing a value for every pixel on the screen, is stored in memory. Probably the most common example of vector-based files that we use daily without even realizing is font files. ‘Vector graphics based file format: eps Encapsulated PostScript File (EPS) ‘svg_ Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) ai Adobe Illustrator File cede Corel Draw File ipdf Portable Document Format (PDF) ‘Advantages of vector graphics: ‘Vector files are small because they contain a fot less data than raster files. Vector graphics are more flexible than raster graphics because they can be easily scaled up and down without ‘any loss to the quality ofthe image. Vector graphics have smoother lines in comparison to raster graphics. Disadvantages of vector graphics: If there are small errors or faults in a vector graphic, these will be seen when the vector image is enlarged significantly. ‘Vector graphics can’t display the abundant color depth of a raster graphic. 14 Computer Graphics and Image Processing. ‘The difference between computer graphics and image essing can be studied with the help of following table. ‘Computer graphics Image processing Hit is the field related to the. It applies technique to ‘generation of pictures using) modify or interpret existing ‘computers. pictures. Ia. It synthesizes pictures from|2. It analyzes picture to derive} mathematical or geometrical] description in mathematical models. or geometrical forms. (5, It includes the creation|3. It is the part of compute, storage, and manipulation off graphics that handles image| images of objects ‘manipulation of interpretation [g, Eg, drawing apicture [4 Eg, making blurred image visible Pictures | Computer Graphics | Mathematical Drawing | * ‘or Geometrical a Image Processing, | Movs ‘igure 1.2: Computer graphies and image processing 15. History of Computer Graphics 7a 1950s outputs. were via teletype, line printer and ‘Cathode Ray Tube (CRT). Using dark and light character, pictures were reproduced © An 1950, Been Laposky created the first graphic images on ‘oscilloscope generated by an electronic (analog) machine. ‘The image was produced by manipulating cleetronics beams In 1951, UNIVACA, the first general purpose commercial computer, cride hardcopy devices, and line printer were ‘invented. MIT-whirlwind computer, the first to display real time video and capable of displaying real time text and lraphic ona large oscilloscope sereen was developed. “FT nsights on Computer Graphics Tntroduction and Application |Sauc optics wes ng. Cups a ers ad ere BAPDCS, Bi te ee ot nt cob Of chine. middle 1950s SAGE (Semi-Automatic Ground tees rion was Svcd. es comand wd cool CRT Gal costes on which operator identifies target, with light pen (hand —held Tang ds tat sees ih nied by bjs on screen) <0, Wil Fetes ined he comps gps describe new design methods. +96, Soe Ruel made ses wa, fe vidGomputr = +I, Dogs Eng dvlped fiat mouse an {Set mde sch pd nteeive CG Spc a Sucoggohecoomuncaton stem, ere fepap enh conti tse ving, eel dig ln pon inenton + te decom he dogging, rbter antag and ‘wansforming algorithms, He introduced data structures for ‘toring. He is considered data founded of computer graphics. + A186 on eed econ nae! oF eloped lite drawing algorithm. cial CRT, the direct view ‘mouse, a simple computer ‘graphics affordable, eloped area subdivision pioneering effons that showed the utility of graphical interaction in the interactive design cycles common in engineering ‘A numberof commercial producs using these systems were appeared. But hardware was expensive © In the early 1970, Output stat using raster displays, ‘raphics capability was stil arly chunky 1n 1972, Nolan kay Bushnell Pong made video arcade game. In 1973, John whitiney Jr. and Gary Demos made “Westworld, rst film with computer graphics ‘© In 1974, Edwin catmT developed texture mapping and 2- buffer hidden surface algorithm. James Blim developed curved surfaces, refinement of texture mapping. ‘181971, Rendering model Gouraud shading was developed. * In 1974 — 77, Phong shading (rendering model) was developed. ‘+ _In 1977, Steve Wozmak made Apple I, color graphics personal computer ‘+ In the 19805, outputs were builtin raster graphic, bitmap image and pixel, personal computers cost. decrease drastically, rack ball and mouse became the standard erative devices. . 1980s, Anists and graphic designers prefered to use Macintosh and PCs. ‘+ Inlate 1980's, Artists and graphic designers prefered to use Macintosh and PC. + 11982, Ray tracing (Ilumination based rendering method) was developed. In 1982, Steven Lisbergsr made “Tron ist Disney movie which made extensive use of 3-D computer ‘graphics. John Walkner and Dan Drake developed Auto cAD * In 1983, Jaron Lanier made ‘Data Glove", a virtual reality film features a glove installed with switches and sensors of ‘detection hand motion ane EE Se Introduction and Application |7«In 1984, Wave from tech developed Polhemus, graphics software 4+ In 1987, IBM introduced VGA( Video Graphics Array) ‘sIn 1989, Video Electonics Standard Association (VESA) fommed SVGA (Super VGA) ‘+ In 1990%, since the introduction of VGA and SVGA personal computer could easily display photo realistic images and movies 3D image rendering were become the sain advances and it stimulated cinematic graphics aplication. ‘+ In 19905, since the intoduetion of VGA and SVGA, personal computer could casily display photo realistic images and movies. 3D image rendering were become the main advances and it stimulated cinematic graphics applications. * An 1950, Render man system that provides fast accumulate and high quality digital computer effects was developed ‘* In 1992, Silicon graphic developed open GL specification. In 1993, Mossi first graphic web browser and Jurassic par, a sucessful CG fiction film was made Jn 1995, "Toy story, first full length computer generated {feature film was made ist 3D. Computer vided design and drafting ‘Scientific and business visualization Entertainment . Art and commerce Civil Engineering applications 10. Medical applications .Imtemet User Interfaces 4, s. 6. Simulation and virtual reality 1 8 9. ‘The interface between the human and the computer has been radically changed by the use of computer graphics. Most applications have a Graphical User Interface (GUI) for user friendly and interactive operation, Today's software has user interfaces that rely on the desktop window systems to ‘manage multiple simultaneous activities and on point and click facilities to select items menu, icon, and objects on the Plotting or visualization of measurement data Graphics is extensively used in plotting 2D and 3D graphs Such as the histograms, bar and pie charts, the task ‘scheduling charts of mathematical, physical, and economic functions. These plotting or visualization of measurement data are useful to analyze meaningfully and concisely the ‘end and pattern of complex data Office automation and electronic publishing Nowadays, the necessary document that contains text, tables, Bsraphs, drawings, pictures can be easily printed or saved az lectronic (softcopy) document. ‘The office automation and lectronic publishing became possible by the development of ‘computer graphics, systems (including building architectural systems, mechani