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Network Intrusion Detection Techniques using Machine Learning

Technical Report · January 2021

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 Network Intrusion Detection Techniques using Machine Learning
Abdul Aziz Computer Networks and Security ,FAST NU Karachi , Sindh Pakistan azizmugheri@hotmail.com
Murtaza Ahmed Siddiqi Computer Science Department , IBA University Sukkur , Sindh Pakistan murtaza.siddiqi@iba-suk.edu.pk

ABSTRACT
With the rapid development and an increasingly vital role of technology in the interconnected world, security is among the most significant concerns. Among
numerous solutions, Intrusion detection systems (IDS) is considered one of the optimum system for detecting different kind of attacks. In this paper, we have
tried to present a comprehensive study on Network Intrusion detection system (NIDS) techniques using Machine Learning (ML). Based on our study of recent
research we have highlighted the latest techniques of NIDS using ML techniques and approaches, the common attacks that they can detect, and their issues. The
purpose of this study is to share the collected information in a way that is more comprehensive and can provide an overview of the current standing of ML-
based NIDS.

1. INTRODUCTION
At present, the use of digital technologies in every area specifically in business is rapidly growing. Alongside the positive impact and growth of the internet for
global communication, one cannot ignore its dark side. With the progression of the interconnected device, attacks are also increased; networks are always at
risk by the threat actors. Maintaining security is among the most essential aspects of any organization. The three paramount pillars of network security [1] are
shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Basic pillars of Network Security

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Although it is difficult to estimate the exact financial loss caused by cyber-attacks, an average estimation can be seen in Figure 2 [2]. An example of such an
attack was the DYN cyber-attack in 2016; DYN was a Distributed Denial of Services (DDOS) based attack. The attack targeted the systems operated by Domain
Name System (DNS) providers and the VPN Filters. As a result, malware successfully infected around 500,000 routers and Storage Area Network (SAN)
devices worldwide [1].

Figure 2: Organizational financial loss due to Cyber-attacks

The orthodox approach for securing a computer network is to define policies, design security mechanisms (i.e. Firewall, Virtual Private Network, authentication
and authorization mechanism etc.). However, such approaches have been around for a period of time and the attackers have found numerous ways to bypass
such approaches. Due to the mentioned reason, a need for improved security and monitoring mechanism was required for which the IDS is considered as one
of the most effective and widely used approach in today’s world of network security. The IDS can be broadly classified into two types, Network-based Intrusion
Detection System (NIDS) and Host-based Intrusion Detection Systems (HIDS).

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 Type Advantage Disadvantage
NIDS  NIDS generally exists at a point in the network where it can  IT can affect network bandwidth; also, it cannot be able to detect
monitor both incoming and outgoing traffic. events occurring at different places at the same time.
 It is the environment independent and does not affect host  Adversaries may incapacitate the software running of IDS making it
performance unreliable.
 It cannot analyze the encrypted channel traffic and have limited
visibility on host machine
HIDS  It is a locally host based.  Each host on a network needs to have it installed and this can degrade
 Inside visibility of host in case of attacks either it’s successful the performance of the system as these resource intensive
or not. Such systems can analyze the encrypted
communications
Table 1: Different between NIDS and HIDS [3]

The mentioned IDS types in table 1 have two basic methods of intrusion detection, Signature-based and Anomaly-based detection [4]. In signature-based
detection, all incoming packets are forwarded to a database containing the signatures of known malicious patterns also known as indicator of compromises.
While in anomaly-based detection, network traffic is first analyzed to establish a model of normal behaviors of the network. This model includes information
such as bandwidth utilization, protocols, the port used, IP addresses, etc. Then network traffic is compared with the established model to detect any deviation
or anomaly. As the attacks grow more sophisticated and difficult to detect, most of the vendors and security experts are seeing ML-based IDS as a solution to
current security requirements. ML-based IDS are traditionally trained by the use of predefined datasets from the emulated or simulated environment set-up [5].
The Learning methods of ML-based IDS can be differentiated as shown in Table 2.

Learning Description Algorithms

Type

Supervised  The desired result in supervised learning is already known. The labeled dataset is provided to the  Decision Trees,
algorithm to learn and construct a model based on the provided dataset.  K-Nearest Neighbor
 Supervised algorithms can be categorized into classification and regression-based algorithms.  Linear Regression
 Support Vector Machine
 Neural Networks
Unsupervised  The dataset provided in unsupervised learning does not contain any label. The algorithm learns itself  Apriori
and discovers the hidden patterns to identify each data type. An unsupervised algorithm can further  K-means clustering and
be classified into the clustering algorithm, outlier detection, Association Rule Mining, and Auto other association rule
encoders. mining algorithms.
Reinforced  Reinforced algorithms learn by the feedback methods and experiences. One can say that it is a trial  Q-Learning
and error-based learning.  Deep Adversarial Networks
 Temporal Difference

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 Semi-  Semi-Supervised learning algorithms learn using both labeled and non-labeled data. Such approach  Generative models
Supervised is used when extracting useful features or when the labeling data is difficult (i.e. CT scan, MRIs  Low-density separation
where experts can identify some points to identify a medical condition but may not be able to identify  Graph-based methods
every indicator).  Heuristic approaches
Table 2: Summary of ML algorithm types [6] [7]

Highlighted ML algorithms and approaches in Table 2 can further be divided into two categories; Classical Learning and Deep Learning. The recent increase
of ML-based solutions gave a way to Neural Network (NN) based approaches. Generally, DNN based approaches come with a cost of heavy computations,
however with the recent advancements in technology computational requirements are not a major concerns [8]. The rest of the paper is itemization into the
following sections. Section II covers a basic introduction to the ML framework for IDS, providing readers with an overview of how ML-based IDS and
specifically NIDS work. Section III covers related work, providing the insight of recent work done in ML-based NIDS. Section IV covers an in-depth analysis
of recent techniques for IDS. In Section V, a recommendation for an improved NIDS is suggested based on the studied material. Section VI will conclude the
paper.

2. MACHINE LEARNING FRAMEWORK FOR IDS AND NIDS

As the use of IT increases, intruders are launching sophisticated attacks on the networks and systems to gain unauthorized access. So to detect such malicious
attacks, IDS are used. IDS are placed in the network according to the planning and topology for effective detection of attacks, it requires the proper assessment
of physical and logical IDS that can detect an intrusion based on the attack signature or by analyzing the behavior of network traffic [9]. The basic functions of
the IDS can be seen in Figure 3.

1. Alarm

Detecting Malicious
2. Log event
attack/activity

3. Reaction

Figure 3: Basic IDS functions

However, the NIDS is a type of IDS that is specifically designed to analyze and the detection of the network-specific attacks. NIDS is commonly deployed with
an aggregation switch, where the overall picture of the network is observable. A common deployment of IDS is illustrated in Figure 4.

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 Figure 4: General NIDS System model

The NIDS alarms the administrator and generates the event logs in case of malicious activity detection. In the recent times, the hybrid NIDS approach is used
due to its effective detection. A hybrid NIDS is a combination of both signature and anomaly-based detection [9]. Table 3 gives an overview of signature,
anomaly, and hybrid NIDS.

NIDS Type Description

Signature-based It is Suitable only for known threats as the main idea behind signature-based IDS is the same as a virus scanner. Signature-based IDS
searches for known malicious patterns to identify them.
Anomaly-based Such IDS identify changes in network traffic normal behavior. It works by identifying known and legal traffic on the network.
Hybrid Hybrid is simply a combination of both Signature and Anomaly-based IDS. As both of these approaches have their pros and cons.
Table 3: NIDS threat detection approaches

3. RELATED WORK
With the advancement in technology, cybersecurity is becoming an integral part of our daily online activities. The increased ratio in attacks is also becoming
more powerful and difficult to mitigate. Security researchers and hackers are always in a war to win. The Mitigation of sophisticated attacks requires high-end
hardware or a well-developed software-based system. Existing tools for detection and prevention requires constant maintenance to counter recent attacks.
Maintaining mentioned systems also include updating and checking logs on daily basis, which is quite hectic for security experts. Since the internet world is
advanced with technology, the attacker’s strategies are also changed which ultimately makes the traditional tools vulnerable. Such liabilities allow intruders to
bypass and evade security systems and allowing the intruders to perform malicious activities [2] [3]. R. Thornton [4] have proposed a model that uses Machine
Learning (ML) and Deep learning (DL) approaches to detect unknown attacks. Authors discussed various ML & DL techniques that comes under supervised
and unsupervised learning techniques. In the papers [3][5][6], authors have proposed a model in which different data sources such as logs, packets flow, and
sessions are collected and presented to ML algorithms. Although, to achieve high accuracy a proper standardized data set must be available. As per the different
reviewed papers for the study, 2017 was the year in which maximum number of publications in journals and conferences were on DL and ANN. This trend is
still ongoing with increasing number of publications related to ML or DL techniques. The study shows that the most broadly used methods for NIDS are DL
and ANN. While the most common dataset for NIDS evaluation are KDD199 [24] and NSL KDD [25] respectively.

Based on these research studies, R. Thornton [4] highlighted that research in the field of ML based security solutions will increase in the coming days. Due to
the increase of ML based security solutions, industrial and academic researchers will be able to further optimize and enhance ML to the next level. The future
of NIDS would be to develop and use these approaches to detect new and emerging threats. As every year is a new year for the threat actors to attack more
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powerfully on networks using different techniques and strategies. Attack vectors, surfaces are changing with every passing year and because of this protecting
the resources is gaining more importance as well in the era of technology. Using traditional techniques to detect and protect against malicious attacks is being
now useless. In the paper [6], the author has justified that the world is moving towards Artificial Intelligence (AI), which will highlight the use of AI with
automated tools like NIDS. Intrusions detection based on signature-based detection are not so effective against modern attacks. Therefore, using Deep Learning
and ANN based approaches for NIDS are being increasingly researched since 2017.

Different authors have reviewed several techniques that are used in NIDS, including machine learning, deep learning and data mining; such approaches are
classified as anomaly based NIDS. However, the most recent study has introduced the hybrid approach that includes anomaly and signature based NIDS. These
techniques are used to protect several kinds of different network attacks such as DoS, DDoS, probe attacks and IP Spoofing, etc. Furthermore, deep learning
shows effective results in the detection rate of network attacks that can be further improved by using the hybrid technique with the help of machine learning
classifiers [7]. Authors in this paper have discussed the use of sandboxing technique. Sandbox uses ML as a tool to secure the network system from the cyber-
attacks. Sandboxing along with machine learning helps in the malware detection. If the data is predicted to be malware, it is sent to the Sandbox for analysis
inside a Sandbox VM. This way it could not infect the original Machine or system on which certain other process are running [8].

In the paper [8], authors have discussed several ML techniques including Bayesian Network, Decision tree, Clustering, ANN, Genetic Algorithm, Hidden
Markov Models (HMM), and Inductive Learning. Authors also suggested using clustering algorithms, which work best in anomaly detection.

Authors in the paper [9] proposed a hybrid solution of using both Signature based IDS and Anomaly based IDS. For the detection of anomaly, classifiers
generate signatures and store them in to the signature database for the early detection. In this paper, authors evaluated the performance of different ML algorithms
based on different datasets. As per experimentations, J48 and Random forest achieved the best performance. Based on the experimentations authors have
proposed 4 major types of ML based algorithms which could perform very effectively [10]. The authors in this paper have achieved better accuracy than previous
intrusion detection works. Most of the previous work performed intrusion detection based on two well-known datasets, KDD-CUPP99 [11] and NSL-KDD [12].
Further, authors have now started the use of machine learning and the deep learning algorithms which are specifically used for the NIDS for achieving the better
performance and reduces false positives [13] [14] [15] [16].

This paper is survey-based in which various studies are reviewed to highlight the most recent techniques that can be used in NIDS. Machine learning is the
super-set of deep learning which is considered one of the useful methods for detecting the anomalous behaviors in intrusion detection. The databases used for
the papers are restricted to IEEE and scope up to the past 4 years 2017-2020. The Papers used in this study are restricted to the English language, the search text
used for the papers are; “Intrusion Detection”, “Network Intrusion Detection”.

4. RECENT TECHNIQUES FOR INTRUSION DETECTION

The IDS by function can be divided into types; signature-based IDS and the anomaly-based IDS [17]. The signature-based IDS requires the signature patterns
available in its signature database to be compared with the packet signature received by the sensor for the intrusion detection, for this type of system it needs to
be up to date with due respect to time, and also its only effective for the known attacks. However, on the other side, the anomaly detection based Intrusion
detection is effective for the detection of unknown attacks or intrusions.

It relies on the behavior of the system and compares the system’s normal behavior with the deviated behavior if attacked by any threat actor. [17] The set of
features are used to identify the network connections such as; service, protocol, number of login attempts, packets per flow, bytes per flow, source address,
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destination address, source port, destination port, and others. The features values are recorded by the model and any deviation in recorded values will be marked
as anomalous by the anomaly detection engine. Techniques in anomaly detection can be categorized into three types; Machine Learning, Statistical Techniques
and Finite State Machine. This paper focuses on Machine learning-based techniques, for the detection of anomaly semi-supervised and unsupervised machine
learning algorithms can be used such as; Self Organizing Map (SOM), Neural Network [18], clustering and unsupervised algorithm [19], and the Support Vector
Machine [20]. Table 4 differentiates the three techniques of anomaly detection.

NIDS Type Description

Machine Machine Learning approaches provides the capability to learn and detect the attacks, such approaches learn from the experience and the
Learning datasets given to the models which is built by the used approaches. The attacks are detected by analyzing the behavior and patterns of the
traffic against the model it build.
Statistical These techniques use statistical properties to build the normal profile of transactions via using ‘mean’ deviation and others. Such techniques
Learning don’t require any prior knowledge of attacks to detect the new zero day attacks. Statistical approaches determines the deviation between
observed and normal traffic.
Finite Sate It’s a mathematical model with finite number of states at some given time FSM is a mathematical model of computation with finite number
Machine of states at any given time, these states are initial, possible and attack states. The FSM model keeps the track of events in directed graphs so
that it can be used to identify the attack.
Table 4: Anomaly detection techniques

Table 5 highlights the most recent published work on machine learning-based techniques. The table highlights data sets used, ML approach and
the attacked detected.
Serial Paper ML approach Dataset Detected attacks
1 [21] SVM KDD99 DOS, Probe, U2R, R2L
2 [22] Decision Tree, C4.5 RLD09, KDD99 DOS, Probe
3 [23] Neural Network KDD99 DOS, Probe, U2r, R2L
4 [24] MOGA ISCX DOS,DDOS, Bruteforce,SSh
5 [25] Neural Fuzzy and GA KDD99 DOS, Probe, U2R, R2L
6 [26] K-Mean and NB ICSX DOS,DDOS, Bruteforce,SSh
7 [27] K-means, Nero Fuzzing and SVM Classifier KDD99 DOS, Probe, U2R, R2L
8 [28] Bayesian Clustering KDD99 DOS, Probe, U2R, R2L
9 [29] Logistic Regression UNSW-NB15 DOS, Fuzzer
10 [30] SVM UNSW-NB15 DOS, Fuzzer
Table 5: Techniques, datasets & detected attacks

5. RECOMMENDATIONS
In this paper, the highlighted techniques are the most effective although not for every attack but are well known in detecting the attacks. However, the security
researchers can continue this study and achieve better results by adding more of the Deep Learning algorithms. Table 5 highlights the pros and cons of the NIDS
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approaches. This paper also revealed that 43 papers were searched from the selected databases like ACM, IEEE, Google Scholar, and other containing the search
strategy “Forward and Backward Snowballing. Further, the construction of search strings is as per the architecture such as ANN, Recurrent Neural Networks
(RNN), DL, Deep Networks, and the synonyms of NIDS like Intrusion Detection, NIDS, and Anomaly-based intrusion detection.

NIDS Approach Pros Cons

Signature Based  Its lightweight with simple implementation due to the  The zero-day attacks are hardly detectable of new attacks.
low computation required.  It can affect high bandwidth network speed due to the signature
 The false-positive rate ratio is very low. check from database.
 It is effective for the know attacks.
Anomaly Based  It is based on model and behavior analysis  Training required for normal traffic baseline.
 It learns from the attacks.  False-positive rate can be high.
 It can detect zero-day as well as new attack patterns.  Resource expensive operation.
 Complex implementation.
Hybrid  It Combines the strength of both host and network IDS  It takes long time to analyze the traffic.
for the high accuracy in results.  It increases the processor utilization extensively.
 It provides more effective results than others do.
Table 6: NIDS approaches pros and cons

6. CONCLUSION
The increasing growth in the cyber-attacks on Networks and Hosts have disrupted many organizations and individuals as well. Nevertheless, Security researchers
are doing their best to detect such attacks. Despite several solutions available in the market are not that capable of detecting attacks effectively. This paper has
highlighted the most recent techniques and the security attacks along with data-sets used which are then compared against the attacks which revealed that a
technique providing the best performance for any attack, may or may not perform or give the same performance. Not every method can be best fit for all different
types of techniques due to the continuous increase in the cyber-attacks in which characteristics are changed every time hence detection of new attacks of all
kinds at the Network IDS is impossible. This is based on the various factors like features of each attack and the use of classifiers affects the performance
positively. Furthermore, there is still a need for new data sets for better performance in the future.

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