Unit - 1
Introduction to Object Oriented
Programming
Procedure Oriented Programming(structured
programming)
• Well structured steps and procedures using functions
to perform tasks or logic
• Follows top to bottom approach
• Functions are more important than data
• Doesn’t model real world problems since functions
are action oriented
Characteristics of procedural
programming
• Emphasis on algorithms (action or logic)
• Large programs are divided into small
programs known as functions or modules
• Top down approach
• Data are shared globally
• Data move from function to function
Object Oriented Programming
• Based on object and classes
• Data contained in the form of attributes or properties
• Logic contained in the form of procedures known as
methods or behavior
• Concepts like Inheritance, Polymorphism, Abstraction,
Encapsulation, etc.
• Unlike procedural approach, OOP treats data as critical
element and doesn’t allow flowing freely around system
• Data is accessed by only function associated with object
• However, functions of one object can access function of
other objects
Characteristics of OOP
• Emphasis on data rather than procedure
• Programs are divided into parts known as objects
• Access modifiers are specified
• Data are hidden and cannot be accessed by
external functions
• Objects communicates with each other throw
functions (also called message passing or method
invocation)
• Follows bottom up approach
Difference between object-oriented
and procedure-oriented
programming.
Terms used in OOP
Objects
• Representation of entities with both data and
behavior
• For example a Car class can have attributes like
color, model and behaviors like accelerate, start
engine. Each car object can have its own unique
values for these attributes
• Objects take up space in memory and have
associated address just like structure or union in
C
• Objects are variables of type class
Class
• Blueprint or template that describes the
properties (attributes) and behaviors
(methods) that object will hold
• Serves as blueprint for creating multiple
objects with similar characteristics
• It defines structure and behavior of object but
doesn’t hold actual data
Data Abstraction
• Showing only essential information or
characteristics of an object to outside world
while hiding the implementation details
• Focuses on what object does rather than how
Data Encapsulation
• Bundling data and methods that operate on
that data into a single unit
• Grouping data and methods and providing
control over access and visibility
• Mainly used to provide data security by
limiting access to data using the methods
defined within a class
• To prevent unauthorized and inconsistent
changes in data
Inheritance
• Process by which the objects acquire the
properties and methods of another class
• To share common characteristics of a class
from which it is derived
• Provides the reusability advantage
• We can also add additional features to existing
class without modifying it
Polymorphism (overriding and
overloading)
• Ability to make more than one form
• Allows us to treat different objects in a similar
way, even if they belong to different class
• Promotes code reusability and flexibility
Dynamic Binding
• Process of resolving appropriate function to
be called at runtime using inheritance or
polymorphism
• Known as late binding or runtime
polymorphism
Message Passing
• Communication between objects by sending
and receiving information
• Using method calls or function invocations
• Involves in sending message to an object,
which triggers the execution of specific
function associated with that object
• Advantages of OOP
• Application areas of OOP
